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（AbouttheHumanGenomeProject）

WhatistheHumanGenomeProject?

Begunformallyin1990,the.HumanGenomeProjectwasa13-yeareffortcoordinatedbythe.DepartmentofEnergyandtheNationalInstitutesofHealth.Theprojectoriginallywasplannedtolast15years,butrapidtechnologicaladvancesacceleratedthecompletiondateto2003.Projectgoalswereto

identifyalltheapproximately20,000-25,000genesinhumanDNA,

determinethesequencesofthe3billionchemicalbasepairsthatmakeuphumanDNA

storethisinformationindatabases,

improvetoolsfordataanalysis,

transferrelatedtechnologiestotheprivatesector,and

addresstheethical,legal,andsocialissues(ELSI)thatmayarisefromtheproject.

Tohelpachievethesegoals,researchersalsostudiedthegeneticmakeupofseveralnonhumanorganisms.TheseincludethecommonhumangutbacteriumEscherichiacoli,thefruitfly,andthelaboratorymouse.

Auniqueaspectofthe.HumanGenomeProjectisthatitwasthefirstlargescientificundertakingtoaddresspotentialELSIimplicationsarisingfromprojectdata.

Anotherimportantfeatureoftheprojectwasthefederalgovernment'slong-standingdedicationtothetransferoftechnologytotheprivatesector.Bylicensingtechnologiestoprivatecompaniesandawardinggrantsforinnovativeresearch,theprojectcatalyzedthemultibillion-dollar.biotechnologyindustryandfosteredthedevelopmentofnewmedicalapplications.

LandmarkpapersdetailingsequenceandanalysisofthehumangenomewerepublishedinFebruary2001andApril2003issuesofNatureandScience.Seeanindexofthesepapersandlearnmoreabouttheinsightsgainedfromthem.

Formorebackgroundinformationonthe.HumanGenomeProject,seethefollowing

HGPGoals

HGPHistory

HGPTimeline

HumanGenomeNews

What'sagenome?Andwhyisitimportant?

AgenomeisalltheDNAinanorganism,includingitsgenes.Genescarryinformationformakingalltheproteinsrequiredbyallorganisms.Theseproteinsdetermine,amongotherthings,howtheorganismlooks,howwellitsbodymetabolizesfoodorfightsinfection,andsometimesevenhowitbehaves.

DNAismadeupoffoursimilarchemicals(calledbasesandabbreviatedA,T,C,andG)thatarerepeatedmillionsorbillionsoftimesthroughoutagenome.Thehumangenome,forexample,has3billionpairsofbases.

TheparticularorderofAs,Ts,Cs,andGsisextremelyimportant.Theorderunderliesalloflife'sdiversity,evendictatingwhetheranorganismishumanoranotherspeciessuchasyeast,rice,orfruitfly,allofwhichhavetheirowngenomesandarethemselvesthefocusofgenomeprojects.BecauseallorganismsarerelatedthroughsimilaritiesinDNAsequences,insightsgainedfromnonhumangenomesoftenleadtonewknowledgeabouthumanbiology.

Tounderstandmoreread

TheScienceBehindtheHumanGenomeProject:UnderstandingtheBasics

FactsAboutGenomeSequencing

Primer:GenomicsandItsImpactonScienceandSociety

WhataresomepracticalbenefitstolearningaboutDNA?

KnowledgeabouttheeffectsofDNAvariationsamongindividualscanleadtorevolutionarynewwaystodiagnose,treat,andsomedaypreventthethousandsofdisordersthataffectus.Besidesprovidingcluestounderstandinghumanbiology,learningaboutnonhumanorganisms'DNAsequencescanleadtoanunderstandingoftheirnaturalcapabilitiesthatcanbeappliedtowardsolvingchallengesinhealthcare,agriculture,energyproduction,environmentalremediation,andcarbonsequestration.

Formoredetails,seeAnticipatedBenefitsofHumanGenomeResearch.

Whataresomeoftheethical,legal,andsocialchallengespresentedbygeneticinformation,andwhatisbeingdonetoaddresstheseissues?

TheDepartmentofEnergyandtheNationalInstitutesofHealthGenomeProgramssetaside3%to5%oftheirrespectiveannualHGPbudgetsforthestudyoftheproject'sethical,legal,andsocialissues(ELSI).Nearly$1millionwasspentonHGPELSIresearch.

Foranin-depthlookattheELSIsurroundingtheproject,seeours