新编英语教程第三版BOOK 2 Unit 8

LanguageStructureReadthefollowingsentencesandpayattentiontothegrammarrulestheyuse:Youeatvegetablesateverymealsothatyou’llhaveenoughvitaminC.Therefrigeratorissoheavythatyoucan’tmoveittotheotherendoftheroom.Nomatterhowpainfulitis,Icanstandit.//Icanstanditevenifitisverypainful.ItwasmuchworsethanIhadeverimagined.Themoreoftenhepractises,thebetterhecanspeakEnglish.2021/5/911.Youeatvegetablesateverymealsothatyou’llhaveenoughvitaminC.

adverbialclauseofpurposeintroducedbysothatNotes:目的状语从句中动词一般前要用may，can，might，could，should，would等情态动词，表示某种可能性，是主观意念(2)如果主从句主语一致，可用soasto和inorderto替换。e.g.:Shewentdowntowninorderthatshecouldbuysomeclothes.=Shewentdowntowninordertobuysomeclothes.2021/5/92(3)sothat也可以引导结果状语从句

e.g.:ItookanearlybussothatIgotthereintime.Theroomwaspackedwithpeople,sothatwecouldn’tgetin.2021/5/93Use‘sothat’,convertfollowingsentences:1).Hedoesn'twanttobelateforwork,andsohesetshisalarmforsix.(Hesetshisalarmforsixsothathewillnotbelateforwork.)2)Dr.Liuwantstokeepupwiththelatestdevelopmentinmedicine.Hethereforereadsmedicaljournals.(Dr.Liureadsmedicaljournalssothathecankeepupwiththelatestdevelopmentinmedicine.)3)Hewantedustoforwardhisletterstohim.Heleftushisnewaddress.(Heleftushisnewaddresssothatwecouldforwardhisletterstohim.)2021/5/942.Therefrigeratorissoheavythat

youcan’tmoveittotheotherendoftheroom.

adverbialclauseofresultintroducedbyso…that…Notes:(1)so+adj./adv.形容词或副词+that，也可以用such＋名词短语＋that引导结果状语从句e.g.:Hemadesuchaninspiringspeechthateverybodygotexcited.(2)so…that

只能引导结果状语从句2021/5/95(3)“so…that…not”canbeexpressedby“too…to…”structure.

e.g.:Therefrigeratoristooheavyforyoutomove.

(4)“so…that…”canbeexpressedbyadjective+enough+infinitivestructure.

e.g.:Themoralofthestoryissoclearthateverybodycanseeit.Themoralofthestoryisclearenoughforeverybodytosee.2021/5/963.Nomatterhowpainfulitis,Icanstandit.//Icanstanditevenifitisverypainful.

adverbialclauseofconcessionintroducedbynomatter+wh-word/evenif

Notes:(1)让步状语从句中，nomatter+wh-=wh-ever（可作主语从句）e.g.:Nomatterwhat(=whatever)happens,weshallneverlosehope.(2)引导让步状语从句最常用的四个词是though，although，evenif和eventhough，前两者语气较弱，后两者较强。2021/5/974.ItwasmuchworsethanIhad

everimagined.

adverbialclauseofcomparisonintroducedbythan

Notes:(1)Itsbasicformis“thecomparativedegreeofadj./adv.+than-clause”(2)Thecomparisonhereismadeaccordingtoaperson’sviews,ratherthanbetweentwodifferentsubjectsdoingthesamething.e.g.:YoudidbetterintheclassthanIhadthought.2021/5/985.Themoreoftenhepractices,thebetterhecanspeakEnglish.

adverbialclauseofcomparisoninthemore---themore---

pattern.Notes:(1)Themeaningis“Ifhepractices…moreoften,he’llspeak…better”.(2)Generallyspeaking,thefirstclauseisthesubordinateclauseandthesecondoneisthemainclause.(3)Thisconstructioncanbeelliptical:e.g.:Thesooner,thebetter.Themore,thebetter.2021/5/99A:Whydoyoueatvegetablesateverymeal?B:(BecauseIwanttohaveenoughvitaminC.)A:Isee.Youeatvegetablesateverymealsothatyou'llhaveenoughvitaminC.B:(That'sright.)LanguageStructurePractice1:Statingapurpose2021/5/910A:Canyoumovetherefrigeratortotheotherendoftheroom?B:(No,I'mafraidnot.It'stooheavyformetomove.A:Doyoumeantherefrigeratorissoheavythatyoucan'tmoveit?B:(Yes,I'mafraidso.)

LanguageStructurePractice2-A:Expressinginability&Statingalogicalconclusion2021/5/911A:Idon'tsupposeyoucanfinishreadingthearticleintenminutes.B:(Well,IthinkIcan.It'seasyenoughformetodoso).A:Isitsoeasythatyoucandoitintenminutes?B:(Ofcourse.)LanguageStructurePractice2-B:Expressingadequacy&Statingalogicalconclusion2021/5/912A:(Youthinkyoucanstandthisinjection?)B:Ohyes,Ithinkso.A:(It'sverypainful,youknow.)B:It'sallright.Nomatterhowpainfulitis,Icanstandit./Icanstanditevenifit'sverypainful.Practice3:ExpressingconcessionLanguageStructure2021/5/913A:(TheEnglishconversationtapewelistenedtoyesterdaywasawful.)I'veneverlistenedtoanythingmoreindistinct.B:(Iagree.)ItwasmuchworsethanIhadeverimagined.A:(Iwonderifthere'sanythingclearerthanthat.)B:Thereisboundtobesomethingbetter.Practice4:Expressingagreement,doubtandcertaintyLanguageStructure2021/5/914A:DoeshepractisespeakingEnglishoften?B:(No,Idon'tthinkso.)A:Well,ifhewishestospeakitwell,hemustpractiseasoftenaspossible.B:(That'strue.)I'lltellhimthatthemoreoftenhepractisesspeakingEnglish,thebetterhewillspeakit.Practice5:Makinganassumption&Expressingagreement

LanguageStructure2021/5/915StagefrightDefinition:

performance-relatedanxietySymptoms:Sweatypalms,poundingheart,facialnervetics（抽搐，痉挛）,shakinglegs,drythroat2021/5/916HowtoAvoidStageFright?2021/5/917Practiceasmuchaspossible

2021/5/918Watchyourownperformance2021/5/919Recordyourself2021/5/920Relaxyourbody2021/5/921Getsomeexercise

2021/5/922Avoidcaffeine

2021/5/923Laughasmuchasyoucan2021/5/924Getthereearly

2021/5/925Talktomembersintheaudience

2021/5/926Imagineyourfavoritepersonintheaudience2021/5/927Makeyourspeechinteresting

2021/5/928Slowdown

2021/5/929Movearound,butdon'tfidget

2021/5/930DialogueQuestionsBrowsethroughthetext,trytoanswerfollowingquestions.StageFright1.Whatkindofsymptomsdopeoplewithstagefrighthave?2.Isfearagoodthing?Why?3.Howdoesrepeatedpracticehelpbuildupthespeaker’sself-confidence?4.Whatshouldwedoifourmindgoesblankwhenspeakinginfrontofpeople?5.Whatkindofroledoeseyecontactplayinpublicspeaking?2021/5/931Dialogue1.turntail:runaway;flee逃跑

e.g.:他们一看见我们来了，掉头就跑。

Assoonastheysawuscoming,theyturnedtailandran.2.tremble:shakeslightlybecauseyouarefrightenedorcold颤抖;战栗

Gilwaswhiteandtremblingwithanger.

吉尔脸色发白，气得直发抖。StageFright2021/5/932Dialogue3.drenched

—madecompletelywetdrench(v.)pletelywet

Theyweregettingdrenchedbyicywater.4.symptom:thesignofanillness症状；征兆5.shiftoutof—“tochange(gear)inavehicle”换挡

Hereitmeans“tochangeormovefromonepositionordirectiontoanother,”ortobemoreexact,“moveawayfromfear”StageFright2021/5/933Dialogue6.underestimate—tomaketoolowanestimateof(sb./sth.)低估

Theprefixunder-isoftenputbeforeanadjectiveoranverbtomean“notenough,”e.g.:underdeveloped,underachieve,andundernourishedItcanalsobeputbeforeanountomean“below”or“lowerinrankorsubordinate,”e.g.:underwear,underworld,undersecretary,undergraduateStageFright2021/5/934Dialogue7.sharp-sightedadj.sharp:

1)锋利的;锐利的

asharpknife

2)

quicktonotice,hear,understand,orreacttothings(人)敏锐的，灵敏的，机灵的

Gatesisknowntobeasuperbanalystwithasharpeyeandanexcellentmemory.sharp-sighted/sharp-eyed:眼光锐利的，精明的clear-sighted

有见识的;有决断力的farsighted/longsighted

远视的；有远见的short-sighted近视的；目光短浅的StageFright2021/5/935Dialogue8.ifonlyvs.onlyif

ifonly

表示“但愿”、“要是……该多好啊”，后接虚拟语气。

IfonlyIwereaboy.=IwishIwereaboy.

IfonlyIhadnotcomehomealone.IfonlyIcouldseeyoutomorrow.

onlyif

“只有当…”(如果用于句首,主句主谓倒装)Iwakeuponlyifthealarmclockrings.

OnlyifthealarmclockringsdoIwakeup.StageFright2021/5/936Dialogue9.spitout:sayopenlyandwithoutdelaywhatoneisthinking

爽快地说出来10.

“…tothepointthat…”

---appositiveclause

Afterrunning,IgetveryhungrytothepointthatIcouldeatadoublemeal.11.standstill:站着不动，停滞不前

别动！我给你照像呢！

StageFright2021/5/937Dialogue12.rackone’sbrain(s)—tryveryhardtothinkofsth.orrecallsth.

绞尽脑汁；开动脑筋13.backup:n.sb.orsth.thatprovidessupportorhelp支持；后援要完成这项工程我们需要一些专业人员的支持。

Wmpting

—assisting(sb.actingorreciting)bysuggestingthenextwordsofsomethingforgottenorimperfectlylearned提示StageFright2021/5/938Dialogue15.equalto=beequalto:bethesameas等同于16.air:thegeneralcharacterorappearanceof,orfeelingcausedbyapersonbyaplace外表，样子；态度，风度；气氛会议弥漫着一种激动的氛围。

Therewasanairofexcitementatthemeeting.StageFright2021/5/939关于猴子的心理实验

两只猴子同时关在笼子里，一只被捆住了，不能动；一只可以在笼子里活动……实验不间断的进行，有一只猴子先死了。

思考：哪一只猴子先死了？2021/5/940实验结果：能够活动的猴子先死去了被捆住的猴子毫无办法，只好听天由命；可以活动的猴子在整个实验过程中，时刻处于紧张、焦虑、恐惧中，这些都是消极的情绪状态，对生物机体有重大的影响。2021/5/941心平气和悲伤美国生理学家艾尔马——情绪生理实验将人在不同情绪状态下呼出的气体收集在玻璃试管中，冷却后变成水发现：2021/5/942猜一猜：

在愤怒、生气状态下呼出的气体冷却成水后,将其注射到大白鼠身上，将会发生么？结果：几分钟后大白鼠死亡!!!人在生气时的生理反应非常剧烈，同时会分泌出许多有毒性的物质。消极情绪长期存在，生理变化不能复原时，情绪压力就会损伤健康.2021/5/943StressandHealthReadingI2021/5/944Stressisanaturalpartofeverydaylifeandthereisnowaytoavoidit.2021/5/945Whatcausesstress?

study

Huntforajob2021/5/946

ExamLookforagirl/boyfriend2021/5/947

压力对人生理的影响：1、心率加快，血压增高

2、肾上腺激素和去甲肾上腺激素分泌增加

3、肠胃失调，溃疡

4、易意外受伤

5、身体疲劳

6、死亡

7、心脏疾病

8、呼吸问题

9、出汗量增加10、皮肤功能失调11、头痛12、癌症13、肌肉紧张14、睡眠障碍2021/5/948严重的压力是猝死最潜在的危险因素2004年4月8日晚，54岁的爱立信中国总裁杨迈在健身房因心脏骤停突然死亡

2004年4月19日的凌晨，60岁的麦当劳公司首席执行官吉姆.坎塔卢波因心脏病突发猝死

2021/5/949在压力阶段，血流中的胆固醇水平升高。长期的压力削弱免疫系统功能，导致对疾病的易感性，包括：癌症2021/5/950

压力引起消化功能紊乱：胃病、消化不良、便秘等。溃疡、间歇痉挛以及类似肠胃疾病都直接与因压力荷尔蒙皮质醇引起的酸度的提高有关。2021/5/951压力引起神经紧张和肌张力增强，肌肉疼痛、僵硬。头疼也是与压力有关的症状。2021/5/952

压力使中枢神经兴奋性增强，生物节律被打乱，失眠、多梦、早醒……2021/5/953压力对人心理的影响：1、焦虑、紧张、困惑和急噪；2、疲劳感、生气、憎恶；3、情绪敏感和反应过敏；4、压抑、抑郁；5、沟通效果变差；6、退缩和忧郁；7、孤独感和疏远感；8、烦躁、不满；9、精神疲劳和工作能力低下；10、注意力涣散；11、缺乏自发性和创造性；12、自信心不足。2021/5/954Fivetipsfordealingwithstress

Berealistic

DoexercisesRelaxAskforhelpTakecareofourselves

2021/5/955BerealisticWe’renotperfect.Sowecouldneverbethesuperman.

Enoughisasgoodasafeast!

2021/5/956Doexercises2021/5/957Relax2021/5/958AskforhelpShareourstress.Seekprofessionalhelpfromapsychologist.

2021/5/959TakecareofourselvesGetenoughrestandhaveahealthydiet

2021/5/960Conclusion

Lifeisshort,Liveitwell!

2021/5/961ReadingIQuestionsBrowsethroughthetext,trytoanswerfollowingquestions.StressandHealth1.Whathappenedwhenresearchersaskedsomewomentorecallasituationthatmadethemangry?2.Whateffectsdoesstresshaveonourheart?3.Inwhatwaycanstressaffectourcognition?Citeoneortwoexamples.4.WhatkindofpersonhasaclassicTypeApersonality5.Howdoesahostilepersonreacttopeoplearoundhim?2021/5/962Vocabulary_2A1.hormone2.pilot3.conversion4.principal5.argumentative6.aggressive7.hostility8.predictor

Ba.(ofpeople)readytoattack;offensive;quarrelsomeb.firstinrankorimportance;chief,mainc.person,instrument,etc.thatsaysomethingwillhappenorforecastd.someonewhoislicensedtooperateanaircraftinflighte.thestateofbeingveryunfriendly;enmityf.fondofarguingg.thechangefromoneformorusetoanotherh.substanceproducedwithinthebodyandcarriedbythebloodtoanorganwhichitstimulatestoassistgrowth2021/5/963A1.d3.chronically4.harryVocabulary_3b.LookupthefollowingwordsinanEnglish-Englishdictionaryandwritedownthedefinitionofeachwordthatfitsthecontext.B(causesomething)togoroundcontinuouslynotstrongorsevere;gentle(ofadisease)developingslowly,oroflongdurationkeepbothering2021/5/964A5.apt6.cognitively7.depression8.culpritVocabulary_4Blikelyorhavingatendencytodosomethinglowspirits;thestateofbeingsadandwithoutenthusiasmwithregardtocognitionoffenderorpersonwhohasdonesomethingwrong2021/5/965ReadingI1.…,notonlydidthewomen’sstresshormonelevelsincreasesuddenly,sodidtheircholesterollevels.notonly…,butalso…e.g.:Notonlyisheateacher,but(also)heisalsoapoet.

他不仅作出了许诺,而且履行了诺言.

Notonlydidhemakeapromise,butalsohekeptit.

不仅他受到了邀请，他的父母也受到了邀请。

Notonlyhewasinvited,butalsohisparentswereinvited.

Notonlyhewasinvited,sowerehisparents.前后主语不同，但谓语相同时，butalso

可改成用so的倒装句型。StressandHealth2021/5/966ReadingI2.cholesterol

—fattysubstanceinanimalfluidsandtissue,thoughttocausethehardeningofthearteries胆固醇StressandHealth2021/5/967ReadingI3.LDL—lowdensitylipoprotein,whichcarriesmostlyfatandasmallpartofproteintootherpartsofthebody低密度脂蛋白StressandHealth2021/5/968ReadingI4.assure,ensure,makesureassure向…保证；使…确信

assuresb.ofsth.assuresb.thatensure确保

ensuresth./that-clausemakesurethat..StressandHealth2021/5/969ReadingI5.releasev./n.

1)set…freeorallow…togo释放；放出

Hewasreleasedfromprisonthenextday.Heisexpectedtobereleasedfromhospitaltoday.2)free…from(aduty,task,orfeeling)使免除;使免于

离婚解除了夫妻双方相互之间所有的婚姻义务。

Divorcereleasesboththehusbandandwifefromallmaritalobligationstoeachother.

StressandHealth2021/5/970ReadingI3)allowfeelingsorabilitiestobeexpressed发泄，释放(情感);展示(能力)

Ipersonallydon'twanttoreleasemyangeronanyoneelse.Humouriswonderfulforreleasingtension.4)discharge(gas,heatorasubstance)

释放，放出，排放(气体、热量或某种物质)Thecontractionofmusclesusesenergyandreleasesheat.肌肉的收缩消耗能量并且释放热量。5)发行，推出(唱片、碟片或电影)Heisreleasinganalbumoflovesongs.他即将推出一张情歌专辑。StressandHealth2021/5/971ReadingI6.arteries

—anyofthetubescarryingbloodfromthehearttoallpartsofthebody动脉StressandHealth2021/5/972ReadingI7.

aminoacid

—anyofseveralorganiccompoundsfoundinprotein氨基酸StressandHealth2021/5/973ReadingI8.wreakhavoc

wreak:bringaboutorcausetohappen造成（混乱或破坏）

havoc:violentdisturbance大破坏;大混乱

wreakhavoc(onsth.):bringgreatdamagetosth.给…造成巨大的破坏

Stresscanwreakhavocontheimmunesystem.

他们的政策将对经济造成巨大的破坏。

Theirpolicieswouldwreakhavocontheeconomy.StressandHealth2021/5/974ReadingI9.aptto—likelytoorhavingatendencytodo.

Otherexamples:

Myoldcomputerisapttobreakdown.Mylittlebrotherisacleverboybutapttogetintomischief.StressandHealth2021/5/975ReadingIpremiumicecream

—icecreamthatismoreexpensiveormorehighlyvaluedthanusual高品质冰激凌StressandHealth2021/5/976ReadingI10.roadrage

—aggressivebehaviourbyamotoristi