PAS 2050：2011-商品和服务在生命周期内的温室气体排放评价规范（英文）

PUBLICLYAVAILABLESPECIFICATION

PAS2050:2011

Specificationfortheassessmentofthelifecyclegreenhousegasemissionsof

goodsandservices

ICScode:13.020.40

BIS

DepartmentforBusiness

Innovation&Skills

NOCOPYINGWTHOUTBSIPERMISSIONEXCEPTASPERMITTEDBYCOPYRIGHTLAW

PAS2050:2011

Publishingandcopyrightinformation

TheBSIcopyrightnoticedisplayedinthisdocumentindicateswhenthedocumentwaslastissued.

OBSI2011

ISBN9780580713828ICS13.310;91.190

ThefollowingBSIreferencesrelatetotheworkonthisstandard:CommitteereferenceZZ/1

Publicationhistory

Amendmentsissuedsincepublication

DateTextaffected

PAS2050:2011

Contents

Page

Foreword iii

Introduction iv

1Scope 1

2Normativereferences 1

3Termsanddefinitions 2

4Principlesandimplementation 7

4.1Generalrequirements 7

4.2Principles 7

4.3Supplementaryrequirements 7

4.4Record-keeping 8

4.5Implementation 8

5Emissionsandremovals 9

5.1ScopeofGHGemissionsandremovals 9

5.2TimeperiodforinclusionofGHGemissionsandremovals 9

5.3Globalwarmingpotential(GWP) 10

5.4Aircraftemissionsandremovals 10

5.5Carbonstorageinproducts 10

5.6Inclusionandtreatmentoflandusechange 10

5.7Treatmentofsoilcarbonchangeinexistingsystems 11

5.8Offsetting 12

5.9Unitofanalysis 12

6Systemboundary 13

6.1Establishingthesystemboundary 13

6.2Cradle-to-gateGHGemissionandremovalsassessment 13

6.3Materialcontributionandthreshold 13

6.4Elementsoftheproductsystem 14

6.5Systemboundaryexclusions 17

◎BSISeptember2011—

PAS2050:2011

7Data 18

7.1General 18

7.2Dataqualityrules 18

7.3Primaryactivitydata 18

7.4Secondarydata 19

7.5Changesinthelifecycleofaproduct 19

7.6Variabilityinemissionsandremovalsassociatedwiththe

productlifecycle 20

7.7Datasampling 20

7.8Non-CO₂emissionsdataforlivestockandsoils 20

7.9Emissionsdataforfuel,electricityandheat 20

7.10Validityofanalysis 21

8Allocationofemissions 22

8.1Generalrequirements 22

8.2Emissionsfromwaste 22

8.3Useofrecycledmaterialandrecycling 22

8.4Treatmentofemissionsassociatedwithreuse 22

8.5EmissionsfromenergyproductionusingCHP 23

8.6Emissionsfromtransport 23

9CalculationoftheGHGemissionsofproducts 24

10Claimsofconformity 24

10.1General 24

10.2Basisofclaim 25

10.3Permittedformsofdisclosure 25

Annexes

AnnexA(normative)Globalwarmingpotential 26

AnnexB(normative)Recordingofsupportinginformation 28

AnnexC(normative)Defaultlandusechangevaluesfor

selectedcountries 29

AnnexD(normative)Assessmentofemissionsarisingfromrecycled

orrecyclablematerialinputs 31

AnnexE(normative)Calculationoftheweightedaverageimpact

ofdelayedemissionsarisingfromtheuseandfinaldisposalphases

ofproducts 33

Bibliography 34

Listoftables

TableA.1-Direct(exceptforCH₂)globalwarmingpotentials

(GWP)relativetoCO₂ 26

TableC.1-Defaultlandusechangevaluesforselectedcountries 29

ii—0BSISeptember2011

PAS2050:2011

Foreword

TherevisionofthisPubliclyAvailableSpecification(PAS)hasbeenundertakenbyBSItoupdatethespecificationforquantifyingthelifecyclegreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsofgoodsandservicesinlinewiththelatesttechnicaladvancesand

currentexperience.

ThedevelopmentofthisPASwasco-sponsoredby:

·Defra(DepartmentforEnvironment,FoodandRuralAffairs,UK);

·DECC(DepartmentofEnergyandClimateChange,UK);·BIS(DepartmentforBusiness,InnovationandSkills,UK)

Acknowledgementisgiventothefollowing

organizationsandindividualsthatassistedwiththedevelopmentofthisspecification:

ADASUKLimited,DrJeremyWiltshire

BuildingResearchEstablishment(BRE)Group,

DrJoanneMundy;

CarbonTrust,DrGrahamSinden;

CentreforEnvironmentalStrategy,UniversityofSurrey,

ProfessorRolandClift;

DepartmentforEnvironment,FoodandRuralAffairs,

MaureenNowak;

EnvironmentalResourcesManagement(ERM),

KarenFisher;

GHGProtocol,DrLauraDraucker;

InstituteofEnvironmentalManagementand

Assessment,NickBlyth;

ISOTC207/SC7/WG2UmweltbundesamtWein,

DrKlausRadunsky,co-convenor;

SCAPackaging,JohnSwift;

SJSConsulting,SandySmith;

SustainabilityandCompetitivenessDivision,FoodandDrinkFederation,StephenReeson;

UnileverSafetyandEnvironmentalAssuranceCentre,

HenryKing;

WRAP(WasteandResourcesActionProgramme)

KeithJames

TechnicaladvisortoDefra:Dr.DorothyMaxwell,GlobalViewSustainabilityServicesLtd.

CommentsfromotherpartieswerealsosoughtbyBSI.TheexpertcontributionsfromalltheorganizationsandindividualsconsultedinthedevelopmentthisPASaregratefullyacknowledged.

Supersession

ThisPubliclyAvailableSpecificationsupersedesPAS2050:2008,whichiswithdrawn.

Useofthisdocument

IthasbeenassumedinthepreparationofthisPAS

thattheexecutionofitsprovisionswillbeentrustedtoappropriatelyqualifiedandexperiencedpeople,forwhoseuseithasbeenproduced.

ThisPAShasbeenpreparedandpublishedbyBSI,

whichretainsitsownershipandcopyright.BSIreservestherighttowithdraworamendthisPASonreceiptofauthoritativeadvicethatitisappropriatetodoso.ThisPASwillbereviewedatintervalsnotexceedingtwo

years,andanyamendmentsarisingfromthereviewwillbepublishedasanamendedPubliclyAvailableSpecificationandpublicizedinUpdateStandards.

ThisPASisnottoberegardedasaBritishStandard,EuropeanStandardorInternationalStandard.IntheeventthatthisPASisputforwardtoformthebasisofafullBritishStandard,EuropeanStandard

orInternationalStandard,itwillbewithdrawn.

Presentationalconventions

TheprovisionsofthisPASarepresentedinroman

(i.e.upright)type.Itsrequirementsareexpressed

insentencesinwhichtheprincipalauxiliaryverbis

"shall".Itsrecommendationsareexpressedinsentencesinwhichtheprincipalauxiliaryverbis"should".

Commentaryexplanationandgeneralinformativematerial(e.g.Notes)ispresentedinitalictype,anddoesnotconstituteanormativeelement.

Contractualandlegalconsiderations

Thispublicationdoesnotpurporttoincludeallthe

necessaryprovisionsofacontract.Usersareresponsibleforitscorrectapplication.

CompliancewiththisPASdoesnotinitselfconferimmunityfromlegalobligations.

◎BSISeptember2011iii

PAS2050:2011

0Introduction

0.1Generalinformation

Climatechangecontinuestobeoneofthegreatest

challengesfacingnations,governments,businessandcitizensandwillinfluencethewayweliveandwork

infuturedecades(IPCC2007[1]).Pastandcurrent

actions,includingthereleaseofcarbondioxide(CO₂)andothergreenhousegasesthroughhumanactivitiessuchastheburningoffossilfuels,emissionsfrom

chemicalprocessesandothersourcesofanthropogenicgreenhousegases,willhaveaneffectonfutureglobalclimate.

Whilegreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsareoften

viewedatglobal,national,corporateororganizationallevels,emissionswithinthesegroupingscanarisefromsupplychainswithinbusiness,betweenbusinessesandbetweennations.TheGHGemissionsassociatedwithgoodsandservicesreflecttheimpactofprocesses,

materialsanddecisionsoccurringthroughoutthelifecycleofthosegoodsandservices.

PAS2050wasdevelopedinresponsetobroad

communityandindustrydesireforaconsistentmethodforassessingthelifecycleGHGemissionsofgoodsandservices.LifecycleGHGemissionsaretheemissions

thatarereleasedaspartoftheprocessesofcreating,modifying,transporting,storing,using,providing,

recyclingordisposingofsuchgoodsandservices.

PAS2050offersorganizationsamethodtodeliver

improvedunderstandingoftheGHGemissionsarisingfromtheirsupplychains,buttheprimaryobjectiveofthisPASistoprovideacommonbasisforGHGemissionquantificationthatwillinformandenablemeaningfulGHGemissionreductionprogrammes.

Duringthefirsttwoyearsofitsuse,thisPAShasbeenshowntobegenericallyapplicabletoawiderangeofgoodsandservicesandthereforedoesnotitself

makeprovisionforthespecialtreatmentofparticularproductsectors.However,itisrecognizedthatthe

availabilityofsupplementaryrequirementscouldaidconsistentapplicationofthePAStoproductswithinspecificproductsectorsbyproviding:

a)asectororproductgroupfocusforaspectsofthePAS2050assessmentwhereoptionsarepermitted;

b)rulesorcalculationrequirementsthataredirectlyrelevanttothemainsourcesofemissionsfora

specificsectororproductgroup;

c)clarityonhowtoapplyspecificelementsofthePAS2050assessmentwithinaspecificsectororproductgroup.

Tofacilitatethis,thisneweditionofPAS2050includesasetofprinciples(see4.3)governingthedevelopmentofsupplementaryrequirementsfortheapplicationofPAS2050toparticularproducttypes.Theseprinciplesareintendedtoensurethatsuchsupplementary

requirementsarenotinconflictwiththerequirementsofthisPAS.

Althoughthereisnorequirementfor,or

standardizationof,communicationtechniquesinthisspecification,thisPASsupportstheassessmentoflifecycleGHGemissionsofgoodsandservicesinamannerthatcanbelaterdisclosed.Forthisreason,great

emphasisisgiventoproperrecordingofprocessesandoutcomes.WhereanorganizationimplementingthisPASchoosestodiscloseallorpartoftheresultsofanassessmentofGHGemissions,allrelevantsupportinginformationshouldalsobemadeavailable.

Wherecommunicationisdirectedtotheconsumer,theusershouldrefertoadditionalspecificationsorfurtherguidanceonenvironmentalclaims(e.g.ISO14021¹orUKDepartmentofEnvironmentFoodandRuralAffairsGreenClaimsGuidance[7]2).

UsingPAS2050toquantifythelifecycleGHGemissionsfromgoodsandservicesaidsinformeddecision-makingwhenconsideringreducingemissionsforproductsandservices.

ThisPASisfocusedonasingleenvironmentalissue

(i.e.GHGemissionsandtheircontributiontocimatechange),butthisisonlyoneofarangeofpossible

environmentalimpactsfromspecificgoodsorservices.Therelativeimportanceofthoseimpactscanvary

significantlyfromproducttoproduct,anditis

importanttobeawarethatdecisionstakenonthebasisofa"singleissue"assessmentcouldbedetrimentaltootherenvironmentalimpactspotentiallyarisingfrom

theprovisionanduseofthesameproduct.

1

/iso/catalogue

_detail?csnumber=231462)

.uk/publications/2011/06/03/pb13453

-

green-claims-guidance/

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PAS2050:2011

0.2Background,benefitsandcontext

ofPAS2050

PAS2050buildsonexistinglifecycleassessment

methodsestablishedthroughBSENISO14040andBSENISO14044bygivingrequirementsspecificallyfor

theassessmentofGHGemissionswithinthelifecycleofgoodsandservices.Theserequirementsfurtherclarifytheimplementationofthesestandardsinrelationto

theassessmentofGHGemissionsofgoodsandservices,andestablishparticularprinciplesandtechniques,

including:

a)cradle-to-gateandcradle-to-graveGHGemissionsassessmentdataaspartofthelifecycleGHG

emissionsassessmentofgoodsandservices;

b)scopeofgreenhousegasestobeincluded(see5.1);

c)criteriaforglobalwarmingpotential(GWP)data(see5.3)

d)treatmentofemissionsandremovalsfromlandusechangeandbiogenicandfossilcarbonsources;

e)treatmentoftheimpactofcarbonstorageinproductsandoffsetting;

f)requirementsforthetreatmentofGHGemissionsarisingfromspecificprocesses;

g)datarequirementsandaccountingforemissionsfromrenewableenergygeneration.

ThisPASbenefitsorganizations,businessesandotherstakeholdersbyprovidingaclearandconsistent

methodfortheassessmentofthelifecycleGHG

emissionsassociatedwithgoodsandservices.

Specifically,thisPASprovidesthefollowingbenefits:

a)fororganizationsthatsupplygoodsandservices,

thisPAS:

·allowsinternalassessmentoftheexistinglifecycleGHGemissionsofgoodsandservices;

·facilitatestheevaluationofalternativeproductconfigurations,sourcingandmanufacturing

methods,rawmaterialchoicesandsupplier

selectiononthebasisofthelifecycleGHG

emissionsassociatedwithgoodsandistobeusedasabasisforcomparisonofservices;

·providesabenchmarkforprogrammesaimedatreducingGHGemissions;

·allowsforthequantification,managementand

potentialcomparisonofGHGemissionsfrom

goodsorservicesusingacommon,recognizedandstandardizedapproachtolifecycleGHGemissionsassessment;and

·supportsreporting(e.g.oncorporate

responsibility).

b)forconsumersofgoodsandservices,thisPAS

providesacommonbasisforunderstandingthe

assessmentoflifecycleGHGemissionswhenmakingpurchasingdecisionsandusinggoodsandservices.

BSISeptember2011-V

PAS2050:2011

1Scope

ThisPubliclyAvailableSpecification(PAS)specifies

requirementsfortheassessmentofthelifecycleGHGemissionsofgoodsandservices(collectivelyreferred

toas"products")basedonkeylifecycleassessment

techniquesandprinciples.ThisPASisapplicableto

organizationsassessingtheGHGemissionsofproductsacrosstheirlifecycle,andtoorganizationsassessingthecradle-to-gateGHGemissionsofproducts.

Requirementsarespecifiedforidentifyingthesystemboundary,thesourcesofGHGemissionsassociatedwithproductsthatfallinsidethesystemboundary,thedatarequirementsforcarryingouttheanalysis,andthe

calculationoftheresults.

ThisPASaddressesthesingleimpactcategoryofglobalwarming.Itdoesnotassessotherpotentialsocial,

economicandenvironmentalimpactsorissuesarisingfromtheprovisionofproductsorissuesassociatedwiththelifecycleofproducts,suchasnon-GHGemissionsacidification,eutrophication,toxicity,biodiversity

orlabourstandards.ThelifecycleGHGemissionsofproducts,ascalculatedusingthisPAS,donotprovideanindicatoroftheoverallenvironmentalimpactoftheseproducts,suchasmayresultfromothertypesoflifecycleassessment.

PAS2050isgenericallyapplicabletoawiderangeof

goodsandservices.However,thisrevisionincludes

principlesforthepreparationanduseofsupplementaryrequirementstoprovideafocusedapproachforspecificindustrysectorsorproductcategoriesinamannerthatwillfacilitateconsistentapplicationofPAS2050withintheparticularsectororproductcategory

2Normativereferences

Thefollowingreferenceddocumentsareindispensablefortheapplicationofthisdocument.Fordated

references,onlytheeditioncitedapplies.Forundatedreferences,thelatesteditionofthereferenced

document(includinganyamendments)applies.

BSENISO14021,Environmentallabelsanddeclarations

-Self-declaredenvironmentalclaims(TypeIlenvironmentallabelling)

BSENISO14044:2006,Environmentalmanagement-

Lifecycleassessment-Requirementsandguidelines

IPCC2006,GuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories.NationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesProgramme,IntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange

NoteSubsequentamendmentstoIPCC2006alsoapply.

IPCC2007,ClimateChange2007:ThePhysicalScience

Basis.ContributionofWorkingGroupItotheFourthAssessmentReportoftheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange[SolomonS,QinD,ManningM,ChenZ,MarquisM,AveryKB,TignorM,MillerHL(editors)].Cambridge,UK:CambridgeUniversityPress,996pp.

NoteSubsequentamendmentstoIPCC2007alsoapply.

ThisPASdoesnotspecifyrequirementsforthe

disclosureorcommunicationoftheresultsofa

quantificationofthelifecycleGHGemissionsofgoods

andservices.

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3Termsanddefinitions

ForthepurposesofthisPAS,thefollowingtermsanddefinitionsapply.

3.1allocation

partitioningtheinputstooremissionsfromasharedprocessoraproductsystembetweentheproduct

systemunderstudyandoneormoreotherproductsystems

3.2anticipatedlifecyclegreenhousegas

emissions

initialestimateofgreenhousegas(3.19)emissionsforaproduct(3.35)thatiscalculatedusingsecondarydata(3.41)oracombinationofprimaryactivititydata(3.34)andsecondarydata,forallprocessesusedinthelifecycleoftheproduct

3.3biogenic

derivedfrombiomass,butnotfromfossilizedorfossilsources

3.4biogeniccarbon

carbonthatiscontainedinbiomass

NoteForthepurposeofcalculationsinaccordance

withthisPAS,CO₂fromairconvertedtonon-biomasscarbonatesiscalculatedasbiogeniccarbon.

3.5biomass

materialofbiologicalorigin,excludingmaterial

embeddedingeologicalformationsortransformedtofossil

[AdaptedfromCEN/TR14980:2004,4.3]

3.6capitalgoods

goods,suchasmachinery,equipmentandbuildings,usedinthelifecycleofproducts

3.7carbondioxideequivalent(CO₂e)

unitforcomparingtheradiativeforcingofagreenhousegastocarbondioxide

[BSISO14064-1:2006,2.19]

Note1Thetermcarbondioxide(CO₂)usedthroughout

thisPASshouldnotbeconfusedwithcarbondioxide

equivalent(CO₂e).

Note2TheCO₂eiscalculatedbymultiplyingthemassofagivenGHGbyitsglobalwarmingpotential(see

3.23foradefinitionofglobalwarmingpotential).

Note3Greenhousegases,otherthanCO,are

convertedtotheirCO₂eonthebasisoftheirperunitradiativeforcingusing100-yearglobalwarming

potentialsdefinedbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC).

3.8carbonstorage

retentionofcarbonfrombiogenicorfossilsourcesorofatmosphericorigininaformotherthanasanatmospheric

3.9combinedheatandpower(CHP)

simultaneousgenerationinoneprocessofusablethermal,electricaland/ormechanicalenergy

3.10consumable

ancillaryinputthatisnecessaryforaprocesstooccurbutthatdoesnotformatangiblepartoftheproductorco-productsarisingfromtheprocess

Note1Consumablesdifferfromcapitalgoodsinthattheyhaveanexpectedlifeofoneyearorless,oraneedtoreplenishonaoneyearorlessbasis(e.g.lubricatingoil,toolsandotherrapidlywearinginputstoaprocess).Note2Fuelandenergyinputstothelifecycleofa

productarenotconsideredtobeconsumables.

3.11consumer

userofgoodsorservices

3.12co-product

anyoftwoormoreproductsfromthesameunitprocessorproductsystem

[BSENISO14044:2006,3.10]

NoteWheretwoormoreproductscanbeproduced

fromaunitprocess,theyareconsideredco-productsonlywhereonecannotbeproducedwithouttheotherbeingproduced.

3.13cradle-to-gate

lifecyclestagesfromtheextractionoracquisitionofrawmaterialstothepointatwhichtheproductleavestheorganizationundertakingtheassessment

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PAS2050:2011

3.14cradle-to-grave

lifecyclestagesfromtheextractionoracquisitionofrawmaterialstorecyclinganddisposalofwaste

3.19(GHG)emissions

releasetoairanddischargestowaterandlandthatresultinGHGsenteringtheatmosphere

3.15dataquality

characteristicsofdatathatrelatetotheirabilitytosatisfystatedrequirements

[BSENIS014044:2006,3.19]

3.16downstreamemissions

GHGemissionsassociatedwithprocessesthatoccurinthelifecycleofaproductsubsequenttotheprocessesownedoroperatedbytheorganizationimplementingthisPAS

3.17economicvalue

marketvalueofaproduct,co-productorwaste(see3.49foradefinitionofwaste)atthepointofproduction

3.18emissionfactor

amountofgreenhousegasesemitted,expressedasCO₂e(3.7)andrelativetoaunitofactivity

NoteForexample,kgCO₂eperunitinput.Emissionfactordatawouldbeobtainedfromsecondarydata

Sources.

3.20foodandfeed

substancesinsolidorliquidformintendedtobeconsumedbyhumansoranimals

3.21fossilcarbon

carbonthatiscontainedinfossilizedmaterial

NoteExamplesoffossilizedmaterialarecoal,oilandnaturalgas.ForthepurposesofthisPAS,peatisalsotobetreatedasfossilizedmaterialwithregardtoitscombustion.

3.22functionalunit

quantifiedperformanceofaproductsystemforuseasareferenceunit

[BSENISO14044:2006,3.20]

NoteForthepurposesofGHGemissionsassessment,

thefunctionalunitcanbeasingleitemofproductoragenerallyacceptedsalesquantity(e.g.1roseor1dozenroses).

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3.23globalwarmingpotential(GWP)

factordescribingtheradiativeforcingimpactofonemass-basedunitofagivengreenhousegasrelativetoanequivalentunitofCO,overagivenperiodoftime

[BSISO14064-1:2006,2.18]

NoteCO₂isassignedaGWPof1,whiletheGWPof

othergasesisexpressedrelativetotheGWPofCO,

AnnexAcontainsglobalwarmingpotentialsfora100-yeartimeperiodproducedbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChange(IPCC).

3.24greenhousegases(GHGs)

gaseousconstituentsoftheatmosphere,bothnaturalandanthropogenic,thatabsorbandemitradiationatspecificwavelengthswithinthespectrumof

infraredradiationemittedbytheEarth'ssurface,theatmosphereandclouds

NoteTheGHGsincludedinthisPASarespecifiedin

AnnexA.

3.25input

product,materialorenergyflowthatentersaunitprocess

[BSENISO14040:2006,3.21]

3.26intermediateproduct

outputfromaunitprocessthatisaninputtootherunitprocessesinvolvingfurthertransformationwithinthesystem

3.27landusechange

changeinthepurposeforwhichlandisusedby

humans(e.g.betweencropland,grassland,forestland,wetland,industrialland)

Note1Changeintheuseoflandatthelocationof

productionoftheproductbeingassessedisreferredtoasdirectlandusechange.

Note2Changeintheuseoflandelsewhereisreferredtoasindirectlandusechange.

3.28lifecycle

consecutiveandinterlinkedstagesofaproductsystem,fromrawmaterialacquisitionorgenerationofnaturalresourcestoendoflife,inclusiveofanyrecyclingor

recoveryactivity

[AdaptedfromBSENISO14040:2006,3.1]

3.29lifecycleassessment(LCA)

compilationandevaluationofinputs,outputsandpotentialenvironmentalimpactsofaproductsystemthroughoutitslifecycle

[BSENISO14040:2006,3.2]

3.30lifecycleGHGemissions

sumofgreenhousegasemissionsresultingfromallstagesofthelifecycleofaproductandwithinthespecifiedsystemboundariesoftheproduct

NoteThisincludesallemissionsandremovalsassociatedwiththeprocesseswithintheboundaryofthelife

cycleoftheproduct,includingobtaining,creating,

modifying,transporting,storing,operating,usingandend-of-lifedisposaloftheproduct.Toavoidundue

repetition,referencetoremovalsisnotalwaysincludedinthetext,butitisintendedthatassessmentshould

includeremovalswherevertheyoccur.

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3.31materialcontribution

contributionfromanyonesourceofGHGemissionsofmorethan1%oftheanticipatedtotalGHGemissionsassociatedwiththeproductbeingassessed

NoteAmaterialitythresholdof1%hasbeen

establishedtoensurethatveryminorsourcesoflife

cycleGHGemissionsdonotrequirethesametreatmentasmoresignificantsources.

3.32offsetting

mechanismforclaimingareductioninGHGemissionsassociatedwithaprocessorproductthroughthe

removalof,orpreventingthereleaseof,GHGemissionsinaprocessunrelatedtothelifecycleoftheproduct

beingassessed

NoteAnexampleisthepurchaseofCertifiedEmissionReductionsgeneratedbyCleanDevelopment

MechanismprojectsundertheKyotoProtocol[3].

3.33output

product,productionmaterialorenergythatleavesaunitprocess

[AdaptedfromBSENISO14044:2006,3.25]

NoteProductionmaterialsmayincluderawmaterials,intermediateproducts,co-products,productsand

emissions.

3.34primaryactivitydata

quantitativemeasurementofactivityfromaproduct'slifecyclethat,whenmultipliedbytheappropriate

emissionfactor,determinestheGHGemissionsarisingfromaprocess

Note1Examplesofprimaryactivitydataincludetheamountofenergyused,materialproduced,serviceprovidedorareaoflandaffected.

Note2Primaryactivitydatasourcesaretypically

preferabletosecondarydatasourcesasthedatawillreflectthespecificnaturelefficiencyoftheprocessandtheGHGemissionsassociatedwiththeprocess.

Note3Primaryactivitydatadonotincludeemission

factors.

3.35product

goodorservice

NoteServiceshavetangibleandintangibleelementsTheprovisionofaservicecaninvolve,forexample,thefollowing.

a)anactivityperformedonaconsumer-supplied

tangibleproduct(e.g.automobiletoberepaire