Goforit!九年级全Unit14Haveyoupackedyet优秀奖

现在完成时

Present

Perfect

Tense

现在完成时：主语+动词的过去分词。

对于汉语圈的人来说，关键在于这个时态的用法。这个时态在英语和美语之间，使用上也存在一些差别。一般来说，用于如下三种情况：过去的经验：Experience

from

the

past。We

are

not

interested

in

when

you

did

something.

We

only

want

to

know

if

you

did

it。我们不想知道你是什么时候做的某件事情，我们只想知道你是否作过。这就是和过去时的区别，过去是强调是过去。

例如：I

have

read

that

book.

He

has

lived

in

America.

这些事情发生在过去（与过去有联系），现在在我的脑海里有这个记忆，我知道了过去发生的这些事情，我有了这些事情的经验（与现在有联系）。

改变

A

change

or

new

information。例如：I

have

bought

a

notebook

computer.就是说，上周我还没有笔记本电脑，但是现在我有了。这就是状态的改变(说话者并不关心你是什么时候买的，他只是关心你的状态的改变：没有→有)，用现在完成事。又如：The

police

have

arrested

the

killer。

持续的状态

A

State

started

in

the

past

and

continues

in

the

present

(and

will

probably

continue

into

the

future).

也就是说一个状态，从过去持续到现在，而且很有可能继续持续到将来。例如：I

have

studied

here

since

June.这是一个状态（而不是动作），我们经常与for或者since连用。又如：They

have

been

married

for

five

years.

强调的是过去和现在的联系。

美国人不像英国人那样常用现在完成时，美国人经常用过去时代替，例如美国人经常说：Didyou

have

lunch?而英国人会说：Have

you

had

lunch?

for和since经常用在现在完成时中表示时间，for表示的是时间的长度，例如，for

6

months,

for

20

years...；而since表示的是从过去的某时间点，例如：since1960,

since

Monday...。另外，for可以用在任何时态，而since一般只用在完成时。

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现在完成进行时

Present

Perfect

Continuous

Tense

过去发生的动作，刚刚结束或最近刚结束（因此，有一个结果就出现在现在）。注意，与现在完成时的不同，现在完成时指的是状态；而这里强调的是动作。与现在完成时相同的地方都是强调对现在的影响。一般来说，用于如下两种情况：

过去的动作刚刚结束，对现在有影响。例如：

I

am

very

tired

because

I

have

been

running.

从过去一直持续到现在的动作。I

have

been

working

for

8

hours.

She

has

been

waiting

since

last

night.这里的for和since用法和现在完成时相同。

与现在完成时的区别：现在完成时表示到现在为止，动作完成了，而现在完成进行时表示的是一直持续到现在的动作，是比较如下两个句子：

I

have

just

read

Tolstoy's

"War

and

Peace".

→我已经读过了托尔斯泰的《战争与和平》。（已经读完了）

I

have

been

reading

Tolstoy's

"War

and

Peace"→我一直在读托尔斯泰的《战争与和平》。（从过去开始读，现在还没有读完）

当然，也有意思基本相同的情况：

I

have

lived

in

Japan

for

3

years.=I

have

been

living

in

Japan

for

3

years.

一般过去时

Simple

Past

Tense

The

simple

past

tense

is

sometimes

called

the

preterite

tense.

We

can

use

several

tenses

to

talk

about

the

past,

but

the

simple

past

tense

is

the

one

we

use

most

often.

过去时的结构很简单，就是由动词的过去是构成，或者did+动词的基本型构成。它表示动作发生在过去：

否定：did

not

(didn't)+动词的基本型。

疑问：did+主语+动词的基本型。

我们用过去是讨论发生在过去的动作、状态。这个动作可能持续很短时间，也可能持续相当长时间（不过总之是发生在过去）。一般我们在如下的情况下使用一般过去时：

the

event

is

in

the

past.

the

event

is

completely

finished.

we

say

(or

understand)

the

time

and/or

place

of

the

event.

例如：

He

left

for

Scotland

yesterday.

We

did

not

hear

the

telephone.

也可以是持续很长时间的事情：

I

lived

in

Tokyo

for

about

3

years.

The

Jurassic

period

lasted

about

62

million

years

如果明确地在句子中指出事情发生的时间或地点，则一般都用过去时而不能用过去完成时。

过去进行时

Past

Continuous

Tense

The

past

continuous

tense

is

an

important

tense

in

English.

We

use

it

to

say

what

we

were

in

the

middle

of

doing

at

a

particular

moment

in

the

past.

结构：

主语+was/were+V-ing。否定：主语+was

not

(wasn't)/were

not

(weren't)+V-ing。疑问：Was/Were+主语+V-ing。

The

past

continuous

tense

expresses

action

at

a

particular

moment

in

the

past.

The

action

started

before

that

moment

but

has

not

finished

at

that

moment.

For

example,

yesterday

I

watched

a

film

on

TV.

The

film

started

at

7pm

and

finished

at

9pm.=>I

was

watching

TV

at

8pm

yesterday.

有一些动词不能用在进行时态，这些动词都是表示感情或感觉的动词，而没有实际的动作。如：

hate,

like,

love,

need,

prefer,

want,

wish

believe,

imagine,

know,

mean,

realize,

recognize,

remember,

suppose,

understand

belong,

concern,

consist,

contain,

depend,

involve,

matter,

need,

owe,

own,

possess

appear,

resemble,

seem,

hear,

see

With

verbs

that

we

don't

use

in

the

continuous

tense,

there

is

no

real

action

or

activity.

Compare

"to

hear"

and

"to

listen".

"To

hear"

means

"to

receive

sound

in

your

ears".

There

is

no

real

action

or

activity

by

you.

We

use

"to

hear"

with

simple

tenses

only.

But

"to

listen"

means

"to

try

to

hear".

You

make

an

effort

to

hear.

There

is

a

kind

of

action

or

activity.

We

can

use

"to

listen"

with

simple

or

continuous

tenses

我们经常用

过去进行时+一般过去时。这样组合起来使用，用过去仅形式来表现一个长的动作；用过去时来表示一个短的动作，这个短的动作发生在那个长的动作中间。我们通常可以用when或者while来把两者联系起来。

We

often

use

the

past

continuous

tense

with

the

simple

past

tense.

We

use

the

past

continuous

tense

to

express

a

long

action.

And

we

use

the

simple

past

tense

to

express

a

short

action

that

happens

in

the

middle

of

the

long

action.

We

can

join

the

two

ideas

with

when

or

while.

例如：I

was

watching

TV

when

you

telephoned。long

action

(watching

TV),

expressed

with

past

continuous

tense；short

action

(telephoned),

expressed

with

simple

past

tense。

Notice

that

"when

you

telephoned"

is

also

a

way

of

defining

the

time

[8pm].

when

+

short

action

(simple

past

tense)

while

+

long

action

(past

continuous

tense)

While

I

was

walking

past

the

car

it

exploded.

=

When

the

car

exploded

I

was

walking

past

it.

The

car

exploded

while

I

was

w