浅析工程造价管理与投资控制8_第1页
浅析工程造价管理与投资控制8_第2页
浅析工程造价管理与投资控制8_第3页
浅析工程造价管理与投资控制8_第4页
浅析工程造价管理与投资控制8_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩11页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

中文英文翻译PAGE14PAGE15浅析工程造价管理与投资控制工程项目建设的中心任务就是实现项目目标。从客观意义上讲,投资目标的实现才是业主经济效益的真正体现;而工程造价的确定与投资的有效控制是工程建设管理不可缺少的重要组成部分,在项目建设管理中有着特殊的地位。随着我国经济体制改革的不断深入,国民经济持续发展,怎样加强工程造价管理,提高项目投资效益?这是当前投资和造价改革的一个重大课题。随着社会主义市场经济体制的确立,要求我们预测项目的投资并控制。近年来,国际投资项目的发展要求,事前预控,事中控制。而中国传统的做法,是客观的角度对事业决策,重执行,轻经济。首先,由于技术人员的工程技术和经济观念和意识淡薄,成本控制,成本管理,使质量难以提高。工程造价控制是很难达到的长远目标。第二,各个阶段的项目管理鉴于上述情况,我国在八十年代提出了全过程的成本管理与控制的概念,建设部门将进行可行性研究和项目的预算和决算等,以扩大两方请求的相应规定,我们把成本管理的观念和方法提到了一个新高度。我们现在的任务是要现代成本管理符合中国国情的市场经济的系统目标,借鉴先进发达国家的经验,建立健全市场经济规律的工程造价管理体系,努力提高工程造价的水平。投资决策阶段的工程造价管理,建设项目投资决策阶段是提出项目建议书,进行可行性研究,确定投资估算,最终编制设计任务。在这个阶段,项目的技术和经济决策,对建设项目工程造价的工程完成后的经济效益有着决定性的影响,建造成本是一个重要的阶段控制。我国现阶段的工程造价进行的项目管理的目的是控制造价,注重施工过程的成本控制,忽略项目开始投资决策阶段的成本控制。投资决策阶段的投资项目,预算是一个重要的决策依据。它直接影响到国民经济及财务分析结果的可靠性和准确性。因为这个阶段是工程的前期工作,信息不完全,相同或相近工程积累的资料比较少,估计不够全面,不科学。使工程造价管理成本在现阶段很难有所作为。在决策阶段的工程造价控制。项目规划阶段的成本,许多业主有错误的理解,认为成本最低,最好。控制成本,不是单方面问题,而应该是一个多因素的影响,应结合实际,全面考虑。建设项目的投资决策阶段,项目的技术和经济决策,对工程造价后期工程的经济效益,有决定性作用。决策阶段是项目成本控制的一个重要的阶段,合理确定和控制方向的工程造价准确定位和建立优化的指导作用。在决策阶段最重要的是做好可行性研究。这项工作做得好,投资回报率,能够形成一个良好的比例。否则,投资多,收效不大,导致投资失控和投资浪费。目前,一些项目的策划,从主观愿望的可行性研究方面,缺乏科学论证。可行性研究报告不真实,虚假或工程职能未经付诸实际,可行性研究在研究项目批出后,显现不少隐患,结果导致没有足够的后续资金支持项目,并延长时限,使该项目没有达到计划的使用效益,甚至成为竣工无望的工程。因此,如要在投资决策中有效地控制工程造价,必须做好以下几方面的工作:1)实施建设项目法人责任制,工程应从规划到执行的整个过程和资金偿还的使用上责任落实到人。除了要确立法律制度和工程监理配套机制,还应由相关主管部门组织工商及监管部门成立监察小组,负责监督资金的使用。2)以实事求是的态度进行市场分析,以避免盲目性,对项目决策,减少和降低投资风险。充分考虑建设项目在未来的市场竞争力,保证设计任务科学性和可靠性。3)资金必须有正式的承诺文件,各方必须做到到位资金必须有文件,以确保可以批准立项后,按原定执行。对各项贷款的条件应仔细分析,以减少利息负担和还款压力。4)加强工程地质、水文地质、土地、水、电力、交通、环保工程等外部条件的工作深度,使投资估算有充分的理由。同时广泛调查研究,比较同类项目,认真进行功能分析,多方案比较和选择。经过充分的技术论证和经济评价,最后选择技术先进,实用可靠。经济合理的项目,计算出一个更准确的估计投资额,使工程造价从一开始就定位在一个较为合理的水平。造价和投资在国民经济发展中和社会经济活动中,有很多一致的地方,但不是一个等同的概念。从目的来看,搞好投资是为了使投下去的一定量的货币能保证回流,并实现增值;而搞好造价是为了使投资项目的工程价格水平控制在目标额度之内;从行为过程来看投资的行为过程是资金投入+项目实施+项目控制+资金回收,造价的行为过程是造价确定(包括投资估算、设计概算、施工图预算)+过程控制+竣工决算。投资的行为过程比造价的行为过程更长。同是资金运作过程,造价是使货币资金转化为实现目标额度内的资产,而投资是使货币资金转化为资产,并通过资产的使用又使货币资金回流。造价是投资的一个关键部分和主要内容,它包括建设工程从建设筹备到竣工验收所需费用的总和,它由建筑安装工程费、设备工具购置费、工程建设其他费用、预备费、建设期贷款利息、固定资产投资方向调节税和铺底流动资金等项组成。价格机制是造价管理的核心问题,也是投资宏观决策和提高项目投资效益的一个核心问题。要加强造价管理,提高投资效益,必须形成一个国家宏观调控下,以市场形成造价为主的价格机制。传统的预算定额制度在计划经济体制下,对加强计划管理,减少投资浪费等方面起到了一定的积极作用。但随着社会主义市场经济的逐步建立和发展,现行预算定额制度与之越来越不相适应:定额中“量”和“价”没有分开,形成了“活市场”和“死单价”的矛盾,不能在市场中真实地、及时地、准确地反映建筑产品的造价;现行预算定额中综合程度较大,施工手段消耗部分统得较死,构成工程实体消耗部分是由设计决定的,而施工消耗部分,如脚手方案、垂直运输等内容应由施工企业在确保全面履行合同的前提下自行决定,现行定额中,把本应属于竞争的内容凝固化了,不利于施工企业发挥优势,竞争取胜;现行预算定额带有法定性质和强制性质,对预算定额直接费的取费标准,开发商和承包商都不得随意改变,还是计划定价为主;现行预算定额计价主要由直接费、间接费、独立费、利润和税金构成,除直接费外其余各项都以取费率的形式出现,取费固定化,不利于直观地反映各项工程内容的价格,并与国际报价方式差距也较大。为了有利于投资宏观决策和提高项目的投资效益,必须把计划形成工程造价的价格机制,改为国家宏观调控下以市场形成工程造价为主的价格机制,也就是要在统一工程量计算规则和社会平均实物消耗量定额的基础上,遵循商品经济价格规律,建立以市场形成造价为主的价格机制:一是全面实现“量价分离”。把政府发布量价合一的预算定额制度,改为政府发布工程消耗量定额,单价随行就市,变目前发布指导价要大家执行改为发布市场信息价进行指导,从而使不断变化的价格同相对稳定的实物消耗量相分离;二是统一工程量计算规则。要逐步按照国际习惯,统一工程量名称、计量单位、计算规则、项目编号等,既有利于指导市场,又有利于同国际接轨;三是将工程实体消耗和非实体消耗(施工措施性消耗)相对分开。这有利于承包商发挥各自优势,竞争取胜;四是简化繁琐取费。现行定额中各子目的造价不能直接反映,必须重新计算取费后才能明了,各子目、各分项工程的造价与总价的关系模糊,简化取费后,各分项及子目的造价与总价的关系变得清晰,有利于投资控制活动和分包及设计变更部分的计价;五是保留政府对重要生产要素价格进行干预的权力。如对市场某种资源紧缺时实行最高限价,规定最低日工资水平和部分工种最高日工资限价等。造价确定与投资控制贯穿项目建设全过程,而对项目投资影响最大的设计阶段。在建设项目的整个寿命期内,项目的初步设计基本上决定了建设项目的规模、结构形式、建筑标准和使用功能,形成了设计概算,确定了投资的最高限额。施工图设计完成后,编制出施工图预算,准确地计算出建设工程造价。因此,工程设计是影响和控制建设工程造价的关键环节和重要阶段。长期以来,我们在工程造价管理中,普遍忽视设计阶段项目的投资控制,而往往把控制项目投资和工程造价的重点放在实施阶段,投入了大量的人力、物力去审查或计算建筑安装工程造价,很少考虑如何才能达到投入合理的资金,获得美观大方、功能齐全适用、经济合理的建筑产品。根据国内外有关的统计资料表明:初步设计阶段影响工程投资数额幅度的可能性为70—90%,在技术设计阶段(施工图设计)影响投资的可能性为30—75%;在施工阶段(实施阶段)的影响工程投资的可能性为5%—25%。或者具体地说,设计阶段影响工程投资的可能性为80%,而实施阶段影响投资的可能性,充其量不会超过20%,即通过各种措施降低成本最大限度不外乎为20%以下。一般情况下设计图纸一旦完成,“按图施工”就是施工企业必须履行的原则,施工企业无权随意变动图纸,也没有时间、精力及承担风险地去考虑优化设计。而我国普遍存在着设计部门比较保守,有的设计只图方便、凭经验而不作方案对比,甚至盲目追求安全度和设计收费,而至关重要的概预算控制则与设计院利益无关甚至违反,因此无从控制。工程设计和工程造价本来应该是统一整体的相互配合、配合促进的两项工作,而在我们的实际工作中,却如不同道路上奔驰的两辆汽车,各行其道,互不关联。设计部门只管设计质量,一般不管工程造价的高低,给国家的建设资金造成了极大的浪费。要改变这种不良局面,在设计阶段,必须加强工程造价和设计之间的横向联合,推行限额设计,逐步实行以“价”定“量”的设计方法,在项目的投资范围内,按照“安全”“经济”“适用”“节俭”的原则进行工程设计,促使设计人员精打细算,精心设计,达到在设计阶段有效控制工程造价的目的;要优化设计方案,其目的就是论证拟采用的设计方案技术上是否可行、功能上能否满足需要、经济上是否合理、使用上是否安全可靠。尤其是在经济上,设计的优化是很重要的控制手段,新工艺的使用、新材料的投入、一些局部设计的改变等,这些因素的变化,往往使工程造价大幅度增减。据研究资料显示,建设项目的建筑系灵敏、空间平面、层数和层高、结构和材料的选择、设计的选型等因素,直接影响着工程造价的高低。所以,要想在设计阶段控制工程造价,就一定要做好设计的优选工作,在设计阶段进行设计招投标和设计方案的竞选,并运用价值工程等手段对备选方案进行优化,还要进行设计方案的技术经济评价,真正达到以最优的设计、最经济的投资,建造最好的工程项目的目的。建设工程造价全过程控制,是工程造价管理的主要表现形式,是提高项目投资效益的关键所在,它贯穿于决策评估阶段、设计阶段、工程承发包阶段、施工实施阶段、竣工验收阶段等项目建设全过程。科学周密而有计划地分阶段设置投资控制目标,可以通过目标控制,在项目投资决策、设计、发包和实施阶段,把投资发生额控制在批准的限额以内并随时纠编,确保投资目标顺利实现,使投资估算、工程概算、设计预算、承包合同价更趋合理准确,真实而客观反映项目实际进程发生额,有效防止概算超估算、预算超概算、竣工结算超预算这一“三超”现象的发生,最大程度地合理使用人力、物力、财力,从而取得较好的投资效益和社会效益。施工企业按照合同规定完成,经验收质量标准,并符合合同要求。与建设单位完成最后结算。竣工后的结算审核是批准建设项目工程造价的基础。一段很长的时间,完成了施工图纸预算结算,结算完成最后阶段的工程造价控制。是成本管理的问题得以解决的体现。因此,审计工作的完成解决是一项非常重要的工作,应着重做好以下几个方面的工作:1)审计的准确输出。是竣工决算审计中最重要和最复杂的,其中最细致的工作是,为防止建设工程竣工结算故意夸大产量,以增加项目的成本,应严格按照规定的工程计算规则逐项审核。2)检查正确性。审查中列出的价格与固定价格一致,其名称、规格、计量单位,其内容与单位估价表的价格对应。3)审查费标准与固定成本施工期间及工程造价的政策相符。总之,工程造价控制是一个全过程控制,应该说,每个环节都不能忽视,而且每一个环节也很重要。随着中国加入世贸组织,中国的投资主体多元化,投资方对降低成本,控制成本,提高投资效益日益重视。因此,改变原有工程造价估算,概算,预算,合同价格,结算价,决算传统模式,完善控制水平,发展全方位控制系统的投资项目,可以促进我国社会主义市场经济发展,并适应全球经济一体化进程。ShallowengineeringcostmanagementandinvestmentcontrolProjectconstructioncentraltaskistorealizetheprojectgoals.Fromtheobjectivesense,investmenttoachievethegoalofeconomicbenefitisownerrealembodiment,Andprojectcostdeterminationandinvestmentofeffectivecontroloftheengineeringconstructionmanagementisanimportantandindispensablepartofprojectmanagementhasaspecialposition.AsChina'seconomicsystemreform,thenationaleconomycontinuestodevelop,howtostrengthentheengineeringcostmanagement,improvetheprojectinvestmentbenefit?Thisiswhatthecurrentinvestmentandcostreformamajorissue.Costandinvestmentinthedevelopmentofnationaleconomyandsocialeconomicactivities,havealotofconsistentplace,butnotaconceptequivalent.Judgingfromthepurposeistomaketheinvestment,improvetheamountofcastcurrencycanguarantee,andrealizevalue-addedbackflow,Andimprovecostistomaketheinvestmentprojectengineeringpricelevelcontrolattargetwithinthequota,Judgingfrombehavioralprocess,investmentbehaviorprocessiscapitalinvestment+projectimplementation+projectcontrol+capitalrecycling,thecostofthebehaviorprocessiscostsure(includinginvestmentestimation,designbudgetaryestimateandconstructiondrawingbudget)+processcontrol+thefinalaccountsofthecompletedproject.Investmentbehaviorprocessthanthecostofbehavioralprocesslonger.Withtheoperationprocess,costofcapitalismakemonetaryfundtransformforachievinggoalswithinthelineofassets,investmentismakemonetaryfundtransformforassets,andthroughtheuseofassetsandmonetaryfundbackflow.Withthehistoricalprocess,afterrecovery,reformanddevelopment,formedarelativelycompletebudgetestimateofquotamanagementsystem.However,asthesocialistmarketeconomicdevelopment,thesystem'smanyproblemshavealsoexposed.Generallyspeaking,thebudgetestimateisbasedondirectparticipationinthemanagementofnationaleconomicactivityasaprecondition.Enterpriseisnottheactualeconomicentities.Duetothecharacteristicsoftheplannedeconomy,and,atthetimeundertheconditionsofproductivity,willinevitablybecomeashortageintheeconomy.Insevereshortageofcommoditiesundertheconditions,aslongasacertainlevelofinvestment,willbecertainoutputs.Inthisenvironment,theprojectplanningandtechnicalargumentationtherecanbenoeconomicanalysis.Statecontroloftheprojectcostconstitutekeyfactorsequipmentandmaterialsprices,wagesandtaxesofartificialdistribution.Inthisrelativelystableeconomicenvironment,thebudgetestimateforthesystemapprovedprojectcost,helpthegovernmenttocarryoutinvestmentplanstoplayamajorrole.Asthesocialistmarketeconomicsystemestablished,requiresustopredictprojectinvestmentandcontrol.Inrecentyears,internationalinvestmentprojectdevelopedtotherequirementsofpriorpre-controlandinthemiddleofcontrol.China,thetraditionalpracticeinanobjectivelightonthecausedecision-making,implementationheavy,lighttheeconomyandtechnology.First,theconsequencesofvictimization,Duetothetechnicalpersonneloftheprojecttechnicalandeconomicconceptsandaweakawarenessofcostcontrol,costmanagementmakesthequalitydifficulttoraise.ProjectCostcontrolisdifficulttoachievelong-termgoals.Second,thevariousstagesoftheprojectmanagementviewoftheabovecircumstances,Myfirstacademiainthe1980smadethewholeprocessofcostmanagementandcontrolconcept,buildingdepartmentswillstudythefeasibilityofprojectsandthebudgetsandfinalaccountstotwoextendedattherequestofthecorrespondingregulationsputourcostmanagementconceptsandmethodsreferredtoanewheight.OurtasknowistobemodernandcostmanagementinlinewithChina'snationalconditionsofthemarketeconomysystemgoal,learnfromtheadvancedexperienceofthedevelopedcountries,andestablishsoundmarketeconomiclawsofprojectcostmanagementsystem,effortstoincreasetheprojectcostlevels.Aninvestmentdecision-makingphaseoftheprojectcostmanagementconstructionprojectinvestmentdecision-makingstageisproposedprojectproposals;conductafeasibilitystudytodetermineinvestmentestimationandthefinalpreparationofdesigntask.Atthisstage,theproject'stechnicalandeconomicdecision-making,oftheconstructionprojectcostoftheprojectafterthecompletionoftheeconomicbenefitshaveadecisiveinfluence,Theconstructioncostisanimportantstagecontrol.China'scurrentstageoftheprojectcostfortheprojectmanagementforthepurposeofclearingprice,andfocusingonlyontheconstructionprocessofcostcontrol,neglectedbeforethestartoftheprojectinvestmentdecision-makingstageofcostcontrol.Investmentdecision-makingphaseofinvestmentprojectsisestimatedanimportantbasisfordecision-making.Ithasadirectimpactonnationaleconomicandfinancialanalysisoftheresultsofthereliabilityandaccuracy.Becauseofthisphaseisthepreliminaryworkofprojects,theinformationcannotbefully,comparableworksmoreorlessthatinformationaccumulatedrelativelysmall,estimatedinadequateandunscientific.Makesprojectcostmanagementandcostworkersisdifficultatthisstagedosomething.Thevariousstagesoftheprojectcostcontrolinthedecision-makingphaseprojectcostcontrol.Rightprojectplanningphaseofthecost,manyownershavethewrongunderstandingthatthelowerthecostthebetter.Costcontrolisnotaunilateralissue,andshouldbeanumberoffactors,acombinationofpractical,comprehensiveconsideration.Theconstructionprojectinvestmentdecision-makingstage,theproject'stechnicalandeconomicdecision-making,Costoftheprojectafterthecompletionoftheprojectandtheeconomicbenefits,withadecisiveroleinprojectcostcontrolisanimportantstage,rationallydefineandcontrolthedirectionoftheprojectcostofaccuratepositioningandbuildingOptimizationguidingrole.Inthedecision-makingphaseofthemostimportantistodoagoodjobfeasibilitystudy,theworkisdonewell,returnsoninvestmentandcanformagoodproportion.Otherwise,investmore,lesseffective,resultinginlossofcontrolandwasteofinvestment.Atpresent,someoftheprojectsplannedtheownersofdeparturefromthesubjectivedesiresofafeasibilitystudyonthelackofscientificproof.FeasibilityStudyuntrue,falseorengineeringfunctionsobtainingtheapprovaloftheirsuperiors,actuallyputintothefeasibilitystudywillbeawardedinthestudyfortheprojectafterthesmoothfunctioningburiedalotofhiddenproblems,leadtoinsufficientfollow-upfundsfortheprojectandhadtoextendthetimelimitsothattheprojectcouldnothaveplannedtheuseofcost-effective,evenbecomehopelesscompletionofthebeardworks.Therefore,inordertophaseintheinvestmentdecision-makingeffectivelycontrolconstructioncosts,wemustdothefollowingaspects:ⅰImplementationoftheconstructionprojectandcorporateaccountability,Constructionoftheprojectfromplanningtoimplementationoftheentireprocessandtheuseofthefundstorepayresponsibilitiestothepeople.inadditiontoestablishingalegalsystemandtheprojectsupervisionmatchingmechanismbythedepartmentsinchargeoftheindustryandsupervisiondepartmentsforsettingupamonitoringgrouptooverseetheuseoffunds.ⅱArealisticapproachtomarketanalysis,toavoidtheblindnessoftheprojectdecision-making,reducesandreducesinvestmentrisk.Fullyconsiderbuildingprojectsinthefuturemarketcompetitiveness,designtaskmorescientificandreliability.ⅲCapitalfinancingmusthaveaformalcommitmentdocument,thepartiesmustdoinvestmentfundsinplace,andfundsmusthavedocumentstoensurethattheprojectcanbeapprovedafterthescheduledimplementation.Tothevariousloanconditionsshouldbecarefullyanalyzedtominimizetheburdenofinterestandrepaymentpressure.ⅳTostrengthentheengineeringgeology,hydrology,geologyandland,water,electricity,transport,environmentalprojectssuchasexternalconditionsfortheworkofdepthtomaketheinvestmentestimatetherearesufficientgrounds.Investmentcostisacriticalpartofandmaincontent,itincludestheconstructionprojectfromconstructionpreparatorytocompletionacceptanceofthecostofcombined,anditconsistsofbuildingthecost,equipmenttoolsis,theengineeringconstructionotherfees,reserve,interestinterest,taxforfixedassetsinvestmentandthecurrentfundsandsoonacomposition.Thepricemechanismisthecoreofcostmanagementintheproblem,butalsoinvestmentmacrodecisionandimprovestheprojectinvestmentbenefitofacentralissue.Tostrengthenthecostmanagement,increasetheinvestmenteffects,mustformaunderthestate'smacroeconomiccontrol,takingmarketmainlyformedcostpricemechanism.Thetraditionalbudgetnormsystemundertheplannedeconomysystem,tostrengthentheinvestmentplanmanagement,reducewasteaspectshavecertainpositiverole.Butwiththesocialistmarketeconomyisgraduallyestablishanddevelop,thecurrentbudgetnormsystemandtheincreasinglydoesnotadapt:quotaof"quantity"and"price"noseparate,andformeda"livingmarket"and"deadunitprice",theconflictcan'tinthemarkettruly,promptlyandaccuratelyreflectingthecostofbuildingproducts,Thecurrentbudgetrationofcomprehensivedegreebigger,constructionmeansconsumepartisdead,stockingsconstituteengineeringentityconsumptionpartisdecided,andbythedesignofconstructioncostparts,suchasfeethandscheme,thecontentsuchasverticaltransportationshouldbebyconstructionenterpriseinensuringall-roundtoperformthecontractunderthepremiseofthemselves,thecurrentnorm,shouldbelongtothecontentsoftheNingGuHuacompetition,tothedetrimentofconstructionenterpriseandadvantage,competitiontowin;Thecurrentbudgetnormwithlegalnatureandforcedpropertiesofbudgetrationdirectfeefeesstandard,developersandcontractorsarealteredarbitrarily,orplannedpricingfortheLord;Thecurrentbudgetquotavaluationmainlybydirectfee,indirectfee,independentfee,profitandtaxesconstitute,inadditiontodirectfeetotakeeverythingcorrectlyoutsidetherestrate'sform,andfeesimmobilized,goagainstintuitiveyreflecttheprojectcontentprice,andwiththeinternationalquotedpricewaygapbiggeralso.Inordertowhichinvestmentmacrodecisionandimprovethebenefitofinvestmentproject,musttheplanformationofengineeringcostpricemechanism,insteadofunderthestate'smacroeconomiccontrolbymarketmainlyformedengineeringcostpricemechanism,wasalsomustinunityquantitycalculationrulesandsocialaveragerealconsumptionquota,followthecommodityeconomybasedonthelawofvalue,establishmentofmarketmainlyformedcostpricemechanism:oneistofullyrealize"pricevolumeseparation.Thegovernmentissuedtheunityofquantityandpricebudgetnormsystem,insteadofthegovernmentissuedengineeringconsumptionquota,unitpriceforseven,becomecurrentlyissuedguidedpriceswantseveryonetoexecuteinsteadreleasedmarketinformation,thusmakingthepriceguidancetothepriceofchangingwithrelativelystablephysicalconsumptionphaseseparation,2itisunifiedquantitycalculationrules.Willgraduallyaccordingtointernationalhabit,unifiedquantitiesname,unitofmeasurement,calculationrules,projectNumbersisnotonlybeneficialtothemarketforguidance,etc,butalsowiththeinternationalcommunity,Threeistoengineeringentityconsumptionandnonentityconsumption(constructionmeasuresexconsume)relativeapart.Thisishelpfultothecontractorplaytotheirrespectiveadvantages,competitiontowin;Thefourthissimplifiedtrivalfees.ThecurrentnormofeachZiMucostcannotdirectlyreflect,mustrecalculatefeescanbeknown,ZiMuaftereachandeveryitemconstructioncostofthetotalvalueoftherelationshipwithfuzzy,simplifythefare,eachpartialandZiMucostandpricerelationshipbecameclear,whichinvestmentcontrolactivitiesandsubcontractoranddesignthevariationvaluation,Fiveisreservedtothegovernmentofimportantfactorsofproductionpriceinterventionpower.Astothemarketsomeresourceswhenthehighestpricefixing,fixingminimumdailywageslevelandsometypeofhighestdailywageslimitetc.Costdeterminationandinvestmentcontrolthroughoutthewholeprojectconstruction,projectinvestmentthathasthelargesteffectonstageofdesign.Inconstructionprojectsonthelifeperiod,preliminarydesignoftheprojectofconstructionprojectbasicallydecidedthescale,structure,constructionstandardsandusefunction,formeddesignbudgetaryestimate,determinetheinvestmentceiling.Afterthecompletionoftheconstructiondrawingdesign,formulateconstructiondrawingbudget,accuratelycalculateconstructionengineeringcost.Therefore,engineeringdesignistoinfluenceandcontrolofconstructionengineeringcostofkeysectorsandanimportantstage.Foralongtime,weintheconstructioncostmanagement,ignoredincommondesignphaseprojectofinvestmentcontrol,andoftentakecontrolprojectinvestmentandprojectcostfocusesontheimplementationstage,putinagreatdealofmanpowerandmaterialresourcestorevieworcomputingarchitectureinstallationprojectcost,seldomconsiderhowtoreachintoreasonablefund,acquirebeautifulgenerous,completefunctionsapplicable,reasonableeconomyconstructionproducts.Accordingtothedomesticandforeignrelevantstatisticsshowthatthepreliminarydesignstageaffectedtheprojectinvestmentamounttheamplitudeofthepossibilityfor70-90percent,inthetechnicaldesignstage(constructiondesign)affectinvestmentpossibilitiesfor30-75%,Duringtheprojectconstructionphase(theimplementationstageeffectofprojectinvestmentpossibilitiesfor5%-25%.Orspecifically,designphaseaffecttheprojectinvestmentpossibilityto80%,andthepossibilityoftheimplementationstageaffectinvestment,atbestnotexceed20%,namelythroughvariousmeasurestoreducecostutmostnothingmorethan20percentforthefollowing.Normallydesigndrawingsoncecompleted,"accordingtodrawingconstruction"istheprincipleofconstructionenterprisemustperform,constructionenterprisesshallnotbeentitledtooptionalchangedrawings,alsohavenotime,energyandtakeriskstoconsideroptimizationdesign.Andourcountrytherearegenerallydesigndepartmentconservative,somedesignonlyfigureconvenient,withexperiencewithoutschemecontrast,evenblindpursuesafetyanddesignfees,andbudgetcontrolisvitalinterestswiththedesigninstitutehasnothingtodo,sodon'tevenbreakthecontrol.Engineeringdesignandprojectcostissupposedtobeaunifiedwholeofmutualcoordinationandcooperationtopromotethetwotasks,andinourpractice,butlikeadifferentpathBenztwocar,villagepopulated,withoutrelevance.Designdepartment;thedesignqualityandgeneralregardlessofengineeringcost,ortotheconstructionofthecountrycausedagreatwasteofmoney.Tochangethissituation,adverseinthedesignstage,wemuststrengthentheconstructioncostanddesignbetweenhorizontalcooperation,promotedesign-limited,graduallyexecutedwith"price"fixed"quantity"designmethods,intheprojectinvestmentscope,accordingto"safe""economy""application""frugal"principleforengineeringdesign,promptingdesignershavecarefully,elaboratedesign,achieveinthedesignstageeffectivecontroloftheprojectcostpurpose;Tooptimizethedesignofargumentation,thepurposeofwhichistoadoptthedesignschemeisittechnicallyfeasible,functioncansatisfytheneed,economicallywhetherreasonable,whetherusingonsafetyandreliability.Especiallyineconomy,designoptimizationisimportantmeansofcontrol,anewprocessofuse,newmaterialofdedication,somelocaldesignchangeetc,thesefactorschange,oftenmakeengineeringcostgreatlyincreaseordecrease.Accordingtoresearchdatashows,thedepartmentofconstructionprojectissensitive,spacelayout,layernumberandlayeraretall,structureandthechoiceofmaterials,designoftheselectionofthefactors,thedirectimpactonthediscretionoftheengineeringcost.So,wanttocontroltheengineeringcostinthedesignphase,shewilldoitwelldesignoptimizationofwork,inthedesignstagedesignbiddingandthedesignschemeofthecampaign,anduseofvalueengineeringmeansofalternativestooptimizedesignscheme,whichwillbethetechnicalandeconomicevaluation,achievetruewithoptimaldesign,themosteconomicinvestment,tobuildthebestprojectpurposes.Constructionengineeringcostcontrolprocess,isprojectcostmanagementisthemainform,istoimprovetheprojectinvestmentbenefitisthekey,itisperforativeindecisionevaluationphase,designphase,projectcontractingstage,constructionimplementationstage,suchasthecompletionacceptancestageprojectconstructionprocess.Scientificsubtleandsystematicallystagessetupinvestmentcontroltarget,canpassaimcontrol,intheprojectinvestmentdecision-making,design,andimplementationstage,theout-contractinginvestmentamountcontrolbeforetheapprovedlimitsandtorectifywithined.,ensureinvestmenttargetsmoothrealizationandmakeinvestmentestimation,projectbudget,contractingestimates,thedesigncontractpricemorereasonableaccurate,realandreflecttheobjectiveprojectreality,effectivelypreventingthebudgetprocessamountexceedstheestimation,thebudgetexceedsthebudgetestimates,thecompletionofthis"settlementSanChao"phenomenalhappenin

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论