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2.5DNS:DomainNameSystem
People:manyidentifiers:SSN,name,Passport#Internethosts,routers:IPaddress(32bit)-usedforaddressingdatagrams“name”,e.g.,-usedbyhumansQ:mapbetweenIPaddressesandname?DomainNameSystem:distributeddatabaseimplementedinhierarchyofmanynameserversapplication-layerprotocolhost,routers,nameserverstocommunicatetoresolve
names(address/nametranslation)note:coreInternetfunctionimplementedasapplication-layerprotocolcomplexityatnetwork’s“edge”12:ApplicationLayerDNSnameserversnoserverhasallname-to-IPaddressmappingslocalnameservers:eachISP,companyhaslocal(default)nameserverhostDNSqueryfirstgoestolocalnameserverauthoritativenameserver:forahost:storesthathost’sIPaddress,namecanperformname/addresstranslationforthathost’snameWhynotcentralizeDNS?singlepointoffailuretrafficvolumedistantcentralizeddatabasemaintenancedoesn’tscale!22:ApplicationLayerDNS:Rootnameserverscontactedbylocalnameserverthatcannotresolvenamerootnameserver:contactsauthoritativenameserverifnamemappingnotknowngetsmappingreturnsmappingtolocalnameserver~dozenrootnameserversworldwide32:ApplicationLayerSimpleDNSexamplehostsurf.eurecom.frwantsIPaddressof1.ContactsitslocalDNSserver,dns.eurecom.fr2.
dns.eurecom.frcontactsrootnameserver,ifnecessary3.rootnameservercontactsauthoritativenameserver,,ifnecessary
requestinghostsurf.eurecom.frrootnameserverauthoritativenameserverlocalnameserverdns.eurecom.fr12345642:ApplicationLayerDNSexampleRootnameserver:maynotknowauthoritativenameservermayknowintermediatenameserver:whotocontacttofindauthoritativenameserverrequestinghostsurf.eurecom.frrootnameserverlocalnameserverdns.eurecom.fr123456authoritativenameserverintermediatenameserver7852:ApplicationLayerDNS:iteratedqueriesrecursivequery:putsburdenofnameresolutiononcontactednameserverheavyload?iteratedquery:contactedserverreplieswithnameofservertocontact“Idon’tknowthisname,butaskthisserver”requestinghostsurf.eurecom.frrootnameserverlocalnameserverdns.eurecom.fr123456authoritativenameserverintermediatenameserver78iteratedquery62:ApplicationLayerDNS:cachingandupdatingrecordsonce(any)nameserverlearnsmapping,itcachesmappingcacheentriestimeout(disappear)aftersometimeupdate/notifymechanismsunderdesignbyIETFRFC2136/html.charters/dnsind-charter.html72:ApplicationLayerDNSrecordsDNS:distributeddbstoringresourcerecords(RR)Type=NSnameisdomain(e.g.)valueisIPaddressofauthoritativenameserverforthisdomainRRformat:(name,value,type,ttl)Type=AnameishostnamevalueisIPaddressType=CNAMEnameisanaliasnameforsome“cannonical”(thereal)namevalueiscannonicalnameType=MXvalueishostnameofmailserverassociatedwithname82:ApplicationLayerDNSprotocol,messagesDNSprotocol:
query
andreplymessages,bothwithsamemessageformatmsgheaderidentification:16bit#forquery,replytoqueryusessame#flags:queryorreplyrecursiondesiredrecursionavailablereplyisauthoritative92:ApplicationLayerDNSprotocol,messagesName,typefieldsforaqueryRRsinreponsetoqueryrecordsforauthoritativeserversadditional“helpful”infothatmaybeused102:ApplicationLayerSocketprogrammingSocketAPIintroducedinBSD4.1UNIX,1981explicitlycreated,used,releasedbyappsclient/serverparadigmtwotypesoftransportserviceviasocketAPI:unreliabledatagramreliable,bytestream-orientedGoal:learnhowtobuildclient/serverapplicationthatcommunicateusingsockets112:ApplicationLayerServerandClientServerandClientexchangemessagesoverthenetworkthroughacommonSocketAPITCP/UDPIPEthernetAdapterServerTCP/UDPIPEthernetAdapterClientsSocketAPIhardwarekernelspaceuserspaceports122:ApplicationLayerNetworkAddressingAnalogy412-268-8000ext.123CentralNumberApplications/ServersWebPort80MailPort25ExchangeAreaCode412-268-8000ext.654IPAddressNetworkNo.HostNumberTelephoneNo15-441StudentsClientsProfessorsatCMUNetworkProgrammingTelephoneCallPortNo.Extension132:ApplicationLayerConceptofPortNumbersPortnumbersareusedtoidentify“entities”onahostPortnumberscanbeWell-known(port0-1023)Dynamicorprivate(port1024-65535)Servers/daemonsusuallyusewell-knownportsAnyclientcanidentifytheserver/serviceHTTP=80,FTP=21,Telnet=23,.../etc/servicedefineswell-knownportsClientsusuallyusedynamicportsAssignedbythekernelatruntimeTCP/UDPIPEthernetAdapterNTPdaemonWeb
serverport123port80142:ApplicationLayerNamesandAddressesEachattachmentpointonInternetisgivenuniqueaddressBasedonlocationwithinnetwork–likephonenumbersHumansprefertodealwithnamesnotaddressesDNSprovidesmappingofnametoaddressNamebasedonadministrativeownershipofhost152:ApplicationLayer#in刑cl偷ud五e廊<ne候ti丛ne踢t/i慰n.刃h>/*乐I阁nt店er掌ne羡t清ad盼dr斤es及s傲st渴ru盛ct健ur钟e纽奉*/st锦ru矩ctin独_ad钢dr{u_逗lo仁ngs_ad险dr;食/虽*楼32怀-b女it缩慧I钻Pv跑4逐ad固dr柿es只s仪*/};骄/贸*墓ne凯tw盖or旺k犯by郑te扶o搞rd预er讽ed且*毕//*勾S劝oc就ke巧t系ad疑dr屡es绸s,蜻I夹nt寺er坛ne波t虏st浩yl共e.许*帐/st雪ru五ct挠s滩oc犹ka吹dd非r_i家n{u_滴ch邀arsi损n_列fa障mi将ly;岗/*挂A路dd荣re涝ss答F旨am湖il它y狼*/u_验sh钢or爬tsi粗n_依po点rt;放/坟*毒UD昂P准or礼T忽CP危P防or腾t#福*须//*窃n付et延wo毒rk壤b代yt骗e着or路de库re趟d温*/st央ru开ctin澡_ad却drsi害n_ad疮dr;选/炒*施In肢te筐rn拥et标A痰dd尾re瓦ss龄*摆/ch关ar棚si切n_慰ze走ro屠[8流];沸/斑*势un祖us盛ed阿*翻/};In竞te杂rn抵et众A框dd剑re普ss略in帜g率Da幻玉ta涝S摊tr搅uc讯tu冬resi叠n_医fa股mi肢ly德=盛A夺F_塞IN暖ET哑s较el孝ec街ts般I熔nt附er其ne慕t湿ad笛dr测es达s端fa烦mi植ly162:Ap壁pl舌ic停at朗io通n吉La相ye瞎rBy披te服O非rd忙er睁in蜓gBi丹gEn夫di惧anSu推n扑So缘瑞la乓ri扬s,疮P苏ow威er尾PC狸,境..假.Li雹tt竖leEn偏di扛ani3抽86哗,牢al矩ph罚a,喜.千..Ne第tw是or尺k烤by回te害o雾rd糠er币=持B会igEn侵di性an12袋8219涝495un燥io洁n晒{u_肯in葛t3绢2_些tad印dr;托/提*察4藏by致te束s纳ad血dr阳es蛮s急*/ch右ar枝c讯[4得];}巨un桨;/*还1边28猛.2卧.1赴94尝.9诉5毁*/un而.ad急dr=孟0x铜80呈02祝c2粪5f拼;/*融c跟[0烘]绑=依?这*/c[烂0]疗c梳[1彩]僵c[语2]债c田[3碍]9519槽4212袍8172:Ap鞠pl注ic钉at垒io帅n豪La循ye全rBy迈te每O次rd炉er辱in笼g筹Fu目nc懂ti芬on历sCo拦nv他er瓶ts漆b难et部we绳enho败st伟b披yt跑e盾or教de湾ran舱dne递tw烫or倦k锣by帝te无o竞rd箩er‘h织’约=高ho少st轨b惭yt前e穷or暗de贝r‘n棕’餐=护ne名tw瞒or们k堡by巾te酱o雨rd颤er‘l扬’江=浸lo仙ng劝(踢4乘by冷te存s)涨,茄co吉nv劲er哥ts更I汤P哪ad疤dr圾es缸se企s‘s撕’象=罢sh鱼or计t羡(2姻b西yt纠es翅),产c打on斜ve妙rt庆s抽po阁rt符n撤um裤be劲rs#in纹cl瞎ud具e泥<ne悼ti扩ne再t/i撕n.大h>un浅si涝gn夺ed众l因on拿gin伴tht义on输l(u仙ns修ig窝ne磁d仔lo多ngin掘t骄ho让st删lo浴ng);un采si申gn常ed磁s名ho学rtin绝tht童on躺s(u煮ns愈ig都ne否d疑sh州or粘tin啊t军ho软st忍sh擦or瘦t);un间si社gn填ed挤l艰on华gin定tnt勾oh掉l(u演ns涉ig量ne畅d惕lo饺ngin酒t扫ne播tl搁on辱g);un野si吵gn表ed脸s无ho聚rtin摇tnt在oh箩s(u授ns扔ig矿ne慌d帅sh界or虽tin帮t页ne中ts据ho席rt);182:Ap伶pl诱ic粒at锹io虑n咳La晶ye嫩rSo桃ck哄et孝:a搞do肤or智b策et极we消en摊a日pp船li糖ca效ti碍on朋p贡ro士ce界ss蓝a摘nd锯e袍nd只-e去nd皂-t亡ra凡ns恭po弄rt裙p穗ro切to啄co肺l滴(U筋CP恭o镰r询TC迷P)Aso督ck倦etis勒a继f伶il简e誓de越sc妥ri漂pt北or乡丰t岁ha展t举le够ts闹a塞n绵ap仔pl锤ic伶at兄io懒n熔re盈ad强/w夹ri毒te造d塑at疼a运fr妥om蓝/t各o往th鸽e卸ne喷tw亿or庙kso剥ck戴etre优tu壁rn妖s德an宣i益nt鸣eg冤er垦(尸so溜ck牲et磁d揪es夕cr纹ip慰to棚r)fd<位0库in至di忧ca幸te赚s感th果at挖a幕n影er脸ro栏r票oc础cu武rr酬edso吐ck教et中d盟es英cr延ip瓶to适rs摇a帐re是s柔im存il俩ar学t在o花fi假le俘d帖es沙cr貌ip思to零rsAF似_I决NE抗T:as蒜so侧ci川at亏es编a良s弓oc笋ke搬t财wi咬th钩t涨he喇I粪nt坡er笛ne墙t纠pr尼ot途oc承ol渣f蝴am父il酒ySO甚CK嫌_S挥TR纤EA必M:se正le置ct状s肾th仙e恭TC值P龙pr威ot植oc品olSO痛CK址_D病GR和AM悦:se现le涛ct丹s戴th衔e炭UD筒P旨pr退ot竹oc协olWh若at趣i钞s益a估So脱ck亲et缴?in请t栗fd;遗/谎*尽so咽ck性et出d月es博cr疑ip脊to桂r垒*/if霞(够(fd=so杰ck表et(AF妥_I棉NE买T,SO蚊CK忠_S吹TR箩EA熊M,吃0)馒)桑<窜0)礼}pe昂rr灾or(“汗so咏ck很et副”)肝;ex妇it肃(1客);}192:Ap脾pl循ic房诚at计io滚n币La澡ye队rSo伴ck主et题-p把ro坊gr沃am扰mi汉ng场u票si离ng愧T货CPTC赛P太se渴rv薄ic愿e:re鉴li埋ab起le候t顺ra蜂ns趟fe堂r零of梢b威yt缠es彻f装ro革m哭on巡寿e单pr刑oc送es羽s冒to牙a良no枯th贼erprocessTCPwithbuffers,variablessocketco揪nt提ro篇ll躁ed肺b叼yap益pl孝ic朗at岛io拾nde泊ve怖lo弹pe获rco即nt衔ro寨ll坛ed巨b依yop称er搅at爷in南gsy欣st牛emho将st袭o豆rse坛rv顶erprocessTCPwithbuffers,variablessocketco矿nt瓣ro惕ll冈ed巴b董yap溪pl优ic桥at郊io刊nde推ve借lo顷pe极rco杀nt症ro爆ll润ed窄b贱yop幅er禾at遗in细gsy夫st有emho怎st奥o愁rse咏rv津erin右te鸟rn亦et202:Ap项pl朱ic赴at骑io递n绩La铺ye音rSo滑ck寨et劝p割ro屋gr赌am喜mi鹊ng盏w怨it安h仇TC组PCl储ie渐nt堵m毛us战t震co旨nt厕ac排t肿se冲rv割erse衰rv旅er拥p理ro舞ce但ss锈m壮us召t别fi溉rs放t旷be猫r赤un径ni蚀ngse逮rv霸er碰m坑us究t优ha搂ve象c沈re彼at杜ed横s她oc道ke怪t返(d尚oo筐r)芦t乒ha丸t隔we绞lc奏om零es责c继li货en采t’能s部co演nt旱ac企tCl袍ie雪nt拼c鸟on餐ta棍ct亮s银se乖rv机er执b誓y:cr冰ea堤ti凑ng誉c遣li剑en秩t-阔lo慈ca乖l伙TC配P动so胳ck日etsp型ec极if阳yi圆ng悲I这P扩ad扑dr灵es凤s,宣p艘or有t尘nu光mb土er趟o身f映se杂rv躺er要p境ro栏ce吃ssWh庆encl正ie趣nt梨c纷re校at抱es既s段oc给ke对t:球cl似ie津nt率T仿CP啊e永st鼻ab饼li您sh陷es坐c砖on累ne袭ct微io泼n图to抛s役er忆ve议r处TC闯PWh昆en绕c借on辞ta让ct立ed庭b翁y耽cl工ie诸nt幅,se厚rv申er述T柜CP他c涨re孙at棒es拿n俩ew豆s柴oc么ke断tfo虫r台se弊rv拨er点p带ro抖ce咸ss米t申o全co炭mm郊un挣ic吉at致e择wi躲th屑c虚li滋en富tal捉lo原ws陈s恭er败ve猜r崖to遵t尺al挂k摔wi珍th累m养ul苏ti耻pl科e脚cl跟ie态nt脸sTCPprovidesreliable,in-ordertransferofbytes(“pipe”)betweenclientandserverapplicationviewpoint212:Ap浮pl之ic挖at壳io优n狱La惊ye霉rTC英PIPEt圆he葱rn狡et需A味da底pt斗erWe抬b伏Se思rv毅erPo悦rt挣8摇0Fo北r趋ex羊am绸pl照e:参w妹eb蚀s钳er衔ve荒rWh烧at钱d啦oe窄s棋awe房诚b特se分rv践erne扁ed扰t托o侍do须s刮o喘th观at扎awe伸b奇cl袍ie幻玉ntca奶n给co渠nn戴ec房诚t讽to饱i有t?TC表P叫Se塌rv均er222:Ap训pl恢ic境at及io毛n顺La便ye湾rSi情nc潜e艇we惹b龄tr弟af援fi弊c酸us身es缴T络CP梦,朴th动e轧we现b鸽se陶rv燃er火m幸us蛇t扒cr殊ea丛te屑a掀s寨oc旗ke锤t检of镜t朵yp怀e炼SO陵CK巴_S皂TR为EA前Min榴t愚fd;燃/熄*新so蚀ck佣et烈d毛es垦cr侵ip威to园r伙*/if礼((fd=so膜ck乏et(AF错_I芬NE即T,SO径CK袜_S疾TR泽EA叹M,弟0)氧)瓦<仅0)夜{pe育rr到or(“垮so寺ck垂et危”)尸;ex除it慈(1谢);}so咬ck谈etre助tu踏rn调s顾an命i很nt亲eg斧er蚂(so苦ck参et秀d设es糊cr普ip狠to英r)fd<费0毅in晚di密ca虹te仓s林th篮at居a辟n葱er刑ro夕r馒oc嘴cu制rr巨edAF贝_I朗NE娱Tas倍so屡ci净at奥es切a井s眨oc档ke拉t胞wi着th突t做he稼I狭nt夕er俭ne贱t轿pr把ot巨oc睡ol霸f染am志il仓ySO弟CK阳_S抱TR粱EA牵Mse划le喂ct坚s饥th白e裂TC纲P中pr隔ot敬oc邀olSo岸ck糕et病I氧/O从:息so侮ck解et禾()232:Ap竭pl肌ic卖at事io忘n颜La粘ye仰rAso锋ck面etca大n徒be膛b草ou迹nd泽t肉o避apo污rtin柏t恒fd;撞/套*侧so蛛ck嘉et听d舅es绕cr消ip关to败r紧*/st球ru卷ct烈s屡oc梦ka猫dd肾r_i绪nsr棋v;柔/*揉u帅se珠d堡by穴b剧in安d(加)旨*//*塔c嘱re阿at珠e古th厅e舒so覆ck阵etfd*/都…sr除v.s悲in训_f睁am磁il捏y色=AF逮_I真NE宪T;予/*执u孙se丝式t攀he涝I柜nt巨er查ne浩tad参drfa夫mi祸ly趴*穿/sr携v.s雹in称_p带or班t健=ht吗on悔s(80);剧/弦*扎bi葛nd咸s科oc遵ke谜t殖‘fd’狠to染p萍or后t苦80注*//*久b幕in谷d:根a肯c迹li沉en侵t愚ma松y销co市nn帖ec围t秃to荡a勺ny顺o长f动my协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