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Lecture6:EffectofGlobalChangeonTerrestrialCarbonCycle1.Globalclimatechange(temperature,precipitation,CO2)2.Interactionofclimatechange,terrestrialecosystemsandcarboncycle3.Effectsofclimatechange4.EffectsofincreasingatmosphericCO25.Effectsoffiredisturbance6.EffectsofchangesinlanduseandlandmanagementIPCCThirdAssessmentReport(TAR)WMO,(2001)“Globalwarmingcontinues”(Hansenetal.,2002;Science,295,275)ClimateChangeDisturbancesEcosystemStructureEcosystemFunctionCarbonandEcosystemSustainabilityEcosystemServicetoHumansSpeciesCompositionVegetationTypeCyclingofC,N,P,SandwaterInterrelationsofClimateChange&TerrestrialEcosystems
3.EffectsofClimateChange(IPCC2001)
GlobalwarmingmayincreaseNPPintemperateandarticecosystems,but,itmaydecreaseNPPinwater-stressedecosystemsasitincreaseswaterlossSoilandrootsrespirationhavegenerallybeenshowntoincreasewithwarmingintheshorttermChangesinrainfallpatternaffectplantwateravailabilityandlengthofgrowingseason,particularlyinaridandsemi-aridregionsChangingclimatecanalsoaffectthedistributionofplantsandtheincidenceofdisturbancesuchasfire,wind,andinsectattacks,leadingtochangesinNBPHighlatitudeecosystems(tundraandtaiga)containabout25%ofglobalsoilcarbonpoolandaresensitivetochangesintemperatureandwatertabledepthLargeareasofthetropicsarearidandsemi-arid,andplantproductionislimitedbywateravailability(e.g.,hot,dryconditionsoftypicalElNiňoyears)4.EffectsofIncreasingAtmosphericCO2
IncreasingCO2concentrationinatmospherehastwoeffectsonthecarbon-fixingenzyme(Rubisco)reactions:increasingtherateofcarboxylationanddecreasingtherateofoxygenationIncreasedCO2concentrationallowsthepartialclosureofstomata(adecreaseinstomatalconductance),restrictingwaterlossduringtranspirationthatresultinanincreaseinplant’swateruseefficiencyTheresponsesofC3andC4plantstoincreasingtheCO2concentrationinatmospherearedifferent:
-C3plantsshowanincreasedrateofphotosynthesis -C4plantsshownodirectphotosyntheticresponseorlessresponsethanC3plants
ThedirecteffectsofCO2fertilization(underadoublingCO2):-C3cropsshowanaverageincreaseinNPPofaround33%-Grasslandandcropsstudiescombinedshowanaveragebiomassincreaseof14%-Fieldstudiesonyoungtreeshaveshownastimulationofphotosynthesisofabout60%Reference:Saxeetal.(1998).TreeandforestfunctioninginanenrichedCO2atmosphere.NewPhytologist,139:395-436.5.EffectsofFireDisturbanceFireaffectscarboncycleinterrestrialecosystemsinsixways:Firedirectlyreleasecarbonintotheatmospherethroughthecombustionofbiomass(2)Fireconvertsplantmaterialintocharcoal,whichisaninertformofcarbonanddoesnotbreakdownviadecomposition.(3)Theeffectsoffiresignificantlyalterthethermalregimesoftheorganicandmineralsoillayers,which,inturn,alterstheratesofdecompositionwithintheselayers
(4)Throughthereductionofplantbiomasstoash,themeltingofthepermafrostlayer,andincreaseddecomposition,fireincreasetheamountofsoilnutrientavailableforplantgrowth(resultinginanincreaseofNPP)(5)Thedirectandindirecteffectsofburningstronglyinfluencethepatternssecondarysuccessiononfire-disturbedlandscape,which,inturn,controlthepatternsoflivebiomass/carbonstorage.Thefrequencyoffireinagivenregionwilldirectlyinfluencethestandagedistributionofforests,which,inturn,affectsthetotalamountofcarbonstorageinthoseforests6.EffectsofChangesinLandUseandLandManagementReadingassignment:IPCC2001(#–Pages193-194)(http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wgl/095.htm)Reference:Kasischkeetal.(1995).Fire,globalwarming,andthecarbonbalanceofborealforests.EcologicalApplication,5:437-451.ThreeMainApproachestoInvestigatingEffectofClimateChangeonEcosystems
Long-termobservation
Experimentalmanipulation
Modelsimulation(J.M.Melillo,1999,Science,283:183)ChanghuiPengModelingtheEffectsofClimateChangeandFireDisturbanceonProductivityandCarbonDynamicsinCanadianBorealForestsOneCaseStudyinCentralCanadaStudyareaTheBorealForestsTransectCaseStudy(BFTCS)MethodsCENTURY4.0(Partonetal.1987;Metherelletal.1993)DataClimateSite-specifictreesSoilResultsPengetal.1998;PengandApps,1998,GlobalBiogeochem.CyclesPengandApps,(1999),Ecol.Modell.
Priceetal.(1999),JofBiogeography
VEGETATIONDISTRIBUTION(BFTCS)WhatistheCENTURY?CENTURY,asdevelopedbyPartonetal.(1987,1993),isaprocess-basedecosystemmodelofplant-soil,whichsimulatesthelong-termbiogeochemicalcyclesofC,N,P,andSforvariousecosystems,includinggrassland,agriculturalland,savannasandforests.Website:/projects/century/nrel.htmCENTURY4.0Submodelsforestproductionsoilorganicmatter/decompositionwaterbudgetgrassland/cropmanagementandeventsschedulingfunctionsTimestep:monthlyCa遵rb窜on颗p糟oo怖ls胡(复bo同xe颜s)姥a袄nd沾f金lu致xe座s挎(a碰rr倦ow蓄s)都i递n勇CE统NT洞UR潜Y罚4.耍0AT筝MO劳SP泡HE带RELe养afFi终ne琴Br葵an扣ch凡esLa沫rg结e扎W静oo读dCo画ar纯se横Ro倘otFi瞧ne召Ro夕otVE荣GE演TA酸TI钳ONSu的rf拉ac陵e匠Li护tt龙erMe晋ta闯b.St桥ru肯c.De干ad蒙L柏ar阿ge装W草oo刺dDe纲ad菜F萍in窑e讲Br采an惠ch腰esDe剩ad祖C柴oa傍rs膀e蹲Ro翻otSu刊rf谱ac鹊eMi烧cr权ob赚eAc便ti闸veSO谦MSl蛮owSO祥MPa强ss退iv盘eSO素MLI华TT壁ERSO活ILNP穿PAS掌SI兽MI丸LA枕TI匀ONLe尾ac信he圣d型CPl协an蜜tRe险sp盒ir夜at遮io盯nMi盏cr吩ob撒ia痛lRe般sp些ir弄at组io荡nSo贿ilRe维sp屈ir猎at爪io轨nCO2CO2CO2CO2CO2Ro马ot振L离it蝴te拒rMe纹ta忆b.St代ru耽c.(P穗en粱g救et往a句l.兽1斥99艇8)CE清NT奇UR姑Y葬4.列0宝In烟pu责t爪Va乓ri架ab律le巩smo放nt扇hl反y炸me胆an梅,尚ma挖x,烫a收nd录m凳in持a贴ir扇t行em腥pe驳ra院tu类remo按nt落hl脆y秃to夸ta窜l冤pr抚ec具ip泉it驴at宵io鄙nso常il赢t政ex择tu棕re搏:坏cl膀ay享(游%)凝,膝si博lt椒(尽%)察,描sa薪nd合(赚%)素,椅an战d奔bu某lk矛d煎en首si英tyat旋mo责sp唉he烫ri类c播an办d遥so笋il妄n吐it波ro领ge价n缝in仁pu吼tsfo旋re欣st培t先yp狭esSi觉mu返la析ti蛋on辅S河tr翠at医eg传y(1他)嫁Mo软de飘l泊va漠li揭da飘ti浑onsi摇mu收la附te魂d择ab锁ov盟e-服gr书ou起nd廊b饭io泊ma龙ssvs铅.ob粉se老rv要ed启d喷at片asi腰mu议la誓te唤d债so才il景c纹ar脱bo裹nvs泉.ob出se径rv谎ed门d误at黄a决(0手-2深0栏cm盒)(2贷)声Ef锻fe副ct乒s且of塑c凭li涨ma烈te爽c家ha言ng链e啄(C堪C)al妄te孩ra牧ti疾on附t牢o姨mo睬nt盼hl饱y梅me凝an踢t启em哑pe昨ra般tu险re奋a掉nd牵p巧re边ci炸pi亦ta概ti窜on耻b出as植ed惕o复n容2x化CO2sc任en恋ar太io辅w禽it辫h陕th迟e誓GI哄SS险G经CMEf昨fe继ct馋s治of梁C年O2fe覆rt沿il宁iz妙at左io稻n比(C绕O2)20询%驱de拾cr叮ea筐se杏i朝n百to偿ta京l绿PE泥T接an忽d拢a线20皂%禾in那cr灶ea加se厅i祖n抛nu沟tr咳ie券nt芝u刚se宿e修ff章ic浑ie庆nc醉y堆(N蛾UE留)抚as浩so服ci淡at容ed后w拥it侨h雄2x坚C纠O2Ef畜fe泊ct拖s椅of福CC轧a嫌nd照C崖O2co洒mb觉in拌ed(3朴)授Ef胖fe昂ct继s铃of帜f龟ir领e览di芹st纺ur幼ba摊nc岂es-ch苍an鸡ge炮s纳in摊f框ir晌e架di骗st惧ur雅ba峰nc购e布in阅te蚀rv峡alVa妻li塑da屑ti该on句o舱f叫CE与NT蛮UR稻Y铅4.未0(P比en康g删et合a纹l.叮1状99像8)Va践li叨da层ti利on收o循f貌CE闸NT段UR洒Y矩4.生0024681012So甚ilca硬rb格on测(0歉-2旷0办cm助)头(k内g/毒m^2葬)TH虑1TH捎2TH拘3FF跨2PA宣2FF禽1FF举3FF嚼4PA宁130劲-5甚0乐<投S磁an黄d勿(%翼)杠>呜60胀-8殊0Ob访se恶rv凳at党io枕nSi尺mu播la赵ti翻onNO生RT胡HSO稠UT段H(S暑il副ta决ne扯n腿et行a冻l.元1傲99基7)(抓Co墓rr推el售at执io匹n:咬R2=衣0.垫92建)Re甩la葬ti痛ve躁E梁ff供ec奏ts专o鸡n文NP棚PAs暂p绝ro傅je才ct圈ed垮b挑y宝CE而NT渐UR居Y召4.厨0之fo毕r绪GI肆SS猛2片xC脾O2sc童en劲ar扎io-1砌00102030405060%ch否an绝geTH背1TH婚2TH初3FF虾1FF舱2FF蚀3FF划4PA榆1PA以2CCCO责2CC擦+C哈O2Ne冰t锄pr皱im粥ar攀y疗pr斑od贱uc戚ti抄vi守ty梯(浆gm-2yr-1)NO哑RT角HSO涂UT担H(斩Pe转ng泼a管nd省A帽pp李s食19惠98益)Re认la与ti支ve跌E马ff肚ec手ts竟o犹n梨So温il悠D纹ec碎om谊po纵si霸ti罪on0102030405060%ch恐an基geTH蔑1TH及2TH扎3FF蜜1FF弊2FF哭3FF友4PA餐1PA郊2CCCO忍2CC萍+C嫁O2De懂co美mp乐os丙it煎io否n细(g蔽m-2yr-1)As凯p他ro漂je浮ct刑ed英b羊y批CE互NT敲UR悄Y极4.岂0消fo恢r丹GI固SS科2辨xC抱O2sc诱en识ar戴ioNO驴RT么HSO锐UT发H(识Pe板ng香a皇nd裳A凭pp龄s,争1概99挖8桃)(a野)(b翠)Re字la登ti朱on物sh漫ip闻s拐(a停)确a捎nd蔽(群b)跟a智re扩S精im土ul沿at咏ed推b于y匹CE初NT妇UR局Y置4.榜0段Un项de辫r菌“C勺C+舒CO2”食Cl表im朵at恨e叨Ch被an独geR2=午0.涂89R2=攻0.月98(疑Pe倒ng竞a悉nd嚷A称pp岂s傍19沿99粉)Re固la链ti钱ve违E屿ff初ec耗ts樱o却n舅Bi兔om扎as僻s锁Ca单rb思on做S呈to绝ra题ge01020304050%ch萄an玻geTH减1TH忌2TH怒3FF喜1FF莲2FF胸3FF址4PA版1PA末2CCCO折2CC傻+C慢O2To御ta侄l仅Bi钻om未as料s药(g妇m-2)As醉p杯ro跳je业ct绪ed感b眠y佣CE挪NT立UR晕Y爽4.柱0牵fo低r暑GI淹SS锹2狱xC极O2sc露en箩ar惹ioNO藏RT磁HSO援UT穗H(跪Pe忙ng桃a穷nd期A讽pp塞s炮19厌98趁)Re吗la监ti缺ve昏E吧ff为ec懂ts扇o脚n修Ca艳rb等on刺S凉to坑ra往ge-2广0-1前5-1启0-5051015%底ch套an谱geTH潮1TH啄2TH弹3FF协1FF摸2FF剥3FF哗4PA暮1PA秆2CCCO菌2CC考+C圾O2So伟il站o扎rg巧an暴ic隔m战at糊te傻r吴(g牛m-2)As蔑p杏ro罩je移ct聪ed姓b萍y建CE床NT委UR矿Y狠4.隐0盏fo将r代GI途SS融2螺xC叛O2Sc程en注ar玩ioNO疮RT筹HSO像UT辰H(教Pe粥ng生a鞭nd泽A储pp亚s恭19钟98蛋)(千Pe匠ng弦a株nd得A凑pp犯s清1枯99峡9逆)Ef志fe纽奉ct帅s虽of徐Fi持re运I卵nt铺er揭va滑ls沸o科n凝NP喘PBi世om剑as头s仗Dy宇na筛mi豆cs弃U密nd忠er草F触ir过e折Di健st鸟ur疫ba查nc芬e(臣Ji键an焦g棚,住Pe尸ng铸,逗an拐d偿Ap初ps姓19返99垃)So催il循C除ar熟bo绣n掌Dy汇na本mi江cs单U崇nd喇er侧F塌ir殖e压Di西st摊ur太ba叼nc叫e(川Ji叔an脸g,则P冻en怀g讨an振d兆Ap或ps惜1缸99限9窄)Su大mm辟ar叉yCl笑im垦at帐e隔ch役an乳ge炼w探ou清ld仁r毫es艰ul俯t巩in母c刚ha思ng束es孙n薪ot搭o袭nl遇y拌in铅f内or笋es歌t观sp员ec盼ie薯s春co公mp丸os释it云io板n溉bu坊t畏al抗so冻i陡n罗in圾cr驾ea钱se索d励NP集P咏an冤d直ab滩ov慕e-悼gr稳ou连nd苏b搭io特ma贴ss复.捞Ho续we攀ve捐r,出o启ve芝ra光ll郊s赠oi贷l误C承wo困ul篇d钞de钳cr个ea英se德d线ue辽t际o汇an当i句nc布re册as犯e铁in胡d赖ec痒om辜po壁si鸭ti权on鼓r便at启es尼.In骡cr蜻ea鬼si径ng迎C突O2un姿de姿r馒cu胆rr说en篇t客cl破im异at恩ic代p溜at诉te粪rn就s先wo娘ul捆d旱in本cr浮ea均se锦b暖ot方h欣to怜ta饥l傅bi冲om排as融s厘an腾d炎so燃il挥C搭d蹲ue听t凑o迟th覆e馅en招ha悄nc礼em脾en种t扯of旧N对PP页b翁y净as忌su座me引d药CO2fe究rt月il痛iz乱at卧io或n.Co望mb荡in畅ed乌c柿li馒ma租te掌c可ha光ng农e埋
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