chapter 4- Enlightenment Movement完整版可编辑

TheRestorationand

theEighteenthCentury1.“theAgeofReason”2.“theNeoclassicAge”EnlightenmentMovement霍布斯(ThomasHobbes1588-1679)和洛克（JohnLocke，1632-1704），是英国最早的启蒙思想家。霍布斯的观点是：（1）社会契约；（2）不反对君主专制；（3）无神论但又主张借助宗教维持社会秩序。代表作：《利维坦》（Leviathan）。洛克的观点是：（1）社会契约；（2）主权分立。代表作《人类理解论》(EssayConcerningHumanUnderstanding)两位思想家思想的相同点，都主张社会契约。不同点：霍布斯不反对君主专制；洛克提倡君主立宪制。TheEnlightenmentMovementwasaprogressiveintellectualmovement.ThemovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissanceofthe

fifteenthandsixteenthcenturies.Itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.Itcelebratedreasonsorrationality,equalityandscience.Neoclassicism

ItwasinitiatedbyJohnDryden,culminatedinAlexanderPope,continuedbySamuelJohnson.1.TheRestorationLiterature(1660-1700)drama,prose,poetry—theAgeofDryden2.TheAugustanAge(1700-1745)periodicalessay,satire—TheageofPope3.TheNeoclassicalDecline(1745-1785)ThetimeofJohnson—proseCharacteristicsofNeoclassicismliterature1.astrongtraditionalism2.an“art”bylongstudyandpractice3.animitationofhumanlife4.the“maker”:themakeroftherepresentativeimagesofhumanactionsandoftheworld5.Differentforms6.newrulesIndramathreeunitiesoftime,place,andactionIndiction“witty”expressions,theuseofartificialandstockdictionInpoetrylyric,epic,didactic,satiricordramaticInversificationclosedheroiccoupletTheGenresofLiteratureinNeoclassicism1.Poetry(Mockepic,romance,satireandepigram)

JohnDryden,AlexanderPope,SamuelJohnson2.Novel(arealisticpresentationoflifeofthecommonEnglishpeople)

DanielDefoe,SamuelRichardson,HenryFieldingTheRiseoftheRealisticNovelTheoriginofthenovelcanbetracedbacktotheromancesoftheancientworldandearlyRenaissance.Inthe17thcentury,JohnBunyan(1628-1688)’sThePilgrim’sProgress(1678)isthecombinationofanallegory,religion,folkandrealism.DanielDefoe

(1660-1731)DanielDefoeandEnglishNovelCervantes

DonQuixote(1605-16)DanialDefoe’smasterpiece:

RobinsonCrusoeExcellentcharacterizationCentralplot

AirofrealismHislife:Hisworks:Articles:TheTruebornEnglishman(1688)TheShortestWaywiththeDissenters

(1702)HymntothePillory

(1703)

TheReviewbetween1704and1713.TheMasterpiecesofDanielDefoeRobinsonCrusoeMollFlandersCaptainSingletonColonelJackJournalofthePlagueYearHelpfulinformationThefollowingfactscanhelpthereadertounderstandthecharacterofhiswork.Interestwiththeworkingclasses

Thepuritanzealforreformreporter’seyeprisonlifeandexperienceRobinsonCrusoeOriginalStoryCharactersRobinsonCrusoe,Xury,Friday,Crusoe’sparents,savages,crewmembers,Negroes,seacaptainsLanguagePlothisexcellentcreativity,greatworkingcapacity,courage,andpersistenceinovercomingobstacles./classicnotes/titles/crusoe/charlist.htmlTheCharacteristicsofhisNovelsThepersonalhistoryofsomeheroesandheroinesThematerialcircumstancesorsocialenvironmentandthestruggleofthepoorunfortunateformereexistenceThestudyofproblemsofthelower-classpeopleThevividdetailsThevariablesentencesThesmooth,easy,colloquiallanguagePointofviewItistheperspectivefromwhichyoutellyourstoryormakeyourpoint.Everypieceofliteraturehasaspeaker,thepersonwhoiswriting,thinking,orspeakingthewordsthatappearsonthepage.

First-personnarrationItspeaksfromanindividual’sperspective,usuallyaparticipantinwhatisbeingdiscussed,orwho,ifnotdirectlyinvolved,expresseshisorheropinions,thoughts,andfeelingsaboutwhatheorsheobserves.Thistypeofnarrationusesthepronoun“I”whenthespeakerreferstohimselforherself,and“we”whenthespeakerispartofagroup.

TheThird—PersonnarrationItisatechniquefirstlyemployedbyHenryFieldinginhisnovels.Inthisnarration,theauthorbecomestheall-knowingGod,thatis,he“thinksthethought”ofallhischaracters,andthereforeheisabletopresentnotonlytheirexternalbehaviorsbutalsotheinternalworkingsoftheirminds.TheRulesandLawsofliteratureProseshouldbeprecise,direct,smoothandflexible.Poetryshouldbelyrical,epical,didactic,satiricordramaticguidedbyitsownprinciples.Dramashouldbewrittenin