医学英语呼吸系统

MedicalTerminology（3）TheRespiratorySystem呼吸系统

刘帅研究生英语教研室（综合楼110）

医学英语呼吸系统IntroductionoftheRespiratorysystem

Themainfunctionoftherespiratorysystemistoprovideoxygentobodycellsforenergymetabolismandtoeliminatecarbondioxide,abyproductofmetabolism.Becausethesegasesmustbecarriedtoandfromthecellsintheblood,therespiratorysystemworkscloselywiththecardiovascularsystemtoaccomplishgasexchange.医学英语呼吸系统TheLung:Exchangeofgasesbetweentheatmosphereandthebloodtakesplaceinthelungs,twocone-shapedorganslocatedinthethoraciccavity.Adoublemembrane,thepleura(胸膜),coversthelungsandlinesthethoraciccavity.Theouterlayerthatisattachedtothewallofthethoraciccavityistheparietalpleura(胸膜壁层);theinnerlayerthatisattachedtothesurfaceofthelungsisthevisceralpleura(胸膜脏层).Theverythin,fluid-filledspacebetweenthetwolayersofthepleuraisthepleuralspace(胸膜腔).医学英语呼吸系统UpperRespiratoryPassageway：Airentersthroughthenose,whereitiswarmed,filtered,andmoistenedasitpassesoverthehair-coveredmucousmembranesofthenasalcavity.Cilia(纤毛),microscopichair-likeprojectionsfromthecellsthatlinethenose,sweepdirtandforeignmaterialtowardthethroatforelimination.Materialthatiseliminatedfromtherespiratorytractbycoughingorclearingthethroatiscalledsputum(痰).医学英语呼吸系统

Inhaledairpassesintothethroat,orpharynx(咽),whereitmixeswithairthatentersthroughthemouthandalsowithfooddestinedforthedigestivetract.Thepharynxisdividedintothreeregions:(1)anupperportion,thenasopharynx(鼻咽),behindthenasalcavity;(2)amiddleportion,theoropharynx(口咽),behindthemouth;and(3)alowerportion,thelaryngealpharynx(喉咽),behindthelarynx.Thepalatinetonsils(腭扁桃体)areoneithersideofthesoftpalate(软腭)intheoropharynx;thepharyngealtonsils,oradenoids(咽扁桃体),areinthenasopharynx.医学英语呼吸系统LowerRespiratoryPassagewaysandLungs

Thepharynxconductsairintothetrachea,atubereinforcedwithC-shapedringsofcartilage(软骨)topreventitscollapse.Ciliaintheliningofthetracheamoveimpuritiesuptowardthethroat,wheretheycanbeeliminatedbyswallowingorbyexpectoration(咳痰).Thelarynxisshapedbyninecartilages,themostprominentofwhichisthethyroidcartilageatthefrontthatformsthe“Adam’sapple.”Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsistheglottis(声门).Thesmallleaf-shapedcartilageatthetopofthelarynxiscalledtheepiglottis(会厌).Whenoneswallows,theepiglottiscoverstheopeningofthelarynxandhelpstopreventfoodfromenteringtherespiratorytract.医学英语呼吸系统Atitslowerend,thetracheadividesintoarightandaleftmainstembronchus(支气管干)thatenterthelungs.Therightbronchusisshorterandwider;itdividesintothreesecondarybronchithatenterthethreelobes(肺叶)

oftherightlung.Theleftbronchusdividesintotwobranchesthatsupplythetwolobesoftheleftlung.Thesmallestoftheconductingtubes,thebronchioles(细支气管),carryairintothemicroscopicairsacs,theaveoli(肺泡),whroughwhichgasesareexchangedbetweenthelungsandtheblood.医学英语呼吸系统TheProcessofBreathing:Airismovedintoandoutofthelungsbytheprocessofbreathing,technicallycalledventilation.Thisconsistsofasteadycycleofinspiration

(inhalation)andexpiration(exhalation),separatedbyaperiodofrest.Thecyclebeginswhenthephrenicnerve(膈神经)stimulatesthediaphragm(隔膜)

tocontractandflatten,thusenlargingthechestcavity.医学英语呼吸系统ISuffixforRespirationROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLE-pneabreathingorthopneaDifficultyinbreathingexceptinanuprightposition(端坐呼吸)-oxiaLevelofoxygenhypoxiaDecreasedamountofoxygeninthetissues(缺/低氧)-capniaLevelofcarbondioxidehypercapniaIncreasedcarbondioxideinthetissues(高碳酸血症)-phoniavoicedysphoniaDifficultyinspeaking(发音困难)医学英语呼吸系统Exercise1:

Usethesuffix-pneatobuildawordwitheachofthefollowingmeanings:1.painfulordifficultbreathingdyspnea2.easy,normal(eu-)breathing

3.lackof(a-)ofbreathing

4.rapidrate(tachy-)ofbreathing

Dyspnea(呼吸困难)Eupnea(平静呼吸)Apnea(呼吸暂停)Tachypnea(呼吸急促)医学英语呼吸系统IIRootsfortheRespirationPassagewaysROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLENas/o(拉丁词源)noseNasalPertainingtothenoseRhin/o(希腊词源)noserhinorrheaDischargefromthenose(鼻漏)Pharyng/opharynxpharyngealPertainingtothepharynx(咽的)Laryng/olarynxlaryngoscopyEndoscopicexamofthelarynx(喉镜检查)Trache/otracheatracheotomeInstrumentusedtoincisethetrachea(气管刀)医学英语呼吸系统IIRootsfortheRespirationPassagewaysROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEBronch/o,bronch/ibronchusbronchogenicOriginatinginabronchus(支气管源的)bronchiolbronchiolebronchiolectasisDilatationofthebronchioles(细支气管扩张)医学英语呼吸系统Exercise2:Writeawordforeachofthefollowingdefinitions:1.nearthenoseparanasal2.inflammationofthepharynx

3.pertainingtothelarynx

4.endoscopicexaminationofabronchus

5.inflammationofthebronchioles

6.narrowing(-stenosis)ofabronchus

7.plasticrepairofthelarynx

8.surgicalincisionofthetrachea

Paranasal(鼻侧的)pharyngitis(咽炎)laryngealbronchoscopy(支气管镜检)bronchiolitis(毛细支气管炎)bronchostenosis(支气管狭窄)laryngoplasty(喉成形术)tracheotomy(气管切开术)医学英语呼吸系统

Definethefollowingwords(notetheadjectivalendings):9.intranasalwithinthenose10.bronchiolar

11.bronchiectasis

12.peribronchial

13.endotracheal

14.nasopharyngeal

9.withinthenose10.pertainingtoabronchiole11.dilatationofthebronchi12.aroundthebronchi13.withinthetrachea14.pertainingtothenoseandpharynx医学英语呼吸系统IIIRootsfortheLungsandBreathingROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEPhren/oDiaphragmphrenicPertainingtothediaphragmPhrenic/oPhrenicnervephrenicotripsyCrushingofthephrenicnerve(膈神经压扎术)Pleur/oPleurapleurodesisFusionofthepleura(胸膜固定术)Pulm/o,pulmon/o(拉丁语源)LungsintrapulmonaryWithinthelungsPneumon/o(希腊语源)lungpneumonectomySurgicalremovalofalungorlungtissue(肺切除术)医学英语呼吸系统IIIRootsfortheLungsandBreathingROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLESpir/oBreathingspirometerInstrumentformeasuringbreathingvolumes(肺活量计)Pneum/o,pneumat/oAir,gas;alsorespiration,lungpneumatocardiaPresenceofairintheheart(心腔积气)医学英语呼吸系统Exercise3：Writeawordforeachofthefollowingdefinitions:1.