英语毕业论文070.中西方文化背景中对龙的不同阐释

中西方文化背景中对龙的不同阐释TheDifferentTranslationsofLoongundertheBackgroundofChineseandWesternCulturesAbstractChinesepeopleareproudofChinesewordlongfromancienttimestillnow,whichisthesymbolofauspiciousnessandauthority.ButinWesternpeople’seyes,theEnglishworddragonisthesymbolofdevilandbugbear.Solonganddragonarequitedifferent.ButinEnglish-ChineseorChinese-Englishtranslations,thetwowordsareoftentranslatedintoeachother.ThetranslationsignorethedifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternculture,andcauseculturalmisunderstanding.SohowtotranslateChinesewordlongintoEnglishbecomesaseriousproblem.Itisagoodwaytotranslatethemfromthedifferencesbetweenlonganddragon,fromtherelationbetweencharacteristicsofChineselanguageandEnglishlanguage.KeyWordsCulturaldifferences;dragon;long;Loong;translation

摘要从古至今，中国人都对汉字龙感到自豪，因为龙是桔祥和权威的象征。而在西方人的眼中，英语单词dragon意味着罪恶和怪物，是邪恶的象征。因此龙和dragon在很大的程度上是不同的。但是在英译汉或汉译英中，我们会经常把这两个词互译。这种翻译无视了中西方文化的差异，从而造成了严重的文化误解。显而易见，这种翻译是有问题的。因此如何把汉字龙翻译成英语就成为一个很严肃的问题。从龙和dragon的差异、汉语和英语这两种语言特点的差异来确定龙的英译不失为一种好的方法.关键词文化差异；dragon;龙；Loong；翻译

IntroductionItiswell-knownthattherearemanydifferencesbetweenChineseandWesternculture.Nowadaysculturalcommunicationbetweendifferentcountriesisveryfrequent,soaccuratetranslationbecomesingreatneedasoccasionsrequire.Butgreatdifferencesexistindifferentlanguages.Peopleineverynationalwaysunderstandothernations’culturewiththeirownviewswithoutconsideringwhethertheyarerightorwronginorigin,asisaverycommonphenomenon.Hencethemisunderstandingsbetweendifferentnationscomeintobeing.Itismoreandmoreimportantthatculturalunderstandingservesasthecommunicationalwaybetweendifferentnations.Andpeoplealsohavebeguntonoticethemisunderstandingscausedbytranslations.Especiallyculture-loadedwords,whichstandforeverynation’scultureandspirit,aretranslatedcarelessly.Thenmisunderstandingsspreadandexpand.TakingChinesewordlongforexample,longisatraditionalculture-loadedword.LongisalwaystranslatedintoEnglishworddragoninmanytranslations.ButtheEnglishworddragonisakindofbugbear,whichcanbreatheoutfireaccordingtowesternlegend.Becauseofthetranslationfromlongtodragon,greatmisunderstandingexistsbetweenChinesepeople’sandwesternpeople’sminds.

Ⅰ.TheDifferencesbetweenChineseWordLongandEnglishWordDragonTherearemanydifferencesbetweenChinesecultureandwesternculture.Therefore,therearemanydifferencesbetweenChinesewordlongandEnglishworddragon.A.

LonginChina

Inancientchina,therearemanyoriginsaboutlong,suchaslizard,crocodileanddinosaurandsoon.Longisregardedastoteminancienttimes.Chinesepeopleinancienttimesadmiredlongthoughitisjustanimaginaryanimalinthelegend.

InChina,longisattachedtoaplentyofcommendatoryculturalmeanings.Sincetheancienttimes,longhasbeenregardedbyChinesepeopleastheincarnationoftheirancestor.Consequentlytheyliketothinkthemselvesastheoffspringoflong.HencelonghasbeenregardedasthesymbolofChinaandChinesepeople,andChinaiscalleddongfangjulongahugeorientalcountry.InChina,thetraditionalsymbolsofroyaltyarelongandfeng.ThewordlongstandsfortheChinesekingoremperorandfengforthequeen.Thereforemanythingswhichareconnectedwiththekingorroyaltycontainthewordlong,suchaslongyanwhichmeanstheappearanceoftheemperor,longtiwhichmeansthebodyoftheemperorandlongpaowhichmeanstherobefortheemperor.Besides,longissupposedtobringgoodluckasanauspiciouscreature.Inthephrasewangzichenglong，longmeansasuccessfulpersonwithpretige.

InModernChineseDictionary，theoriginalmeaningoflongisakindofasupernaturalanimal,whichcarrieshornsandwhiskersandonlyhasonehead.Itcanmakerainaswantedinlegend.Thesecondmeaningistheheadofanimals,whichcanbeblackorbright,canbeslenderorcoarse,canbeshortorlong,flyingtotheskyinspring,anddivingintheseainautumn.Intheotherwords,longistheheadofchangeablewateranimals,whichishelpfulforeverything.Sopeopleaweandadmireitastotem.Inlunarcalendar,Feb.2ndisatraditionalfestivaloflong.Onthisday,peopleprayforspringrainandgoodharvest.

InModernChineseDictionary,italsoreferstotheemperorinthefeudalsocietyofchina.ItisrecordedbeforeJieZitui,whoisaChinesehistoricalperson,leftJinDynasty,hewroteapoem,“有龙于飞，周遍天下……龙返其乡，得其处所。〞Longinthispoemrepresentsemperor.

Longcanberegardedasimageryofheroesandwisepersons.ThereisarecordintheoldtextTheStoriesofThreeCountries，whichsaysthat“徐庶见先主，先主器之，诸先生曰：‘诸葛孔明者，卧龙也，先主岂愿见乎？’〞Here,XuShuregardedZhugeLiangaslatentlong，whichmeansthatZhugeLiang’swisdomandtalentwereburied.Besides,thereisanotherphraselongpanfengyiinancientrecordstodemonstratewisepersonswhoarenotknownbymostpeople.Longintheancienttimesalsomeantnoblesteed.InmodernChinese,longinsomephraseshaslostitsoriginalmeaning,andgotmeaningsoftrope.Suchas,thephraseshuilongtou,whichlookslikelong.Thephraseyitiaolongisnotareallong,butseriesofgoodmethodsorways.Besides,longjuanfengandcheshuimalongallmeantrope.B.DragoninWesternCountries

Thedragonisoftenasymbolofdeviltowesterners.Theyregardthedragonasafiercemonsterthatcandestroysomeotherthings.Therefore,intheiropinion,itcanmakemanydisasters.Thereareseveralstoriesofsaintsorheroesdealingwiththestrugglesagainstsuchmonsters,whichinmostcasesarekilledintheend.ThemostnotablestoryperhapsisthestoryofBeowulf.AnAnglo-Saxonepicaroundtheyearof700A.D,tellshowtheheroBeowulfdefeatsamonstercalledGrandel,butheiseventuallymortallywoundedduringtheprocessofslayingadragon.〔LiZuowen,page85,2005〕

Dragonisthesymbolofdevil,whichcanbeseeninmanywesternfilms.Forexample,inthefilmHarryPotterandtheGobletofFire,thereisacruelcharacter—dragon.MostpeopleknowthatHarryPotterisarighteousboy.Inthismovie,hefightsagainstthedragontostopitfromdestroyingtheworld.InanothercartoonfilmShrektheThird,whoseendisverydifferentfromothersimilarfilms,thereisaverycrueldragonnamedBoss.InthefilmBossalwayshurtsothers.ThereisanotherfilmaboutdragonRegionofFire.Inthismovie,afterthedragonwaswakedbyothers,hebeginstodestroytheworldforalongtime.Manypeoplearekilledbyhim.InthefilmDragonHeart,becausethefigurehasahalfofheatfromdragon,hebecomesaveryrudeperson.Atlast,hegetshisnemesis.Fromthesefilms,dragoniswellknowntoappearwithacruelimage.Westernfilmscanreflectwesterncultures.Ofcourse,thecharactersintheirfilmscanreflectdirectors’opinions.Theimageofdragoninthefilmsisthereflectionofdragoninwesternlegend.

InBible,Satan,adevil,iscalledthegreatdragon.RevelationintheBooksofTheNewtestamentofBibledescribesdragonlikethis:Agreatreddragon,withsevenheadsandtenhorns,andsevendiademsonhishead.Andwarbrokeoutinheaven;Michaelandhisangelsfoughtagainstthedragon.Thedragonandhisangelsfoughtback,buttheyweredefeated,andthereisnolongeranyplacefortheminheaven.Thegreatdragonwasthrowndown,thenancientserpent,whichiscalledtheDevilandSatan,thedeceiverofthewholeworld,wasthrowndowntotheearth,andhisangelswerethrowndownwithhim.(John,page10,1998)InMicrosoftEncyclopedia,dragonisdescribedasalegendaryreptilianmonstersimilarinformtoacrocodileandusuallyrepresentedashavingwings,hugeclaws,andafierybreath.Aboveitisabouttheappearanceofdragon.Fromthedescription,dragonisveryugly,anditsfigureisveryhuge.

Whenthedragonisusedtorefertoaperson,especiallyawoman,itisalwaysinpejorativesense.AsinCollinsCobuildLanguageDictionary,itissaid,“Ifyoucallawomanadragon,youmeanthatsheisfierceandunpleasant.〞Forexample,sheisabitofdragonaroundthisplace.InEurope,thereisafamousdragonnamedHydra,whichisverycruelandrude.Hydrahasnineheadsandhaslonglife.ItisverydifferentfromlonginChina.AndEuropeanpeoplehateHydraverymuch.

Sodragoninwesterncountriesmainlymeanscruelandbadthings.Forexample,“wecallheradragon〞meanssheisveryrude.“TheOldDragon〞referstotheSataninBible,andinthephrase“chasethedragon〞,dragonmeansdrug,whichcanmakepeoplecrazyandgotodeath.C.ComparisonbetweenLongandDragon

Accordingtotheanalysisabove,longanddragoncanbecomparedasfollows.Dragon:(1)havingmanyheads;(2)uglyinappearance;(3)cruelperson;(4)evilforce;(5)Satan;(6)drug.Long:(1)havingonehead;(2)emperor;(3)wisepeople;(4)somethingthatliketheappearanceoflong;(5)noblesteed;(6)constellation;(7)asurnameofChinesepeople.(YangZijian,page27,2006)

Therearemanydifferencesbetweenthem.Theyoriginatefromdifferentcultures.ThefirstmeaningofdragoncomesfromEurope.InWesternEurope,dragonhasmanyheads.ThethirdmeaningofdragoninEnglishoriginatedfromGreeklegend.Inthelegend,thedragonalwaysplaystheroleofkeeper,keepinggoldenapplegarden,springandsoon.InRevelation,Satanisnameddragon.InPoems,itissaidthatyouwilltramplethedragonunderthefeet.Sodragonisregardedasdevil,especiallystandingforgentinmiddleage.

InChineselegend,EmperorHuanglaidthefoundationofChinesecivilization,andhewasadmiredbyhisoffspring.Laterhefliedtotheskyonthelong，whichwassentbytheGodtowelcomehim.Therefore,theemperorsinChinaafterhimnamethemselvesreallong.Chinesewordlonghasmuchmoremeaningsthandragon.Andmeaningsoflongarefine,whiledragonmostlymeansbadthings.Ⅱ.SomeProblemsinTranslationTherearemanyproblemsinChinese-EnglishandEnglish-Chinesetranslationsbetweenlonganddragon,whichcausemanymisunderstandingsbetweendifferentnations.

A.IllustrationoftheWrongTranslationofLong

TherearemanyChinesephraseswiththewordlong.WhentheyaretranslatedintoEnglish,theirmeaningschangealot.Forexample,ChinesephraselongzhouaretranslatedintoEnglishphraseasdragonboat.EveryChinesepersonknowsthatrowinglongboatisanactivityinhonorofQuYuan,whowasafamousChinesepoet..Becausetheshapeofboatlookslikelong,wecallitlongboat.BoatFestivalisahappydayinChina;solongboathasthepropitiousandhappymeaning.Inthephrasedragonboat,dragonisakindofbugbear.Asaresult,dragonboatisveryuglyandstrangeinwesterners’eyes.TheymaywonderwhyChinesepeoplelikedragonboat.AndtheycannotfigureoutthehappyatmospherewhenChinesepeoplerowtheboat.SuchtranslationcannotmakewesternersunderstandChinesetraditionalculture,sothosetwosidesofcommunicationcannotgoonwell.

LongfengchengxiangistranslatedintoEnglishphraseasdragonandphoenixbringinginprosperity.Thistranslationmakeswesternersconfused.Theymaythinkdragonisabugbearandevil,andwhydevilcanbringinprosperity.Longdechuanren,thisChinesephraseisthenamethatChinesepeopleregardthemas.ButwhenitistranslatedintoEnglish,itbecomesoffspringofthedragon.DoChinesepeoplebecomeoffspringofdevil?Howabsurdmisunderstanding!IsChineseperson’simagelikethis?

IndifferentkindsofEnglish-ChineseorChinese-Englishdictionaries,therearealsomanymistakesabouttheexplanationoflonganddragon.Therearesomeexamplesasfollows:

InOxfordAdvancedLearner’sDictionaryofCurrentEnglishwithChineseTranslation,itisexplainedlikethis,dragon:n.fabulouscreaturelikeacrocodileorsnake,oftenwithwingsandclaws,abletobreatheoutfire,oftenguardingatreasure;(Colloq)fierce.

InANewEnglish-ChineseDictionary,itisexplainedlikethis,dragon:n.①long;②xiongbaoderen,yanlideren.

InLongmanEnglish-ChineseDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,itisexplainedasfollows:dragon:n.1.animaginaryfire-breathinganimalinchildren’sstorieslong；2．afierceolderwomanesp.onewhoallowstoolittlefreedomtoayounggirlinhercharge.

InAModernChinese-EnglishDictionary,itisexplainedasfollows.Long：①akindofanimalinthelegend……

InEnglish–Chinesetranslations,dragonisallexplainedlong,andinChinese–Englishtranslations,longistranslatedintodragon.Itisnotdifficulttofindthattheimpropertranslationshavegonedeepintoeveryone’smind.Themisunderstandingcausedbyitisveryobvious.InChinesedictionaries,longisakindofsupernaturalanimal,whichhasantennaeandwhiskers.Itcanmakeitrainaspeoplewish.ButinDictionaryofEnglishwithChineseTranslation,dragonisanimaginaryfire-breathinganimal;however,itisexplainedbyChinesewordlong.Thisisverycontradictive.B．MisunderstandingsCausedbytheWrongTranslation

Theimpropertranslationexistsindifferentpartsoflife.ThewrongtranslationmakeChinesepeoplefacealotofdifficulties.SomeChinesestudentswhostudyinEuropeancountriesarelaughedbywesterners,whentheyintroducetheirnationisacountryofdragon.Thoughitisjustaword,ithashurtthefeelingsbetweenChineseandwesternpeople.Wordsarealsolanguagesinsomeextents.Whatisalanguage?Itreferstothecultureofonecountry,andcanembodypersonalityofonecountry.Solanguagesindifferentcountriesaredifferent,thoughtheyhavesomethingincommon.IfusingChinesedragonforlong,westernpeoplemaybegivethedifferencesbetweendragonandChinesedragon,buttheystillcannotimaginewhatChinesedragonislike.Thetranslationcannotembodythecharacteristicsoflong.

Therearealsomanyothermisunderstandings.Forexample,Chinesephrasewangzichenglongmeanslongingtoone’ssonsuccessful.Ifsomepeopletranslateitintolongingtoone’ssontobeadragon,westernpeoplewillthinkwhyChinesepeoplewanttheirchildrentobeacruelperson.Thebadimpressionofdragoninwesternpeople’seyesisdeepforalongtime.Itisverydifficulttoletthemacceptit.Chineseemperorsregardedthemaslong.Theyareveryproudofit.Longmeansauthorityintheirminds.Theemperorscancontrolthewholecountryonthenameoflong.Butinwesternpeople’seyes,dragonisakindofbugbearanddestroysthewholeworld.Manyheroeswanttofightagainstit.Itisimpossiblefordragontocontrolthewholeworld.ItisverydifficultforwesternerstounderstandwhyChineseemperorslikewhoislikedragoncancontrolthecountry.Allthemisunderstandingsmaketheculturalcommunicationsgoonbadly.ThebestsymbolofChinafacesaseriousproblemincommunications.Inordertochangethesituationandsolvetheproblem,correctingtheEnglishnameoflongisaninevitableaction.

Sincemascotsof29thOlympicgameswereinformed,manypeoplewereverysurprisedatthatChineselong，whichisregardedwellbyChinesepeopleallovertheworld,wasnotchosen.BeijingOlympicCommitteeexplainedthatlonghasmanydifferentdefinitionsandunderstandingsindifferentcountries.Ifchoosinglongasmascotandthentranslatingitintodragon,manypeopleallovertheworldwillmisunderstandChina.()Fromthisevent,itcanbeknownthatthewrongtranslationhasaffectedtheleadersofChinatomakedecisions.

EventhoughChinesepeoplemaybecorrectthemistake,westernersstillusetheworddragontointerpretChinesewordlong.Intheirminds,Chinesekingsareverycrueltopeople,whichisjustliketheimpressionofdragonintheirhearts.Butforeignersdonotrealizethedifferencesbetweenthem,sotheirviewisone-sided.Chinesewordlonghasmuchmoremeaningsthanwhattheythink.Anditmainlymeanskindness.Inordertomakethecommunicationbemoreharmonious,themisunderstandingsshouldbepaidattentionandeliminated.

Someforeignscholarsgavethespeechesorwrotearticlesontheinternetandotheroccasions.Theyregardedtheoffspringofdragonasthechildofdevil,beingbasedonthatdragonisdevilandbugbear.Theyarelackofbenevolence,andhavebadimagineonChina.Theworldisunified,andthecivilizationshavedifferentforms.Theglobalizationshouldbethecombinationwithallkindsofcivilization,notbeonekind.Chinesepeoplecannotthinkwesterners’opinionswiththeireyes.Atthesametime,ChinesepeoplecannotaskthemtounderstandChinesepeoplewithoureyesight.

Ⅲ.TheRightWayofEnglishTranslationofLongA.SomeTheoriesinTranslation

Differentnations’culturesnotonlyhavesomethingincommon,butalsodifferintheirowncharacteristics.Translationshouldbebasedonthecommonpoints.Andtheircharacteristicsarethebarrieroftranslation.Culturaldifferencesareoftenbasedontheirinnermeanings,literalityorliteralitywithnote.Inordertokeeptheculturalfigure,idiomscanalsobeused.

Inthelastdecadeofthe18thcentury,AlexanderFraserTytler,professorofhistoryatEdinburghUniversity,laiddownthefundamentalsbywhichatranslationshouldbemadeorjudged.Theywere(1)atranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideasoftheoriginalwork;(2)thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterasthatoftheoriginal;and(3)atranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoforiginalcomposition.(GuoZhuzhang,LiQingsheng,page25,2003)Thefirstfundamentalcanbeunderstoodasthattranslationshouldexpressthefullmeaningoforiginalwork,whichisjustthetranslationcriteria—faithfulness.Thesecondonemeansexpressiveness,andthethirdonemeanselegance.Accordingtotheaboveexplanation,therearemuchtranslationcriteria.Andthecriteriahassomethingincommon,whichcanbeillustratedbytranslationcriteriaofYanFu—faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance.

Therearetwokindsoftranslations,whichisliteraltranslationandfreetranslation.Whethertranslatorsadoptliteraltranslationorfreetranslation,theystillshouldpayattentiontothetranslationcriteriaofYanFu.Andthetranslationmustbeequaltotheoriginalworkandoriginalculture.Ifthereisaneed,literaltranslationorfreetranslationshouldbeusedtogether.B.OneWayofTranslatingintolong

SomescholarssuggestthattranslatingChinesewordlongintoEnglishLongonthebasisofitspronunciation.ThoughlongisitsChinesepronunciation,itisalsoverysimilarwiththeEnglishwordlong,whichhasmanymeanings.Whenitisadjective,itmeansmeasuringalargemountinlength,distanceortime.Forexample,“alongtime,alonglineandalongroad〞.Besides,itcanbeaverb.Inthissentence“helongstomeethisparentsquickly〞,longmeanswantingsomethingverymuch.Fromtheillustrationoflong,theresultcanbegotlikethat,becausetheEnglishwordlonghasmanymeanings,itmakepeoplefeelconfused.Soitisnotagoodway.Butifwritinglongwithitalicprint,itmaybeproperasthetranslation.C.AnotherWayofTranslatingintoLoong

ItcanbeseenthatthebestwaytotranslatelongintoEnglishisstilltransliterate,butitsEnglishpronunciationmustbesimilarwithitsChinesepronunciation.SomeChineseresearchershaveeverpointedoutthatEnglishmaybeakindofideographfirstly,whichisreflectedontwenty-sixlettersinEnglish.Suchastheletter“o〞islikethesunorthemoon,“c〞likethecrescentmoon,“r〞likefire,“M〞likeahilland“f〞likeaknife.(YuanLi,page23,2000)Forexample,intheword“fear〞,theletter“f〞isjustlikeaknife.Ifputtingaknifeoneone’sear,nobodywillnotfeelafraid.AllofabovecanshowthatEnglishisideography,thoughitistheexploration.HuangJi,whoistheprofessorinEastChinaNormalUniversity,broughtforwardthatthebesttranslationoflongisLoong.BesidesHuangJi,TaiwanscholarMengTianxiangalsopointedoutthesameopinion.TherearemanyexpertssuggestthatlongshouldbetranslatedintoLoong.Ialsoagreewithit.Accordingtothecharacterofideographyandsomanyexperts’opinions,theEnglishtranslationlongshouldbeLoong.

Hepointedouttherearethreereasons.First,therearetwoletters“o〞inthisword,whichareliketwobigeyes.Second,Loongissimilarwithlonginspelling,whichcanmakepeoplethinkitslength.Manywesternpeoplehavethehabitofwritingthephraselonglongagowithloongloongago.SoLoonghasthecharactersofideograph.Chineseisalsoideograph,sotheyhavecommonpoints.Usinglongandconsideringitaccordingtoideograph,peoplemayfeelitjusthasoneeye.Thethirdreason,accordingtoEnglishpronunciation,letter“oo〞alwayspronounces[u:].SoLoongshouldbepronounced

,whichisverysimilarwithChineselonginpronunciation.ThereisnoLoonginEnglishwords,sotranslatinglongintoLoongcannotcauseconfusion.(HuangJi,)

Forthesereasons,manyphrasessuchas“theoffspringofdragon〞shouldbecorrectedto“theoffspringofLoong〞,and“dragonboat〞to“Loongboat〞.Insomeoccasions,thephrasescontainingthewordlongshouldbetranslatedlong.Itcannotcauseconfusion.

Thoughtherearemanysuggestionsaboutitstranslation,thebesttranslationisstillnotcertain.Everypersonhasitsownviews.Thereisnobestway.Undertheconditionsofdifferentadvices,Loongmaybethebetterway.ItisalongtimetochangetheEnglishtranslationofitandgetabestmethod.

ConclusionCultureisaverycriticelementininternationalcommunication.ThedevelopmentofChinabenefitsfromittoletforeignersabsorbChineseculturebetter.ButChineseculturehasitsspecialty.IfChinesepeoplewanttointroduceittoothercountries,andmakeforeignersunderstandoracceptitcorrectly,theculture-loadedwordsmustbetranslatedproperly.Ifnot,misunderstandingswillhappen,andthefunctionsofculturalcommunicationwillnotexist.

Inthisarticlethewritertakeslongforexample,introducingtheproblemsintranslations.EveryChinesepersonregardsLoongasakindofluckyanimal.Whentalkingaboutit,ChinesepeoplewillthinkofLoongBoatFestival,ChineseKings,andlegendandsoon.ButbecauseofimproperEnglishtranslationdragon,manyforeignersdonotunderstandChineseLoongculture.TheythinkthatLoongisbugbear,whichisjustlikedragoninWesternculture.TheycannotunderstandwhyChinesepeopleregardLoongasChinesesymbol.Thecostisveryponderous.Becauseofthismisunderstanding,theOlympicCommitteedidnotchooseLoongasOlympicmascot.Becauseoftheimpropertranslation,westernersthinkChinesepeopleugly,andthinkChineseculturepreposterous.Thismistakehasbeeninpeople’smindsforalongtime.Whenlookingupitinthedictionary,thewronganswersalsocanbeseen.WhenChinesepeoplecommunicatewithforeignersandintroduceChineseLoongculturetothem,howdotheythinkChinesepeople?SoChinesepeoplemustcorrectthismistakebyus,itisimpossibleforwesternerstohelpChinesepeoplecorrectit.

Culturedifferencesexistwidely.Asatranslator,hemustlearndifferentcultures,analyzethedifferencesbetweencountries.Astotranslation,peopletendtothinkofYanFuwhoadvocatedforthefirsttimethethreewordsastranslationcriteria,namely,“faithfulness,expressiveness,elegance〞.Ifpeoplewanttoconveythemostrealcontentofaword,theymustpayattentiontomeaning,pronunciationandimage.Literality,freetranslationortransliteratecanbeused.

Accordingtothewaysoftranslation,longshouldbetranslatedinto