(中国文化)英语复习

OverviewTheredcolouroftheNationalFlagofthePRCsymbolizesrevolutionandtheyellowcolourofthestarsthegoldenbrilliantraysradiatingfromthevastredland.ThedesignoffoursmallerstarssurroundingabiggeronesignifiestheunityoftheChinesepeopleundertheleadershipoftheCommunistPartyofChina(CPC).Chinaisacountryofvariedtopographicalfeatureswithhighlandsinthewestandplainsintheeast.Mountainouslandandveryroughterrainsmakeupabout67%ofChineseterritory,basinsandplainsabout33%.ThefirstprimitivemanknowntohaveexistedinChinaisYuanmouMan,wholivedabout1.7millionyearsago.PekingMan,whoexistedmorethan600,000yearsagoatZhoukoudian,inthevicinityofmodernBeijing,couldwalkupright,makeandusesimpletools,andmakeuseoffire.Equality,unity,andcommonprosperityarethebasicprinciplesoftheChinesegovernmentinhandlingtherelationsbetweenethnicgroups.PRC————People’srepublicofChina————中华人民共和国CPPCC———ChinesePeople’sPoliticalconsultativeConference———中国人民政治协商会议CPC——CommunistPartyofChina——中国共产党NPC——NationalPeople’sCongress——全国人民代表大会《义勇军进行曲》：MarchoftheVolunteers京杭大运河：theGrandCanalbetweenBeijingandHangzhou炎黄子孙：descendantsofYanandHuang特别行政区：specialadministrativeregion一国两制：onecountry，twosystemsLocatedintheeastoftheAsiancontinent,onthewesternshoreofthePacificOcean,thePRChasalandareaofabout9.6millionsquarekilometers,andisthethirdlargestcountryintheworld,nextonlytoRussiaandCanada.Chinaisacountryofvariedtopographicalfeatureswithhighlandsinthewestandplainsintheeast.Mountainouslandandveryroughterrainsmakeupabout67%ofChineseterritory,basinsandplainsabout33%.MostofChinaliesinthenorthtemperatezone,characterizedbyawarmclimateanddistinctiveseasons,aclimatewellsuitedforhabitation.Chapter1Thephilosophyinthepre-Qintimeswasmarkedbytheemergenceofvariousancientphilosophyviews.ThemostinfluentialschoolswereConfucianism,Taoism,MohismandLegalism.AncientChinesephilosopherssharesomecommonfeaturessuchastheirstressonspiritualexistence,practice,morality,harmonyandintuition.Chineseethicsandmoralityfocusesmoreonharmony,collectivismandspirituallife.China,asamulti-religioncountry,hasindigenousTaoistreligionandreligionsofforeignoriginsuchasBuddhism,Islam,Catholicism,andChristianity.TheWhiteHorseTemplelocatedintheeastofLuoyang,HenanProvince,wasthefirstofficiallybuiltBuddhisttempleinChinaintheEasternHandynasty.罢黜百家，独尊儒术：banningallschoolsofthoughtexceptConfucianism佛经：Buddhistscriptures三从四德：threeobediencesandfourvirtues八仙过海，各显神通：WhentheEightImmortalscrossthesea，eachdemonstratestheirdevinepower.《古兰经》：theKoranChinaisamulti-religioncountry.ThereligionsthatarebelievedbyChinesepeoplearemainlyTaoism,Buddhism,Islam,CatholicismandChristianity,amongwhichTaoismisindigenoustoChinawhiletheothersareofforeignorigin.Chinesecitizensmayfreelychoosetheirreligiousbeliefsandmakecleartheirreligiousaffiliations.Chapter2OnFaultsofQin——JiaYi——HandynastySongofEternalSorrow——BaiJuyi——TangdynastyTheScholarship——WuJingzi——Ming&QingdynastiesTheGoddess——GuoMoruo——modernperiodWivesandConcubines——SuTong——contemporaryperiod诸子散文——philosophicalprose文学评论——literarycriticism婉约派——softandtunefulschool四大名著——theFourGreatClassicalNovels诺贝尔文学奖——theNobelPrizeforLiteratureThebookofSongs,thefirstanthologyofpoetryinChina,includes305poemsfromtheearlyWesternZhoudynastytothemiddleoftheSpringandAutumnperiod,Inthelightoftheirrhythms,theworkscanbedividedintothreesections:feng,yaandsong.ThepoemsinTheBookofSongsaremainlywritteninfourcharacterlines.Intermsofitswritingtechnique,itcanbeclassifiedintofu,bi,andxing.AsthestartingpointofChineseliterature,TheBookofSongshasgreatinfluenceontheliteraryworksoflatergenerations.Chapter3Calligraphyretainsthebeautyofnatureandilluminatesthespiritualbeautyofhumanbeings.Chinesecalligraphystressestheoveralllayoutandharmonybetweenwordsandlines.TraditionalChinesepaintingreferstoink-washpainting.ItcanbetracedtotheTangdynastyandflourishedfromtheYuandynastyonwards.Itholdsanimportantplaceinthehistoryoftraditionallandscapepainting.Chineseoperainconsideredoneofthethreeancientformsofdramaintheworld,withtheothertwobeingGreektragedyandcomedyandIndianSanskritopera.Ofthesethree,onlyChineseoperastillremainsalive.Erhu,sometimesknownintheWestasthe“Chineseviolin”,isatwostringbowedmusicalinstrumentandisusedasasoloinstrumentaswellasforsmallensemblesandlargeorchestras.ThemostpopularerhupieceisTwoSpringsReflecttheMoon.楷书：regularscript相声：crosstalk文房四宝：FourTreasuresoftheStudy皮影戏：shadowplays弦乐器：pluckedinstrumentsBeijingOpera,whichhasahistoryofmorethan200years,enjoysthegreatestreputationamongChina’straditionaloperas.InBeijingOpera,performersweardifferenttypesofmake-upaccordingtothecharacterstheyperform.Singing,recitation,acting,andacrobaticfightingarethefourmajorartisticmeansandthefourbasicskillsofBeijingOpera.EachactionofaBeijingOperaperformerishighlysymbolic.Gestures,footwork,andotherbodymovementscanexpresstheactionssuchasopeningadoor,goingupstairs,rowingaboat,ridingahorse,etc.Chapter4Before1905,thereweretwokindsofschoolsinChina:privateschools,runbyscholarsteachingstudentsathome,andofficialinstitutions,whichwereopentochildrenofnobles.InChinesebasiceducation,thecurriculumisdesignedtomakestudentswell-roundinmoral,intellectual,physicalandaestheticaldevelopments,baseduponcognitivelearningandthedevelopmentalneedsofchildrenatdifferentages.Secondaryvocationalschoolisanalternativetoseniormiddleschool.Itsobjectiveistopreparestudentsforthelinesofproduction,services,technicalservices,management,etc.ThehistoryofhighereducationinChinacanbetracedbacktotheHandynastyover2000yearsago.Itestablishedtaixueasthehighesteducationalinstitutetocultivateseniorscholarstohelpadministernationalaffairs.SincetheSuidynasty,theinstituteforhighereducationwascalledguozijian,whichwasalsothehighestadministrativebureaufornationalaffairs.四书五经：FourBooksandFiveClassics科举制度：imperialcivilexaminationsystem九年义务教育：Nine-YearcompulsoryEducation职业教育：vocationaleducation孔子学院：ConfuciusInstituteTheimperialcivilexaminationsystemwasanexaminationsystemthroughwhichtalentedpeoplewererecognizedandselectedasgovernmentofficialsinChina’sfeudalsociety.ThepracticebeganintheSuidynastyandlastedabout1300yearsuntiltheendoftheQingdynasty.Ithadprofoundimpactonthepost-Sui-TangChina’ssocialstructure,politicalsystem,educationalsystem,andhumanisticideologies.Chapter5ThefourgreatinventionsinancientChinahavebecomeimportantsymbolsofChina’simportantroleinhumancivilization.Theyarethecompass,gunpowder,paper-makingandprinting.TCMisverydifferentfromWesternmedicineinitsmeansofdiagnosisandtreatment,anditscompositionofdrugsandprescriptions.Theseismograph,inventedbyZhangHeng,canindicatethedirectionofadistantearthquake.Itwasover1700yearslaterthatasimilarinstrumentwasinventedinEurope.On20November1984,xiangyanghong-10sailedfromShanghai,arrivinginAntarcticaon25December,markingasignificantprogressinChina’spolarresearch.Tiangong-1isChina’sfirstspacestationwhichservesasbothamannedlaboratoryandanexperimentaltestbed.Itdemonstratesitsorbitalrendezvousanddockingcapabilities.BianQue——fourmethodsofdiagnosisHuaTuo——mafeisanZhangZhongjing——OnDiseasesLiShizhen——compendiumofMeteriaMedica活字印刷术：movabletypeprinting五禽戏：Five-AnimalExercises四则运算：fourfundamentaloperationsofarithmetic哥德巴赫猜想：Goldbach’sConjecture杂交水稻：hybridriceWhenitcomestoChina’sancientscienceandtechnology,peoplemayimmediatelythinkofthefourgreatinventions,namely,thecompass,gunpowder,paper-makingandprinting.However,inancientChina,greatachievementswerealsomadeinastronomy,mathematics,traditionalChinesemedicine,agriculture,manufacturingandsoon.AchievementsmadeintraditionalChinesemedicinewereespeciallyremarkable.BianQue,oftheWarringStatesperiod,inventedthefourmethodsofdiagnosis:observation,auscultationandolfaction,interrogation,andpalpationandpulsefeeling.CompendiumofMateriaMedicabyLiShizhenisregardedasthemostcompleteandcomprehensivemedicalbookeverwritteninthehistoryoftraditionalChinesemedicine.Chapter6Tangdynasty——equestrianpoloSongdynasty——cujuYuandynasty——chuiwanModernmartialartsconsistoffivecategories:boxing,weaponexercises,sparringexercises,actualcombatandteamwork.Qigong,alsocalleddeepbreathingexercise,ispracticedbytheChineseonaregularbasistokeepfit.“Qi”literallymeans“air”andimplies“lifeforce”.Yanggeisatraditionaldanceaccompaniedbyrhythmicfolkmusicorsinging,withthedancersdressedincostumesandholdingfansorhandkerchiefs.Itwasnotuntil1932whenthe10thOlympicGameswereheldinLosAngelesthatChinawasinvitedforthefirsttimetosendathletestocompete.AgaininLosAngelesin1984,XuHaifengwasthefirstgoldmedalwinner,whichmarkedthebeginningofChina’ssuccessintheOlympicGames.踢毽子：shuttlecockkicking武术:martialarts太极拳:taichichuan全民健身:nationwidephysicalfitness北京奥运会:BeijingOlympicGamesWithhundredsofstyles,Chinesemartialartscanbedividedintomanyschools.AsanimportantschoolofChinesemartialarts,taichichuanismarkedwithslowandgentlemovements.Sinceitcanbeusedforself-defenseandbodybuilding,taichichuanhasbecomeanimportantmethodofphysicalexerciseforpeople.AttheopeningceremonyoftheBeijingOlympicGames,thetaichichuanperformancegivenby2008playerscreatedagreatsensation.Chapter7Zhuangpeople——AntiphonalSingingFestivalMiaopeople——JumpingFlowerFestivalDaipeople——Water-SplashingFestivalYaopeople——DanuFestivalMongolians——NadamFairBaipeople——ThirdMonthFestival小年——PreliminaryEve春节联欢晚会——SpringFestivalGala七夕节——DoubleSeventhFestival自治州——autonomousprefecture黄金周——GoldenWeekTheSpringFestivalisChina’smostimportanttraditionalfestivalthatfallsonthefirstdayofthefirstlunarmonth.Therearemanycustomsobservedduringthisfestivalsuchasburningfirecrackers,pastingSpringFestivalcouplets,payingNewYearvisits,eatingdumplings,etc.Therearevariouscelebrationsindifferentplacesduringthisfestival,amongwhichtraditionaltemplefairslastfordays.Chapter8Generallyspeaking,therearethreeessentialstandardsbywhichChinesecookingisjudged,namely,color,aroma,andtaste,withtastebeingthemostimportant.Ataformalbanquet,thehostpreparesadequateseatsfoetheguests.Theelderlyandpeopleofhighstatususuallysitatthenorthernsideofthetableordirectlyfacingtheentrancetotheroom.Theconceptof“honoredsouth,humblenorth”iscloselyrelatedwithtraditionalChineseetiquette.Chineseteacanbeclassifiedintofivebasiccategoriesaccordingtotheirdifferentprocessingtechniques.Thefivetypesaregreentea,blacktea,oolongtea,compressedtea,andscentedtea.Someminortypesarewhiteteaandyellowtea.Thedrinkers’wagergamehasmanyforms,dependingonthedrinkers’socialstatus,andinterest.Generally,therearethreecategories:generalgames,literarygamesandcompetinggames.八大菜系——eightregionalcuisines老火靓汤——double-stewedsoup《舌尖上的中国》——ABiteofChina乌龙茶——oolongtea交杯酒——arm-crossedwineThereisanoldsayinginChina,“foodiswhatmattersmosttopeople.”ItillustratesthesignificantrolefoodplaysinthelifeofChinesepeople.Asavastcountrywithdiverseclimates,products,andcustoms,ChinaisknowntohaveeightregionalcuisineswhichincludeShandong,Sichuan,Guangdong,Fujian,Jiangsu,Zhejiang,Anhui,andHunancuisines.TherearethreeessentialstandardsbywhichChinesecookingisjudged,namely,color,aroma,andtaste,withtastebeingthemostimportant.ThenamesofChines