英美概况二战后的美国外交政策Unit-14-Post-WWII-American-Foreign-Policy

Unit14Post-WWIIAmericanForeignPolicyTheBeginningoftheColdWar

TheArmsRaceTheSovietUnionandtheUnitedStatesWhat’sthecoldwar?TheColdWar(approx.1945-1991)isacontinuingstateofpoliticalandmilitarytensionbetweenthepowersofthewesternworld,ledbytheUnitedStatesanditsNATOallies,andthecommunistworldledbytheSovietUnion,itssatellitestatesandallies.Backgroundandreasons1differencesingoals.TheUSAVSSovietUnionTocontrolandruletheworldTomaintainitshighstatusandpowerintheworld

ThetwocampusNATOWarsawPacttime19491955country12westerncountriesheadedbytheunitedstatesthesovietunionandanother7easternEuropecountriesNatureMilitaryandpoliticalgroupsMilitaryandpoliticalgroupsobjectEasternEuropesocialistcountriesledbythesovietunionCapitalcountriesledbytheunitedstatestraitsCollectdefenseSeparateorcollectivedefensepurposeTocompetewiththesovietunionandcontainthesovietunionTocompetewiththeunitedstatesandwesternEuropecountriesandcontroltheeasternEuropeSituationThearmsraceThetermarmsrace,initsoriginalusage,describesacompetitionbetweentwoormorepartiesforthebestarmedforces.Eachpartycompetestoproducelargernumbersofweapons,greaterarmies,orsuperiormilitarytechnologyinatechnologicalescalation.Nowadays,thetermiscommonlyusedtodescribeanycompetitionwherethereisnoabsolutegoal,onlytherelativegoalofstayingaheadofothercompetitors,essentiallythegoalofprovingtobebetter.ReasonsInordertobreakthemonopolyofatomicweapons.Toincrease,improvethequantityandqualityofmilitaryequipment.ExamplesoftheArmsRaceIn1949,theSovietUniondetonateditsfirstatomicdevices.In1952,theUnitedStateshaditsfirsttestofthehydrogenbomb.In1953,theSovietUnionfollowedtheUnitedStates’step.In1957,theSovietUnionlaunchedtwosputniksintotheorbit.Bythe1980s,thetwocountrieshadmorethan50000nuclearweaponsthatcouldkillpeopleinthewordmanytimes.In1982,RonaldReaganinitiatedtheStarWarsproject.TheeffectsoftheArmsRaceTheSovietUnionwasdraggeddownbytheUnitedStatesineconomy.TheUnitedStatesendedthecostlyproject.1.TheContainmentPolicy

2.EngagementandExpansionTheContainmentPolicy

In1948,PresidentTrumanputforwardtheTrumanDoctrinewhichisgenerallyregardedastheformalannouncementoftheimplementationofcontainment.PresidentTrumanTheUSputintoeffectthecontainmentpolicyinthelate1940s.Bycontainment,theUSmeantthatitwouldusewhatevermeans,includingmilitaryforce,topreventtheSovietUnionfrombreakingoutofitssphereofinfluence.Inordertocontaincommunism,theUSfoughttwowarsinAsia:theKoreanWarandtheVietnamWar.InEurope,inordertopreventtheflowoftechniciansandprofessionalsfromEastbloctothewest,in1961,EastGermangovernmentbegantobuildaconcretewall,separatingEastandWestBerlin.ThiswallbecamethesymboloftheColdWar.BerlinWallOnoneoccasionduringtheColdWarperiod,theUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionwereonthebrinkofanuclearwar.ThisoccasionwastheCubanMissileCrisisin1962.TheBayofPigsfiasco(猪湾闹剧)In1959,CubanrevolutionariesledbyFidelCastrohadsucceededinoverthrowingtheBatistaregimeandcametopower.TheUShadallalongbeenregardingLatinAmericaasitsbackyardandwouldnotallowotherpowerstoputtheirfingersonthisregion.Soitwantedtoputanendtothisrevolutionarygovernment.TheEisenhowerAdministrationapprovedaCIAplantotrainCubanémigréandusethemtofightagainsttheCubanrevolutionaryforces.ManyoftheémigréweresupportersoftheBatistaregime.WhenKennedycameintoofficehegavethego-aheadsignal.ThelandingoftheCIA-trainedémigrésonCubasufferedahumiliatingdefeatallofthemwereeitherkilledinbattleorcaptured.ThisbecameknownastheBayofPigsfiasco.

InAsia,thecontainmentpolicywasdirectedagainstthePeople’sRepublicofChina.TheKoreanWarbroughttheUnitedStatesandChinafacetofaceonthebattlefield.FightinginKoreainstitutionalizedhostilitybetweenthetwocountriesandextendedtheColdWartoAsia.ThefrozenrelationshipdidnotthawuntilPresidentNixonvisitedChinain1972.TheUnitedStatesandChinanormalizeddiplomaticrelationsin1979.EngagementandExpansionIn1989,theBerlinWallfell.In1991,theSovietUniondisintegrated.TheUSwonintheDesertStorminIraq.The3pillarsofAmericanforeignpolicyofClintonAdministration:NationalsecurityEconomicprosperityPromotionofdemocracyThe44-dayheavybombingoftheformerYugoslaviain1999wasatestcaseforthenewstrategy.TwopartsBush-administrationObamaadministrationUnilateralism(单边主义）andFaithinMilitaryStrength

WhenGeorgeW.BushbecamePresidentin2001,heandhistopadviserspursuedanewstrategy.Ithastwoprominentelements:UnilateralismandFaithinMilitaryStrength.

Suchunilateralactionsdrewstrongcriticismfromcountriesallovertheworld.JustwhentheUSwasonthepointofbecomingalonelysuperpowerintheworld,theSept.11,2001terroristattacktookplace.IftheythinkanyinternationalagreementisnotinlinewithAmericannationalintereststheywillnothesitatetodiscardit.ThereforetheyscrappedtheKyotoAgreement《京都议定书》onenvironmentandtheAnti-ballisticMissileTreaty(反弹道导弹)signedin1972withtheformerSU.TheSeptember11,2001OnSept.11,2001,terroristshijackedfourAmericanpassengerplanes,twosmashingintotheWorldTradeTowers,oneintothePentagon,andthefourthonesmashingintothefieldsinPennsylvaniaasaresultofthecourageousstruggleputupbythepassengers.3000innocentliveswerelostintheterroristattacks.ThewarinAfghanistanin2001InOct.2001,theUSlaunchedanallroundattackonAfghanistanandwonadecisivevictoryintwomonths’time.ThequickandeasyvictorygreatlyboostedAmericanarrogance.ThewarinIraqOnMarch20,2003,theUSlaunchedlarge-scaleairattacksonIraqwithoutUNauthorization.Afterheavybombing,AmericanandBritishgroundforcesmovedin.WhenObamabecamethepresidentin2008,hemadeachangeandthisistheAmericanpeopledemanded.Afterheassumedpower,hetookstepstobringchangesonthediplomaticfront.Obamatookstepstoimproverelationswithgreatpowers.HemetwithPresidentHuJintaoatLondonandsoon.InordertomendthestrainedrelationswiththeEuropeanallies,ObamawenttoEuropetoattendthreesummitmeetings------theLondonG20FinancialSummit,theNATOSummitandtheUS-EuropeanSummit----toreestablishgoodpartnershipwithtraditionalallies.EarlierinJuly2009,ObamavisitedMoscowa