2015年南京大学考博英语真题及详解

2015年南京大学考博《英语》真题（总分：100.00,做题时间：180分钟）一、PartI VocabularyandStructure（总题数：20,分数：20.00）1.Theambassadorwasaccusedofhavingondomesticaffairs."A.trespassed"B.encroached"C.entrenched"D.invaded（分数：1.00）J解析：近义词词义辨析。encroach,invade,trespass这三个词均指损害他人权利，侵占其财产或侵犯别国的领土。encroach通常指蚕食，即逐渐地、不声不响或偷偷摸摸地进入别国的领土，或攫取别人的财物，侵犯他人的权利，常与介词on或upon连用。invade暗示着明目张胆、凶残与暴行，常用来指一国武装侵略另一国。也可用来指疾病、虫害的侵袭。trespass是个法律用语，指未经许可进入私人土地，或非法侵入，常与on或upon连用。句中提及侵犯他国内政，encroach更加符合语境。entrench与on搭配使用时表示挖掘壕沟，与题意不符。故答案为B。Thegoalistousecrops,weedsandevenanimalwastethepetroleumthatfuelsmuchofAmericanmanufacturing."A.intermsof"B.infavorof"C.inspiteof"D.inplaceof（分数：1.00）J解析：介词词组辨析。句中crops,weeds,animalwaste与petroleum〃石油〃对比可知，这两组是性质不同的能源，由此可知空格处的词组应为〃取代〃的意思，选项中只有D表示〃取代，替换〃的意思。故答案为D。Ascomputersecuritysystemsbecomeevenmoreadvanced,themethodsofthosewhotrytobreakintothemillegally.A.somuchdoB.sotoodoC.asmuchasD.aswellas（分数：1.00）J解析：语法知识。本句为主从复合句，空格处的句子为主句，选项C与选项D缺少谓语动词，可排除。选项B是错误的结构。选项A是so引导的部分倒装结构，助动词do替代前面从句的谓语结构。故答案为A。Parentswithonlyonechildtendtohavehigheracademicfortheirchild."A.ambitions"B.intentions"C.propositions"D.aspirations（分数：1.00）J解析：名词词义辨析。ambition^r3抱负〃；intention”意图，目的〃；proposition”命题，提议〃；aspiration〃渴望，抱负〃。句中提及父母对儿女的期盼和渴望，故答案为A。Aseriesofattemptsmade,hecametorealizethathehadunderestimatedtheenormityofthetask.A.wereB.tobeC.hadbeenD.havingbeen（分数：1.00）J解析：语法知识。空格处是分词的独立主格结构做状语的用法，如果选择选项A与选项C原句就出现两个谓语而没有连词连接，不符合句法。选项B表示一般时态，而根据语境，一系列的尝试在认识到问题之前，空格中应使用过去完成时态结构。只有D选项是分词过去时态表被动。故答案为D。ManufacturingisChina,smostimportanteconomicactivity,over30percentoftheworkforce.〃A.including〃B.engaging〃C.approximating〃D.accounting（分数：1.00）J解析：动词词义辨析。根据句意，空格填入的应为动词的现在分词形式，句中提及制造业雇用了30%的劳动力，选项中只有engaging有〃雇佣〃之意。故答案为B。ThewriterseemstobetweenapprovingofCollin,sactionsandfindingthemdisgusting.〃A.alter〃B.transform〃C.vacillateD.vibrate（分数：1.00）J解析：动词词组辨析。句意为：作家似乎在赞成考林的行为和不齿这些行为之间游移不定。选项中只有vacillate有〃踌躇，犹豫，游移不定〃的意思。故答案为C。Alieisasmuchalie,whenitiswhispered,aswhenitisatthemarketcross."A.proclaimed"B.reclaimed"C.acclaimed"D.claimed（分数：1.00）J解析：形近词词义辨析。四个单词均以一claim为词缀，但意义不同。proclaim〃宣告，声明〃；reclaim〃收回，纠正：指收回或利用废物〃；acclaim〃欢呼，喝彩〃；claim〃要求，声称〃。句意：不管是小声低语还是在市场门口大声叫喊，谎言终归是谎言。根据句意，答案为A。Theofcomputertechnologyhasledtomajorchangesinoursocialandfamilylife.〃A.fraudulence〃B.arrival〃C.dawn〃D.advent（分数：1.00）J解析：名词词义辨析。句中提及计算机技术的到来，因此答案在B和D之间选择。advent表示〃到来，出现〃，表示期待的事项的到来，一般指大一些的事情；arrival表示〃到达〃，一个人的到达，某一个特定地点的到达行为，或者是一种客观实践的完成、结束。advent更加符合语境，故答案为D。Teenagechildrenbegantoasserttheirindependenceandthiscanleadtogooddealofinthefamily.〃A.controversy〃B.friction〃C.restriction〃D.contradiction（分数：1.00）J3解析：名词词义辨析。controversy〃争论，辩论〃；friction〃摩擦〃；restriction〃限制，约束〃；contradiction〃矛盾，不一致〃。句中提及的是父母和子女之间的矛盾和摩擦，friction侧重双方的不和谐，contradiction强调的是两个观点或概念的矛盾。结合语境，friction更合适，故答案为B。Theirreflexivemindsettellsscientiststhatallclaims,political,moral,orreligious,areopentoexaminationandcritique.A.betheyB.howevertheyareC.nomattertheyareD.whethertheybe（分数：1.00）J解析：语法知识。空格处为让步状语从句。whether和nomatter。均可以引导让步状语从句。选项C后不能有or,选项D在表示虚拟语态时才使用，选项A是whethertheyare的倒装结构。故答案为A。ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishlanguagefallsintothreereasonablyperiods:OldEnglish,MiddleEnglish,andModernEnglish.A.cuttingB.rationalC.distinctD.disputable（分数：1.00）J解析：形容词词义辨析。根据句意可知空格处应填入表示〃不同的〃之意的形容词，选项中只有C选项有此意义，故答案为C。Thedeathofhisfathergavehimawholenewonlife:nowhespendsmoretimewithhisfamily."A.perspective"B.euphemism"C.conformation"D.providence（分数：1.00）J解析：名词词义辨析。句意：他父亲的死让他对生活有了一个全新的看法：他现在会在家庭上花费更多的时间。perspective〃观点〃；euphemism〃委婉语〃；conformation〃构造“；providence"天意，深谋远虑〃，perspective符合句意，故答案为A。Astheleavesturnyellowandfall,youcanfeeltheofwinter.A.approach"B.effect"C.surrounding"D.specimen（分数：1.00）J解析：名词词义辨析。句意：当树叶变黄、开始飘落的时候，你可以感受到冬天的临近。approach”临近，靠近〃；effect”影响，作用〃；surrounding”环境，周围的事物〃；specimen”样本，标本〃，选项A符合句意，故答案为A。Theteacher,sroleisnotsimplytoknowledgetostudents;heshouldalsosetagoodexampleforthem.〃A.provide”B.impart〃C.share〃D.stretch（分数：1.00）J解析：动词词义辨析。根据句意判断，空格处应填入〃传授〃之意的动词。选项中只有impart符合句意，impartto表示〃传授，告知〃。故答案为B。ThomasLeechaverysuccessfulcareerasaphotographer.〃A.builtup〃B.carvedout〃C.foughtfor〃D.stumbledon（分数：1.00）J解析：动词词组辨析。动词词组的宾语为career〃事业〃，由此可知，空格处的词语应表示〃开创〃的意思，buildup〃增强，加强〃；carvedout〃创业，开创〃；foughtfor〃为而奋斗〃；stumbleon〃无意中发现，偶然遇到〃。根据句意只有carvedout合适。故答案为B。Hardy,sweaknesshisapparentinabilitytocontrolthecomingsandgoingsofthesedivergentimpulsesandfromhisunwillingnesstocultivateandsustaintheenergeticandriskyones.〃A.layin〃B.gaveriseto〃C.shedlighton〃D.derivedfrom（分数：1.00）J解析：动词词组辨析。句意：哈代的缺陷一方面缘起于他的某种明显的无能，无法控制好那些不尽相同的创作冲动的穿梭往来;另一方面缘起于他不愿意去培养和维持那些富于生机活力和风险性强的创作冲动。liein〃躺在〃；giveriseto”使发生，引起〃；shedlighton〃阐明〃：derivefrom〃源自，来自〃。根据句意，空格处的短语表示原因，只有选项D符合语意。故答案为D。Althoughthistheorywasneverrigidlydisproved,thedoctrinewasgenerallyabandonedtheopposingview.〃A.infavorof〃B.inplaceof〃C.insteadof〃D.intermsof（分数：1.00）J解析：介词词组辨析。句意：尽管这一理论从来都没有在严格的意义上被反对过，但是教条通常被抛弃掉，而转向相反的观点。句中abandon和opposing提示空格处的词组应是对反对意见的支持。infavorof〃赞同，支持〃；inplaceof〃代替〃；insteadof〃代替，而不是 〃；intermsof〃在……方面〃，由此可知，A符合题意。HistorianssuchasLeRoyLadurichaveusedthedocumentstoextractcasehistories,whichhavetheattitudesofdifferentsocialgroupsandhaverevealedhowtheauthoritiesadministeredjustice.〃A.laminated〃B.ruminated〃C.illuminated〃D.eliminated（分数：1.00）J解析：形近词词义辨析。laminate〃分成薄片〃；ruminate〃沉思〃；illuminate〃阐明，说明〃；eliminate〃消除，排除〃。空格处动词的宾语为attitude,四个选项中illuminate与attitude搭配更符合语境。句意：像勒•罗伊•拉迪里一类的史学家利用这些文献史料从中挖掘出某些个案史来，阐明了不同社会群体的态度，并揭示出当局是如何执行审判的。故答案为C。Asourworkisnotdoneyet,I,minnotogooutforamovietonight.〃A.mind〃B.temper〃C.mood〃D.disposition（分数：1.00）J6解析：同定搭配。innomood〃没心情〃，句意：我们的工作还没有做完，今晚没有心情出去看电影。故答案为C。二、PartII Cloze（总题数：15,分数：15.00）Smoking,whichmaybeapleasureforsomepeople,isaserioussourceofdiscomfortfortheirfellows.1 ,medicalauthoritiesexpresstheir2abouttheeffectofsmoking3thehealthnotonlyofthosewhosmokebutalsoofthosewhodon,t.Infact,non-smokerswhomust4inhaletheairpollutedbytobaccosmokemay5morethanthesmokersthemselves.A6numberofourstudentshave7inaneffortto8theuniversitytobansmokingintheclassrooms.Ibelievetheyare9rightintheiraim.10 ,Iwouldhopethatitis11toachievethisby12thesmokerstousegoodjudgmentandshowconcern13othersratherthanbyregulation.Iamthereforeaskingyouto14"NoSmoking"intheauditoriums,classroomsandseminarrooms.Thiswillprovethatyouhavethenon-smoker,shealthandwell-being15 ,whichisveryimportanttoalargenumberofourstudents.（分数：15.00）.〃A.Still〃B.More〃C.Again〃D.Further（分数：1.00）J解析：逻辑关系。空格前句提及对于吸烟者来说，吸烟是引起他们不满的主要的原因，之后又提及吸烟对于吸烟者和不吸烟者的身体健康的影响，后一句是进一步说明吸烟的危害，故两句的逻辑关系应为递进关系，D选项further表示递进，B选项more不能用在句首表递进，故答案为D。.〃A.concern〃B.trouble〃C.interest〃D.displeasure(分数：1.00)J解析：名词词义辨析。concern〃关心〃；trouble〃麻烦〃；interest〃兴趣，爱好〃；displeasure"不愉快〃。句中提及医学专家表达了对吸烟危害健康的顾虑，且expressone,sconcernabout(orfor,over)为固定搭配，意为〃对……，的关心，顾虑〃；与句意相符。故答案为A。.〃A.on〃B.in〃C.with〃D.to（分数：1.00）J解析：固定搭配。effecton表示〃对……的作用〃。故答案为A。.〃A.involuntarily〃B.instinctively〃C.spontaneously〃D.reluctantly（分数：1.00）J解析：上下文语义。根据句意可知，不吸烟者被迫吸入被吸烟者所污染的空气，D选项reluctantly表示不情愿，与句意相符。involuntarily〃无心地，不自觉地〃；spontaneously”自发地〃均与句意不符。故答案为D。.〃A.endure〃B.suffer〃C.undergo〃D.putupwith（分数：1.00）J解析：近义词词义辨析。四个单词都有〃忍耐，容忍〃的意思。endure特指忍受较大的或较长时间的磨难和痛苦。该词暗示忍受者具有持久的忍耐力。suffer为正式用语，常指被迫承受某件令人痛苦或有害的事。putupwith为口头用语，一般指容忍较小的事情，具有宽容、默认、将就某人或某事的意思。undergo指的是某种历程，并不指结果的成败得失。句中提及的是不吸烟者被迫忍受被吸烟者污染了的空气。由此可知，suffer更为合适。故答案为B。.A.few〃B.considerable〃C.many〃D.quantitative（分数：1.00）J解析：形容词词义辨析。根据上下文语义，空格处填入修饰number。的形容词，表示相当数量的，而不是少数的，故可排除选项A。选项C和D不能与a搭配使用，aconsiderablenumberof表示〃大量的，相当数量的〃，与语境相符，故答案为B。."A.linked"B.connected"C.associated"D.joined(分数：1.00)J解析：动词词义辨析。join表示参加(某种组织或活动)，link,connect,associate均表示〃联系〃，根据上下文语义判断应为参加某项活动，故答案为D。.〃A.make〃B.persuade〃C.cause〃D.commit(分数：1.00)J解析：上下文语义。在主动语态中只有makesb.dosth的搭配；commitsb.tosth只有动名词和名词形式，不接不定式；causesb.todosth.表示迫使某人做某事；persuadesbtodosth.表示劝说某人做某事，句中提及学生参加活动致力于禁止在教室吸烟，根据上下文语义可知学生应该只是劝说，而不是迫使，逼迫禁止在课堂吸烟，故选项B更符合语境。.〃A.entirely〃B.totally〃C.just〃D.wholly(分数：1.00)J解析：副词词义辨析。entirely(二completelyindegree)常常修饰形容词，强调程度上〃完全地〃。totally和wholly则强调是数上的全部。句中空格处的副词修饰形容词right,强调程度上的完全。故答案为A。.〃A.Butthen〃B.However〃C.Although〃D.Moreover(分数：1.00)J解析：逻辑关系。空格前句子提及作者认为学生的初衷是完全正确的，即禁止在教室吸烟，在空格后又提及ratherthanregulation，由此可推知，相比于之前提及的禁止吸烟，作者更希望另外一种方式而不是规章制度。因此，空格处应填入表示转折关系的连词，而用于句首并用逗号隔开的只有副词However，故答案为B。."A.likely"B.probably"C.capable"D.possible(分数：1.00)J解析：根据上下文语义可知空格处应填入表示〃可能的〃意义的形容词，故可排除选项B和C。possible表示客观上潜在的可能性，也许实际发生的可能性并不大，通常使用itispossibleto/that的句型结构。likely强调表面上看来有可能，与probable意思接近，常暗示从表面迹象来判断，常用结构为sb.islikelyto或itislikelythat。因此，possible更符合语境和语法结构。故答案为D。."A.pleading"B.begging"C.insisting"D.callingon(分数：1.00)J解析：动词词义辨析。callon〃号召，要求〃，callonsb.todosth.表示号召某人做某事，符合语境。beg〃乞求，恳求〃；plead〃恳求〃，是不及物动词。beg〃请示，恳求〃，语气很强。insist〃坚持〃，insistondoingsth.“坚持做某事〃均不符合语境，故答案为D。."A.with"B.for"C.to"D.in(分数：1.00)J解析：介词搭配。showconcernfor为固定搭配，表示〃关心，对……的关心〃。故答案为B。(14).〃A.inscribe10B.decorate"C.maintain"D.claim（分数：1.00）A.J解析：动词词义辨析。inscribe〃雕刻〃；decorate〃装饰〃；maintain〃保持〃；claim〃声称〃，句中提及号召大家在观众席和教室里不要吸烟，结合语义，maintain更符合语境，故答案为C。（15）."A.onhead"B.inheart"C.inmind"D.inyourbrain（分数：1.00）J解析：固定搭配。havesth.inmind〃把 记住，放在心上〃。句意为：时刻牢记那些非吸烟者的健康和快乐。故答案为C。三、PartIII Readingcomprehension（总题数：0,分数：0.00）四、Passage1（总题数：5,分数：10.00）Accordingtosociologists,thereareseveraldifferentwaysinwhichapersonmaybecomerecognizedastheleaderofsocialgroupintheUnitedStates.Inthefamily,traditionalculturalpatternsconferleadershipononeorbothoftheparents.Inothercases,suchasfriendshipgroup,oneormorepersonsmaygraduallyemergeasleaders,althoughthereisnoformalprocessofselection.Inlargergroups,leadersareusuallychosenformallythroughelectionorrecruitment.Althoughleadersareoftenthoughttobepeoplewithunusualpersonalability,decadesofresearchhavefailedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof"naturalleaders".Itseemsthatthereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon;rather,virtuallyanypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.Furthermore,althoughitiscommonlysupposedthatsocialgroupshaveasingleleader,researchsuggeststhattherearetypicallytwodifferentleadershiprolesthatareheldbydifferentindividuals.Instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizesthecompletionoftasksbyasocialgroup.Groupmemberslooktoinstrumentalleadersto"getthingsdone".Expressiveleadership,ontheotherhand,isleadershipthatemphasizesthecollectivewell-beingofasocialgroup,smembers.Expressiveleadersarelessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroupthanwithprovidingemotionalsupporttogroupmembersandattemptingtominimizetensionandconflictamongthem.Groupmembersexpectexpressiveleaderstomaintainstablerelationshipswithinthegroupandprovidesupporttoindividualmembers.Instrumentalleadersarelikelytohavearathersecondaryrelationshiptoothergroupmembers.Theygiveordersandmaydisciplinegroupmemberswhoinhibitattainmentofthe11groupsgoals.Expressiveleaderscultivateamorepersonalorprimaryrelationshiptoothersinthegroup.Theyoffersympathywhensomeoneexperiencesdifficultiesorissubjectedtodiscipline,arequicktolightenaseriousmomentwithhumor,andtrytoresolveissuesthatthreatentodividethegroup.Asthedifferencesinthesetworolessuggest,expressiveleadersgenerallyreceivemorepersonalaffectionfromgroupmembers;instrumentalleaders,iftheyaresuccessfulinpromotinggroupgoals,mayenjoyamoredistantrespect.（分数：10.00）.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?"A.Theproblemsfacedbyleaders"B.Howleadershipdiffersinsmallandlargegroups"C.Howsocialgroupsdeterminewhowillleadthem"D.Theroleofleadersinsocialgroups（分数：2.00）J解析：主旨思想题。首段第一句提到，在美国，人可能通过很多不同的方式成为一个社会团体的领导者。之后的段落着重说明社会团体中两种不同的领导人：建设性的领导和富于表现力的领导。由此可知，文章主要论述说明在社会团体中不同领导的角色。故答案为D。.ThepassagementionsallofthefollowingwaysbywhichpeoplecanbecomeleadersEXCEPT"A.recruitment."B.formalelectionprocess."C.specificleadershiptraining."D.traditionalculturalpatterns.（分数：2.00）J解析：事实细节题。信息定位在首段第二、第三、第四句。句中提及在家庭中的traditionalculturalpattern对应选项D的内容，在较大的团体中，formalprocessofelection,orrecruitment分别对应选项B和选项A的内容，选项C在文中未提及。故答案为C。.Inmentioning"naturalleaders"inparagraphtwo,theauthorismakingthepointthat"A.fewpeoplequalifyas"naturalleaders"."B.thereisnoproofthat"naturalleaders"exist."C."naturalleaders"areeasilyacceptedbythemembersofasocialgroup."D."naturalleaders"shareasimilarsetofcharacteristics.（分数：2.00）J解析：信息推断题。文中第二段“^502底卜failedtoproduceconsistentevidencethatthereisanycategoryof,naturalleader'指出研究发现那些领导人没有一致的证据表明他们12

是〃自然性的领导人〃。之后进一步说明“thereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon〃即没有所有领导人共同的所谓领导品质的证据。以上信息与选项B中提及的noproofthat"naturalleaderexists〃一致。故答案为B。.Whichofthefollowingstatementsaboutleadershipcanbeinferredfromparagraphtwo?"A.Apersonwhoisaneffectiveleaderofaparticulargroupmaynotbeaneffectiveleaderofanothergroup."B.Fewpeoplesucceedinsharingaleadershiprolewithanotherperson."C.Apersoncanbestlearnhowtobeaneffectiveleaderbystudyingresearchonleadership."D.Mostpeopledesiretobeleadersbutcanproducelittleevidenceoftheirqualifications.(分数：2.00)J解析：信息推断题。文中第二段说明"thereisnosetofpersonalqualitiesthatallleadershaveincommon”即没有所有领导人共同的所谓领导品质。在本段最后一句"anypersonmayberecognizedasaleaderifthepersonhasqualitiesthatmeettheneedsofthatparticulargroup.〃提出如果一个人有资质迎合特定团队的需要都可能被视作领导人。而〃particular。group"特定团队的设定说明一个团队的领导人并不一定能够胜任另外团队的领导人角色,与选项A信息一致。故答案为A。.Thepassageindicatesthatinstrumentalleadersgenerallyfocuson"A.ensuringharmoniousrelationship."B.sharingresponsibilitywithgroupmembers."C.identifyingnewleaders."D.achievingagoal.(分数：2.00)J解析：事实细节题。信息定位在文中第三段"instrumentalleadershipisleadershipthatemphasizethecompletionortaskbyasocialgroup."指出建设型的领导是那种强调社会团体完成任务型的领导，而随后再说明"expressiveleadership”,指出富于表现力的领导较少关注团队的整体目标(lessconcernedwiththeoverallgoalsofthegroup)显然，与建设型的领导在此方面不同。由此可知，instrumentalleadership更加关注达成目标，故答案为D。五、Passage2(总题数：5,分数：10.00)modemsenseoftheword,itmeansthat,ifpossible,dyingpeoplecanreceivecareathomeduringtheirlastdays;andthehealth-careworkersdonottrytolengthenthelivesofthedyingwithmodemmedicalequipment.Instead,care-giversmakeeveryefforttocontrolorstopthepatient,spain.ItalsomeansthatpatientsgethelpfortheiremotionalneedsThewordhospiceishundredsMiddleAgesinEurope.Religiouscouldstay.Sometimesthegroupsthewordhospicemeansmorethanofyearsold.Itcomestousfromgroupsthenprovidedhospiceasaalsoofferedaplaceforthesickaplace.Itmeansawayofcaringthetimecalledtheplacewheretravelersandthedying.Todayforthedying.IntheThewordhospiceishundredsMiddleAgesinEurope.Religiouscouldstay.Sometimesthegroupsthewordhospicemeansmorethanofyearsold.Itcomestousfromgroupsthenprovidedhospiceasaalsoofferedaplaceforthesickaplace.Itmeansawayofcaringthetimecalledtheplacewheretravelersandthedying.Todayforthedying.Inthe13inadditiontotheirphysicalneeds.ABritishwomanCicelySaunderswasthefirstmajoractivistforhospicecareinmodemtimes.CicelySaundersworkedasanurseinahospitalrightafterWorldWarII,whereshemetamanwhowasdyingofcancer.Togethertheyfoundideasaboutthebestpossibletreatmentforpeoplewhowouldnevergetwellagain.Theytalkedabouttreatmentsthatwouldpermitpatientstodiscusstheirfeelingsandtotakepartinactivitiesmeaningfultothem.Theyplannedasystemthatwouldallowdyingpeopletobesurroundedbythepeopleandthingstheylovedmost.ThedyingmangaveCicelySaundersenoughmoneytostudytobecomeadoctor.By1967Dr.SaundershadrganizedandopenedSt.Christopher,sHospiceinLondon.InI974,aftertheAmerica,sfirsthospicestartedinNewHaven,othersfollowedsuitincitiesthroughoutthecountry.Organizershadadifficultjob.Theyhadtoteachthepublicabouttheideaofhospice.Theyhadtogetmoneyfromcompanies,religiousgroupsandcitizens.Andtheyhadtonegotiatewithlocalgovernmentstousepublicmoneytocareforthedying.Thankstotheirunyieldingdeterminationandpainstakingefforts,hospicehasgrowninAmerica.Dr.JoMagno,thePresidentoftheNationalHospiceOrganization,saidthatworkingwiththedyingoccasionallymadehersad.YetsheremembersthewordsofDr.CicelySaunders-"Wecannotadddaystolife,butwecanaddlifetodays.”(分数：10.00)(1).Whatistheoriginalmeaningtheword"hospice"?" A.It was a place where thehomelessoldpeoplewere takencareof." B.It was a place where religiouspeoplelived." C.It was a place offeredbychurchesforthetravelers." D.It was a place where doctorstreatedpatients.(分数：2.00)J解析：事实细节题。题干中问及的是“hospice”最初的意思(originalmeaning),信息定位在文章首段第二句"Religiousgroupsthenprovidedhospiceasaplacewheretravelerscouldstay.〃。故答案为C。.Inthemodernsenseoftheword,hospiceincludesallofthefollowingEXCEPT"A.apriestisinvitedtoprayforthedying."B.adyingpatientistakencareofathishome."C.effortsaremadetoreducethepainofthedyingpeople."D.thepsychologicalneedsofthedyingareconsideredandcaredfor.(分数：2.00)J解析：事实细节题。信息定位在文章首段“Todaythewordhospicemeansmorethanaplace”之后的信息。文中“dyingpeoplecanreceivecareathomeduringtheirlastdays”与选项B对应；"care-giversmakeeveryefforttocontrolorstopthepatient,spain”与选项C对应："patientscangethelpfortheiremotionalneedsinadditiontotheirphysicalneeds"与选项D对应，只有选项A的内容在文中未提及。故答案为A。14.WhatdidCicelyandthemantalkabout?"A.Howtoadvisethehospitaltotreatthedyingpatients."B.Howtomakearrangementforthepatientswhohadnohopeofrecovery."C.Themeaningfulactivitiesforallpatientstotakepartin."D.Thekindofpeoplethatareallowedtovisitthepatients.(分数：2.00)A.B.JC.D.解析：信息推断题。文中第三段提及Cicely与一位将死的癌症病人讨论对于那些无法治愈的病人们的最好的治疗方法。同时，他们计划一项能够让那些将死之人所最热爱的人和物陪伴在他们身边的医疗体系。由此可知，Cicely和癌症病人讨论的是如何安排那些无法治愈的病人的治疗，故答案为B。.HowdidCicelySaunderscompleteherstudy?"A.Byworkingpart-time."B.Beobtainingafellowship."C.Withthehelpofaman,smoney."D.ThroughhermanagementofSt.Christopher,sHospice.(分数：2.00)A.B.C.JD.解析：事实细节题。信息定位在文章第二段倒数第二句话“thedyingmangaveCicelySaundersenoughmoneytostudy”,由此可知，CicelySaunders完成学业的钱来自于这个将死的男人的资助。故答案为C。.WhichisacorrectstatementabouttheearlyAmericanhospice?"A.ItwasanimmediatesuccessasaresultoftheeffortbyDr.Cicely."B.Itwasprobablynoteasytopersuadecompaniestoprovidefinancialsupport."C.Manypeoplereadilyacceptedthenewidea."D.Localgovernmentsforbadewhattheydid.(分数：2.00)A.JC.D.解析：信息推断题。信息定位在文章最后一段。段中“organizershadadifficultjob”可知，组织者遇到了一系列的困难。由此可知，选项A中提及的immediateSuccess与文中意义不符。文中提及“theyhadtoteachthepublicabouttheideaofhospice"可知公众对终极关怀的理念是不甚理解的，选项C与此信息不符；由“theyhadtonegotiatewiththelocalgovernmenttousepublicmoneytocareforthedying可知，当地政府并不是禁止(forbid)该机构，而是不情愿拨公款支持，选项D亦不正确。文中“theyhadtogetmoneyfromcompanies可知组织者们不得不费力从企业那里获得钱款，与选项B内容一致，故答案为B。六、Passage3(总题数：5,分数：10.00)WhatwetodaycallAmericanfolkartwas,indeed,artof,by,andforordinary,everyday“folks“who,withincreasingprosperityandleisure,createdamarketforartofallkinds,15andespeciallyforportraits.Citizensofprosperous,essentiallymiddle-classrepublics-whetherancientRomans,seventeenth-centuryDutchburghers,ornineteenth-centuryAmericans-havealwaysshownamarkedtasteforportraiture.Startinginthelateeighteenthcentury,theUnitedStatescontainedincreasingnumbersofsuchpeople,andoftheartistswhocouldmeettheirdemands.TheearliestAmericanfolkartportraitscome,notsurprisingly,fromNewEngland-especiallyConnecticutandMassachusetts-forthiswasawealthyandpopulousregionandthecenterofastrongcrafttradition.WithinafewdecadesafterthesigningoftheDeclarationofIndependencein1776,thepopulationwaspushingwestward,andportraitpainterscouldbefoundatworkinwesternNewYork,Ohio,Kentucky,Illinois,andMissouri.Midwaythroughitsfirstcenturyasanation,theUnitedStates,populationhadincreasedroughlyfivetimes,andelevennewstateshadbeenaddedtotheoriginalthirteen.Duringtheseyearsthedemandforportraitsgrewandgrew,eventuallytobesatisfiedbythecamera.In1839thedaguerreotypewasintroducedtoAmerica,usheringintheageofphotography,andwithinagenerationthenewinventionputanendtothepopularityofpaintedportraits.Onceagainanoriginalportraitbecamealuxury,commissionedbythewealthyandexecutedbytheprofessional.Butintheheydayofportraitpainting-fromthelateeighteenthcenturyuntilthe1850's-anyonewithamodicumofartisticabilitycouldbecomealimner,assuchaportraitistwascalled.Localcraftspeople-sign,coach,andhousepainters-begantopaintportraitsasaprofitablesideline;sometimesatalentedmanorwomanwhobeganbysketchingfamilymembersgainedalocalreputationandwasbesiegedwithrequestsforportraits;artistsfounditworththeirwhiletopacktheirpaints,canvases,andbrushesandtotravelthecountryside,oftencombininghousedecoratingwithportraitpainting.分数：10.00).InLines3-5theauthormentionsseventeenth-centuryDutchburghersasanexampleofagroupthat"A.consistedmainlyofself-taughtartists."B.appreciatedportraits."C.influencedAmericanfolkart."D.hadlittletimeforthearts.(分数：2.00)A.B.JC.D.解析：事实细节题。题干中提及seventeenth-centuryDutchburghers作者以此为例是为了说明文章首段首句提出的观点，即美国民间艺术是由普通百姓所拥有、创造并享受的艺术。随着财富和闲暇与日俱增，他们创造了各种艺术市场，特别是肖像绘画。由此可知，答案为B。.Accordingtothepassage,whereweremanyofthefirstAmericanfolkartportraitspainted?"A.InwesternNewYork."B.InIllinoisandMissouri."C.InConnecticutandMassachusetts."D.InOhio.(分数：2.00)A.B.16J解析：事实细节题。信息定位在第二段〃丁卜6earliestAmericanfolkartportraitscome,notsurprisingly,fromNewEngland-especiallyConnecticutandMassachusetts"可知美国最早的民间艺术画像来自于新英格兰地区一特别是康涅狄格州和马萨诸塞州。故答案为C。.Theword"this"inLine8refersto"A.astrongcrafttradition."B.Americanfolkart."C.NewEngland."D.westernNewYork.(分数：2.00)J解析：指示代词题。this之前提及美国最早的民间艺术画像来自于新英格兰地区(NewEngland),之后解释原因：这一地区富裕、人口稠密，而且是浓厚艺术传统的中心。由此可知，this指代的是前面提及的NewEngland。故答案为C。.Thephrase"usheringin"inLine14isclosestinmeaningto"A.beginning."B.demanding."C.publishing."D.increasing.(分数：2.00)J解析：词义推断题。文中第二段"行©demandforportraitsgrewandgrew,eventuallytobesatisfiedbycamera."提及美国独立后50年间，肖像绘画的要求不断增长，直到有了照相机才算得到满足。之后”In1839thedaguerreotypewasintroducedtoAmerica”提及1839年银版照相法传入美国，camera相机，daguerreotype”印版照相法”与usheringintheageofphotography中的photography"摄影”所说明的内容一致，由此可推知，随着1839年银版照相法传入美国，摄影时代到来，故usheringin的意义应为〃到来，开始〃，故答案为A。.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingcontributedtoadeclineinthedemandforpaintportraits?"A.Thelackofastrongcrafttradition."B.Thewestwardmigrationofmanypainters."C.Thegrowingpreferenceforlandscapepaintings."D.Theinventionofthecamera.(分数：2.00)J解析：事实细节题。文中第二段提及摄影时代的到来致使在不超过一代人的时间内，手工画像就不再风靡了。由"withinagenerationthenewinventionputanendtothepopularityof17paintedportraits〃可知，对手工画像需求的减少源自照相机的发明，故答案为D。七、Passage4(总题数：5,分数：10.00)Whatpercentageofthepopulationinamoderntechnologicalsocietyis,likmyself,inthefortunatepositionofbeingworkers?AtaguessIwouldsaysixteenpercent,andIdonotthinkthatfigureislikelytogetbiggerinthefuture.Technologyandthedivisionoflaborhavedonetwothings:byeliminatinginmanyfieldstheneedforspecialstrengthorskill,theyhavemadeaverylargenumberofpaidoccupationswhichformerlywereenjoyableworkintoboringlabor,andbyincreasingproductivitytheyhavereducedthenumberofnecessarylaboringhours.Itisalreadypossibletoimagineasocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulation,thatistosay,itslaborers,willhavealmostasmuchleisureasinearliertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.Whenonerecallshowaristocraciesinthepastactuallybehaved,theprospectisnotcheerful.Indeed,theproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuchafuturemasssocietythanitwasforaristocracies.Thelatter,forexample,ritualizedtheirtime;therewasaseasontoshootgrouse,aseasontospendintown,etc.Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualbyfashionwhichchangesasoftenaspossibleintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeople.Again,themassescannotgoinforhunting,forverysoontherewouldbenoanimalslefttohunt.Forotheraristocraticamusementslikegambling,dueling,andwarfare,itmaybeonlytooeasytofindequivalentsindangerousdriving,drug-taking,andsenselessactsofviolence.Workersseldomcommitactsofviolence,becausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirwork,beitphysicalliketheworkofasmith,ormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.Theroleofaggressioninmentalworkisaptlyexpressedbythephrase"gettingone,steethintoaproblem".(分数：10.00).Accordingtothepassage,thewriterbelievesthemajorityofthepopulation"A.areunhappywithwhattheydo.〃B.willgetbiggerintheirnumberinthefuture.〃C.agreewithhimonhisclassification.〃D.areinthefortunatepositionofbeingworkers.(分数：2.00)J解析：信息推断题。作者在文章首段提及在一个现代化的技术社会里，总人口中有多大比例的人能够像我一样有幸成为工作者呢？(inthefortunatepositionofbeingworkers),作者在这里使用了fortunate,表示实际上劳动者并不幸运。因为在其后的段落里，作者提及技术和劳动的分工在许多领域取消了特别才能和技术的需要，把过去本来令人愉快的大量受雇职业的工作变成了令人厌倦的劳动(enjoyableworkintobeinglabour)；劳动者有了更多的休闲时光。但是对于劳动者来说，在未来这样一个大众社会里，要解决〃无聊〃这个问题，也许比过去的贵族们要困难得多。由〃theproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuchafuturemasssocietythanitwasforaristocracies.可知，对于大多数人来说，他们对于所做的事情并不感到快乐，故答案为A。.Accordingtothepassage,technologyanddivisionoflabourhavedoneallofthefollowingEXCEPT〃A.increasingthejoyofthepaidoccupations.〃B.makingskillandspecialstrengthunnecessaryinwork.18"C.ca