PDA TR29清洁验证考虑要点

TechnicalReportNo.29(Revised2012)PointstoConsiderCleaningParadigmChangeinManufacturingOperationsSMPDATaskForceonTechnicalReportNo.29(Revised2012):toConsiderforCleaningAuthorsDestinA.LeBlanc,Cleaning(Chair)GretchenAllison,PfizerL.Carlson,GenentechGeorge,ConsultantIgorIrwinS.Hirsh,NordiskAS

JamieOsborne,Siegfried(USA),Inc.GregRandall,BaxterBiosciencePierre-MichelRiss,EliLillySTERISCorporationLtd.ThecontentandviewsexpressedinthisTechnicalReportaretheresultofaconsensusachievedbytheauthorizingTaskForceandarenotnecessarilyviewsoftheorganizationstheyrepresent.PointstoTechnicalReportNo.29(Revised2012)ISBN:978-0-939459-48-3©2012ParenteralDrugAssociation,Inc.Allrightsreserved.ParadigmChangeinManufacturingOperations(PCMOSM)launchedtheprojectrelatedtothePCMOprograminDecember2008tohelpimple-mentthescientificapplicationoftheICHQ8,Q9andQ10series.BoardofDirectorsap-thisprogramincooperationwiththeRegulatoryAffairsandQualityAdvisoryBoard,andBiotechnologyAdvisoryBoardandScienceAdvisoryBoardofAlthoughthereaoftoaddressthisconcept,thePCMOprogramfol-andthedrugproductthestrategicthemeofprocessrobustnesswith-intheofthemanufacturingoperations.ThisprojectfocusesonPharmaceuticalQualitySystemsasanenablerofQualityRiskManagementandManagement.UsingtheParenteralDrugAssociation’s(PDA)membershipexpertise,thegoaloftheParadigmChangeinManufacturingOperationsProjectistodrivetheestablishmentof‘bestpractice’docu-mentsand/ortrainingeventsinordertoassistpharmaceuticalmanufacturersofInvestigationalMedicinalProducts(IMPs)andcommercialproductsinimplementingtheICHguidelinesonPhar-maceuticalDevelopment(ICHQ8,Q11),QualityRiskManagement(ICHQ9)andPharmaceuticalQualitySystems(ICHQ10).PCMOfollowstheproductlifecycleconceptandhasthefollowingstrategicintent:EnableancontinualofproductsandsystemsIntegratescienceandtechnologyintomanufacturingpracticeEnhancemanufacturingprocessriskbaseddecisionmakingandmanage-mentcommunicationamongindustryandregulatoryauthoritiesTheProductLifeCyclePharmaceuticalDevelopmentTechnologyPharmaceuticalDevelopmentTechnologyTransferCommercialManufacturingProductDiscontinuationTableofContentsTableofContentsIntroduction 1Purpose/Scope 1Glossaryof3DefinitionofAcronyms 5CleaningProcessDesignandDevelopment 7CleaningProcessDesign 7CleaningProcessOverview 8Physical-chemicalAspects 9DesignConsiderations 10LocationofCleaning 10In-PlaceCleaning 10Clean-in-Place(CIP)Systems 10SolventRefluxCleaning 11PlaceboBatchesasaCleaningMethod 11Out-of-PlaceCleaning 11Clean-Out-of-PlaceSystems 12Automatedvs.ManualSystems 12ManualProcesses 12Semi-AutomatedProcesses 12AutomatedProcesses 13SoilEvaluationandCategorization 13SoilCategories 13SoilRemoval 13EquipmentConsiderations 14Dedicated–NondedicatedManufacturingEquipment NonproductContact–ProductContactSurfaces Low-RiskSites–High-RiskSites.15MaterialsofConstruction 15OperationalConsiderations 15CleaningAgentSelection 16ProductConsiderations 16ProductRiskConsiderations 17CleaningDevelopmentLaboratoryExperiments 17SoilSelection 17ParameterSelection 18ParameterInteractions 19MeasurementstoDetermineCleaningEffectiveness 19CleaningProcessScale-Up 193.5.1 SettingProcessControls 19Applyingthe“DesignSpace”Conceptto

CleaningProcesses 20StandardOperatingProcedures 21OperatorTrainingfortheCleaningProcess 21IntroductionofNewProductstoaValidatedCleaningSystem 22Qualification 23ProtocolElements 23KeyProtocolIssues 23NumberofRunsinaProtocol 24MockSoiling 24Worst-CaseProcessConditions 24DispositionofProductsandEquipmentduringValidation Grouping/FamilyApproach 25ProductGrouping 26EquipmentGrouping 26IntroductionofaNewProductorEquipmentintoaGroup “CleaningVerification”Documentation 27ResidueandLimits 29ConsiderationsforDevelopingLimits 29TheBasisforQuantitativeLimits 30AcceptableConcentrationofResidueinNextProduct ARLBasedonDrugActiveDose 30ARLBasedon31ADEDeterminationsBasedonISPE’sRisk-MaPP CalculationsBasedonLD50Data 32OtherARLDeterminations 33AcceptableCarryover 33SurfaceAreaLimit 34LimitinProtocolSamples 34LimitperSwab 34ConcentrationLimitinExtractedSwabSolvent 34ConcentrationLimitinRinseSamplingSolution 35ConsolidatedExpressions 35ExampleCalculations 36OtherConsiderations 36MultipleNextProducts 36NextProductinVerificationApproach DefaultLimits 37UseofDifferentSafetyFactors 38DifferentRoutesofAdministration 38DifferentDosesforAdultsandChildren 38HumanandVeterinaryProductsManufacturedonSameEquipment 38ResiduesofGenotoxicandOtherHighlyHazardousActiveIngredients LimitsBasedonAnalyticalDetectionLimits 39DegradationoftheActiveIngredient.39LimitsNotMeasureable 39LimitsforOrganicSolvents 39DedicatedEquipment 40DividingaLimitamongVariousPiecesofEquipment 40 LimitsforPreferentialTransfertoaPortionoftheNextProduct LimitsforBiotechnologyManufacture 40ProductswithMoreThanOneActiveIngredient BioburdenLimits 41EndotoxinLimits 42VisuallyCleanCriterion 42Sampling 43SamplingMethodSelection 43DirectSamplingMethods 43VisualInspection 43InstrumentalMethods 44RinseSampling 44ExtractionRinseSamplingforSmallParts SolventRefluxSampling 46SwabandWipeSampling 46PlaceboSampling 47SamplingforMicrobialandEndotoxinAnalysis 47AdditionalConsiderations 48SamplingRecoveryStudies 48GeneralConsiderations 48Swab/WipeRecovery 49RinseRecovery 50“Recovery”inVisualInspection 51RecoveryforBioburdenandEndotoxinSampling 51TrainingandQualificationofSamplers 51

KeyIssuesforTrainingforSwabSampling 52KeyIssuesforTrainingforRinseSampling TrainingforVisualInspection 52AnalyticalMethods 54PurposesoftheAnalyticalMethods 54PracticalConsiderationsinSelectingAnalyticalMethods Specificvs.NonspecificAnalyticalMethodsforValidationProtocols RegulatoryStatusofSpecificandNonspecificMethods MostCommonlyUsedAnalyticalTechniques56LiquidChromatography(LC) 56UltraViolet/VisibleSpectrophotometry(UV/Vis) OrganicCarbon(TOC) 57Conductivity 57OrganolepticEvaluation 58OtherUsefulAnalyticalTechniques 597.5.1 pH 59InfraRed(IR) 59LightMicroscopy 59Titrations 59GravimetricAnalysis 59EnzymeLinkedImmunosorbantAssay(ELISA) 60AtomicAbsorption(AA)andInductivelyCoupledPlasma(ICP) 60IonMobilitySpectrometry(IMS) 60MicrobialMethods 60Endotoxin 60Bioburden 60AnalyticalMethodValidation 61GeneralPrinciples 61CompendialMethods 62VisualInspection 63BioburdenMethods 63TransfertoanotherLaboratoryandUseofContractLaboratories 63MaintenanceofValidatedState 64CriticalParameterMeasurement 64ProcessAlarms 64ChangeControl 65RoutineMonitoring 66DataTrendingandReview 66EvaluationofCumulativeChanges 67Training 67PeriodicReview 67Documentation 69CleaningValidationMasterPlans 69ElementsofaComprehensivePlan 70HarmonizationofSiteCleaningValidationPrograms DocumentationforDesign/Development 71DocumentationforQualification 72DocumentationforValidationMaintenance 72OtherDocumentationConsiderations 73SpecialConsiderations 75CleaningAgents 757575OrganicSolvents 75CommodityAlkali 75CommodityAcids 75FormulatedDetergents 75FactorsinSelection 76BroadSpectrumEffectiveness 76SubstrateCompatibility 76StabilityandShelfLife 76Analyzability 76Disposal 76Safety 7676Rinsability 76Quality 76NonproductContactSurfaces 76ProcessAnalyticalTechnology 77TimelyMeasurements 77forCleaningProcessControl 77AdditionalConsiderationsforOnlineMeasurements CleanHoldConsiderations 78NewandUsedEquipment 80NewEquipment 80CleaningProcedureDevelopment 80Post-InstallationCleaning 81

GroupingImpact 81LimitCalculationImpact 81UsedEquipment 81MeasurementSystemsAnalysis(MSA)10.6.1MSAComponents AttributeR&R 82MinimizingVariations 82MSAandCleaningValidationStrategy 82CleaningforAPIManufacture 83DrugProducts 84DrugProductswithSystemicAvailability 84DrugProductswithNoorLimitedSystemicAvailability AdjustedCalculation 85ModificationBasedonFrequencyofApplication 85ModificationBasedonAmountAppliedperSurfaceArea AdditionalConsiderations 86AdditionalSafetyConsiderations 86AdditionalCleaningConsiderations 86AnimalDrugProducts 86PackagingComponentsandPackagingEquipment 86PrimaryPackagingComponents 86OralDosageFormsPrimaryPackagingComponents ParenteralDosageFormsPrimaryPackagingComponents PackagingEquipment 87PrimaryPackagingEquipment 87SecondaryPackagingEquipment.88andHoses 88Excipients 89DedicatedEquipment 89ReasonsforDedication 89CleaningValidationIssues 9011.0RegulatoryandGuidanceDocuments 9112.0References 9213.0SuggestedReadings 94FIGURESANDTABLESINDEX3.1-1 CPPandCQAConsiderationsthathavePotentialRiskImpacttoaCleaningProcess 3.1-2 TheCleaningSpectrum 83.2-1 CleaningProcessSteps(Examples) 96.1.2-1 ComparisonofGrabSamplingversusSeparateSamplingRinse 45

6.1.2-2 AdvantagesandLimitationsofRinseSampling 456.1.3-1 AdvantagesandLimitationsofSwab/WipeSampling 47Figure9.5-1 DocumentationforProcessFlow 74PAGEPAGE100/149Introduction引言Cleaningvalidationplaysanimportantroleinreducingthepossibilityofproductcontaminationfrompharmaceuticalmanufacturingequipment.Itdemonstratesthatthecleaningprocessadequatelyandconsistentlyremovesproductresidues,processresiduesandenvironmentalcontaminantsfromthemanufacturingequipment/system,sothatthisequipment/systemcanbesafelyusedforthemanufactureofspecifiedsubsequentproducts(whichmaybethesameoradifferentproduct).AsusedinthisReport,“product”maybeadrugproduct,activepharmaceuticalingredient,intermediate,oranothertypeofformulation.If“drugproduct”isintended,thatterminologywillbeutilized.Principlesandpracticesgiveninthisreportmayapplytoavarietyofmanufacturingsituations.Itisincumbentonthereadertodecidetheappropriatenessofthoseprinciplesandpracticestohis/herspecificsituation.持续充分除去生产设备上/系统中产品残留、工艺残留和环境污染，所以该设备/系统可以安全地生（相同或不同产品用于各种生产情况。读者应自行决定这些原则和规范是否适用他/她的具体情况。Thisreportbuildsonthe1998PDATechnicalReportNo.29,PointstoConsiderforCleaningValidation(1).Thisreportalsohasutilizedprinciplesandspecificwordingfromthe2010PDATechnicalReportNo.49,PointstoConsiderforBiotechnologyCleaningValidation(2).TheauthorsofthisrevisedTechnicalReport#29wouldliketothankthemembersoftheTaskForceswhowereresponsibleforthosetwoearlierdocumentsformakingourjobeasier.1998PDA29号“清洁验证要点”(1)2010PDA49(2)29号作者非常感谢这两个较早版本的工作组成员，使我们的工作变得更容易。ThisrevisedTechnicalReportpresentsupdatedinformationthatisalignedwithlifecycleapproachestovalidationandtheInternationalConferenceonHarmonisation(ICH)guidelinesQ8(R2)-PharmaceuticalDevelopment,Q9-QualityRiskManagementandQ10-PharmaceuticalQualitySystem(3,4,5).Also,thisreportaimstoassistreaderswhowanttocreateorbenchmarkacleaningvalidationprogramfortheirequipmentandfacilities.本修订版技术报告提出了更新的信息，即结合了生命周期的验证方法和国际协调会议（ICH）的指Q8(R2)-药物开发、Q9-Q10-制药质量体系(3,4,5)。此外，这份报告也有助于读者建立或评估自己的设备、设施的清洁验证计划。ThisTaskForcewascomposedofEuropeanandNorthAmericanprofessionalsfrompharmaceuticalmanufacturers,cleaningchemicalsuppliers,andconsultingcompanies.Thereporthasundergoneaglobal,technicalpeerreviewtoensureconcepts,terminology,andpracticespresentedarereflectiveofsoundscienceandcanbeusedglobally.该工作组是由欧盟和北美的制药专家、清洁化学品供应商和咨询公司组成。该报告经过了一个全球性的技术同行评审，确保概念、术语、规范科学、合理，可在全球范围使用。Purpose/Scope目的/范围ThisTechnicalReportcoversallfacetsofcleaningvalidationforpharmaceuticalmanufacturers,includingbothmanufacturersofAPIsanddrugproducts.Italsoappliestobiotechnologymanufacturing;however,thereadershouldconsultPDATechnicalReportNo.49,PointstoConsiderforBiotechnologyCleaningValidationformoredetailandspecificsforbiotechnologymanufacturing(2).Wehaveincludedalifecyclecleaningvalidationapproach,includingdesign/developmentofthecleaningprocess,processqualification(includingtheprotocolruns),andongoingvalidationmaintenance.Whilethedocumentdiscussesrisk-basedapproaches,itdoesnotprovidedetailsaboutrisk-basedmanufacturing.PDAhasformedaTaskForcetowriteaTechnicalReportonthattopic.PDA49(2)，获得生物/工艺确认（包括方案实施）和持续验证维护。尽管采用了基于风险的方法，本报告没有详细论述基于风险的生产。PDA已经成立了撰写该主题技术报告的工作组。cannotemphasizeenoughhowimportantriskanalysesareintheselectionofandvalidationofcleaningprocessesandtheirvalidation.Thisincludesthetraditionalriskanalysisbasedoneffectsonproductqualityandonpatients.Italsoincludesbusinessriskconsiderations,suchasstepstakentominimizelostproductfromcontamination(evenifdetectionsystemsareinplacetopreventreleaseofthatcontaminatedproductforconsumeruse).低（即使有检测系统防止受污染的产品被放行。ThesepracticesandtheassociatedguidanceinthisReportarebasedontechnicalconsiderationsandshouldbeapplicableinallregulatoryenvironments.However,theintentofthisTechnicalReportisnottoprovideadetailedplanorroadmapforapharmaceuticalmanufacturertoperformcleaningvalidation.Rather,asthetitlesuggests,itpresents“pointstoconsider”asonedesignsacleaningvalidationprogramforprocessequipmentbasedonanunderstandingofmanufacturingandcleaningprocesses.Incleaningvalidation,therearegenerallymultiplewaystoaccomplishthesamegoalofacompliant,scientificallysoundandpracticalcleaningvalidationprogram.Whereoptionsaregiven,therationalesforsuchoptionsarealsogenerallygiven.Examplesarenotmeanttobeprescriptiveorlimiting;theymerelyillustrateacertainpractice.ActualacceptablepracticesshouldnotbeconsideredlimitedbythediscussioninthisReport.Basedonanunderstandingoftheuniquenatureofanyindividualsituation,differentapproachesoradditionalissuesshouldalsobeconsidered.Soundsciencebasedonanunderstandingofthecleaningandmanufacturingprocessesmayleadtootherequallyacceptablepractices.TheForcethatdevelopedthisdocumenthopesthatthereportwillbeusedinthisspiritandwillnotbesolelyusedasachecklist.法不应被本技术报告中讨论所限制。基于对任何单个情况独特性的理解，不同的方法或其他问题也应考虑。对于清洁和制造工艺的合理、科学理解可能会导致其他同样可以接受的做法。制定本文件的工作组希望该报告的使用应本着这一精神而不仅仅作为一个检查清单使用。Thisreportshouldbeconsideredtobearesourcetohelpguidethedevelopmentorevaluationofacleaningvalidationprogram.Itisnotintendedtoestablishmandatorystandardsforcleaningvalidation.Itisintendedtobeasingle-sourceoverviewforpharmaceuticalmanufacturersthatcomplementsexistingregulatoryguidanceandotherdocumentsreferencedinthisdocument.ThereadershouldalsobeawarethataspecifictopicmaybediscussedinseveralsectionsofthisTechnicalReport.Therefore,amorecompleteperspectivemaybeobtainedbyconsideringallrelevantsectionsaboutacertaintopic.Furthermore,whilemanyapproachesarepresentedhere,specificapproachesutilizedforagivencleaningprocessshouldbeselectedbasedonagoodunderstandingofthatprocess,aswellastheappropriatenessoftheselectedpracticeforthatspecificsituation.ItisnotenoughtomerelysaythatthepracticeismentionedasanacceptableoneinPDATechnicalReportNo.29;eachfirmshouldbepreparedtodefendwhytheselectedapproachisavalidoneforitsoperations(1).PDA29号是作为一个可以接受的操作”是不够的，每个企业应该准备回答为什么所选择的方法是一个有效的方法(1)。Glossaryof术语集AcceptableDailydosethatisunlikelytocauseanadverseeffectifanindividualisexposed,byanyroute,atorbelowthisdoseeverydayforalifetime.可接受的日暴露量：指通过任何途径，在等于或低于此剂量时一个人终身接触都不可能造成不利影响的剂量。AcceptableDailyamountofasubstanceconsumedonadailybasisthatisconsideredatasafelevel.可接受的每日摄入量：每日摄入某种物质被认为是安全水平的剂量。AcceptanceCriteria：Numericallimits,ranges,orothersuitablemeasuresfortheacceptanceoftestresults.可接受标准：接受测试结果的数值限度，范围，或其它合适的测量值。AcceptanceLimit：Themaximumamountofresidueallowedinaproduct,inananalyticalsample,orasanamountpersurfacearea.可接受限度：产品中允许的最大残留量，以分析样品中残留含量或每表面积残留数量表示。ActivePharmaceuticalIngredient(API)orDrugSubstance：Anysubstanceormixtureofsubstancesintendedtobeusedinthemanufactureofadrug(medicinal)productandwhenusedintheproductionofadrug,becomesanactiveingredientofthedrugproduct(alsocalled“drugsubstance”).药用活性成分（API）或原料药：用于制备制剂的任何物质或混合物质，如果用于生产药品，该物质或混合物就为制剂的一个活性成分（。Analyte：Substance(usuallyaresidue)forwhichananalysisisbeingperformed.分析物（：（通常是指残留物。Blank：Analyticalsampletakentoestablishbackgroundvaluefortheanalyticalmeasurementwhichmaybesubtractedfromanexperimentalvaluetodeterminethe“true”value.空白对照：用于分析测量建立背景值的分析样品，可将实验测试结果减去该背景值以确定“真”值。Campaign：Processingofmultiplelotsorbatchesofthesameproductseriallyinthesameequipment.阶段性生产：多个批次的同一产品在同一设备连续加工。Changeover：Thestepstakenforswitchingmultiproductequipmentfromthemanufactureofoneproducttothemanufactureofadifferentproduct.切换生产：指在多品种生产设备上从一个产品的切换至另一产品的制造所采取的步骤。Clean：Havingproductresidues,processresidues,andenvironmentalcontaminantsremovedtoanacceptablelevel.清洁：将产品残留、工艺残留和环境污染物去除至可接受的水平。CleanHoldtimefromtheendofthecleaningprocessuntiltheequipmentisusedagain(whichmaybeproductmanufacture,autoclaving,orasteaminplace(SIP)cycle).清洁保持时间：指从清洁工艺结束至设备再次使用（也可以是产品生产、高压灭菌或在线蒸汽灭菌（CleaningAgent：Thesolutionorsolventusedinthewashingstepofacleaningprocess.Examplesofcleaningagentsarewater,organicsolvent,commoditychemicaldilutedinwater,andformulateddetergentdilutedinwater.清洁剂：清洁工艺中用于清洗步骤的溶液或溶剂。清洁剂有水、有机溶剂、用水稀释的日用化学品和用水稀释的配方洗涤剂。Cleaningdocumentationthatassuresanyproductandprocess-relatedmaterialintroducedintoequipmentaspartofthemanufacturingprocessstreamisremovedandtheequipmentisadequatelystored.清洁规程：指保证随生产引入到设备中的所有产品及工艺相关的物料被除去，设备被适当地存放的文件。CleaningProcess：Aprocessthatisusedtoremoveanyproduct,process-relatedmaterialandenvironmentalcontaminantintroducedintoequipmentaspartofthemanufacturingstream.清洁工艺：指清除因生产而引入设备的任何产品、工艺相关的物料和环境污染物的过程。CleaningValidation：Documentedevidencewithahighdegreeofassurancethatacleaningprocesswillresultinproductsmeetingtheirpredeterminedqualityattributesthroughoutitslifecycle.清洁验证：指一个清洁工艺能够确保产品在其生命周期内满足预定质量属性的有效证明文件。CleaningVerification：Aone-timesamplingandtestingtoensurethatspecifiedequipmenthasbeenproperlycleanedfollowingaspecificcleaningevent.清洁效果确认：一次性取样和测试以确保所指定的设备在清洁后已得到适当清洁。oamiaonnudesededueoresideevlncenedqupentsuasornaanactudproduct.污染：指在已清洁的设备表面或生产的产品中不期望的残留物或残留水平。Coupon：Asmall,generallyflatportionofadefinedmaterialofconstruction(suchasstainlesssteelorPTFE)andofadefinedsurfacefinish,typicallyusedforlaboratorycleaningevaluationsand/orforlaboratorysamplingrecoverystudies材质试样：一块小的、通常是平整的特定材质（如不锈钢或PTFE）样品，经过特定表面处理，主要用于实验室清洁评估和/或用于实验室取样回收率研究。DedicatedEquipment：Equipmentusedexclusivelyforthemanufactureofonlyonedrugproduct,bulkdrugsubstance,orintermediate.专用设备：专门用于一种制剂、原料药或中间体生产的设备。Degradation：Breakdown(usuallychemical)ofmaterialduringmanufacture(includingduringandafterthecleaningprocess).降解：在制造过程中（包括清洁过程及清洁后）物质的分解（通常是化学的。DirtyHoldTime：Thetimefromtheendofproductmanufacturinguntilthebeginningofthecleaningprocess(alsocalled“soiledholdtime”).生产后保持时间：生产结束至清洁过程开始的时间（DryEquipment：Novisiblewaterintheequipmentorlinewhenviewedunderappropriatelightingconditions.干燥的设备：在适当照明条件下观察设备或生产线无可见水分。EquipmentTrain：Thesequenceofequipmentthroughwhichaproductisproducedorprocessed.设备组：按照产品生产或加工流程排列的一组设备。FreeDrainedEquipment：Novisiblewaterpoolintheequipmentorlinewhenviewedunderappropriatelightingconditions(butmaycontainwaterdroplets).自排水设备：在适当的照明条件下观察设备或生产线无可见积水（但可能含有水滴。GroupingStrategy：Astrategyforestablishingsimilarcleaningprocesses,usuallybasedonsimilarproductsorsimilarequipment,andtovalidatethecleaningprocessbasedprimarilyonvalidationdataforarepresentativeofthegroup.分组策略：是指根据同类产品或类似设备建立类似的清洁工艺的策略，主要根据代表性的产品/设备的验证数据来验证该清洁工艺。HighlyHazardousDrugActive：Adrugactivethatcancauseseriousadverseeffectsattypicaldoses.Thoseadverseeffectsaregenerallynotrelatedtothemaintherapeuticactivityofthedrug,andincludeseffectssuchascarcinogenicity,mutagenicity,genotoxicity,reproductivehazards,allergenicity,andcytotoxicity.高度危险的药物活性成分：指在常用剂量下可导致严重副作用的药物活性成分。这些副作用通常与药物治疗的主要功能是不相关的，包括致癌性，致突变性，基因毒性，生殖危害，致敏性和细胞毒性。InvestigationalMedicinalpharmaceuticalformofanactivesubstanceorplacebobeingtestedorusedasareferenceinaclinicaltrial.临床用药品：活性物质或安慰剂的药物制剂，用于临床试验的测试或对照。LD50：Thedoseofamaterialwhichresultsin50%mortalityinananimaltest半数致死量：动物实验中导致50%死亡的剂量。Limit：Avalueforaresidueabovewhichacleaningprocesswouldnotbeacceptable限度：指一残留物水平，超过该数值，则该清洁工艺不符合要求。Marker：Componentofaproductoracleaningagentusedasananalytetoquantitatethetotalamountofproductorcleaningagentpresent.标记物：一个产品或清洁剂的成分，作为分析物对产品或清洁剂总量进行定量。Mocksoilwhichisusedinplaceofthemanufacturedproductduringacleaningvalidationprotocol(alsocalleda“surrogate”soil).模拟污物：清洁验证中用于替代所生产产品的污物（也叫“污物替代物MockSoiling：Aprocessofsoilingtheequipmentforacleaningvalidationprotocolinwhichsoilisappliedtotheequipmentsurfacestosimulatetheconditionofthesoilonthosesurfacesfollowingtypicalproductmanufacturing.模拟脏污：清洁验证方案中弄脏设备的过程，即将污物涂布至设备表面以模拟常规产品生产后设备表面上脏污状况。NormalDose：Thetherapeuticdoseofaproductasgivenontheapprovedproductlabeling.正常剂量：指经批准在产品标签上列出的产品治疗剂量。ProductChangeover：Proceduralstepstakenforswitchingfromthemanufacturingofoneproducttoanotherproduct.产品切换：从制造一种产品切换到另一种产品所采取的程序。RecoveryStudy：Alaboratorystudycombiningthesamplingmethodandanalyticalmethodtodeterminethequantitativerecoveryofaspecificresidueforadefinedsurface.回收率研究：结合取样方法和分析方法确定特定表面上残留物定量回收率的实验室研究。Residue：Chemicalormicrobiologicalmaterialremainingonequipmentsurfacesafteracleaningprocess.残留物：清洁后残留在设备表面的化学物或微生物。Soil：Thechemicalormicrobiologicalmaterialsleftonprocessequipmentaftercompletionofprocessmanufacturing,butbeforeinitiationofthecleaningprocess.污物：生产结束之后清洁开始之前遗留在工艺设备上的化学或微生物物质。Worst-CaseProcessCondition：Aconditionorsetofconditionsencompassingupperand/orlowerprocessinglimitsandcircumstances,withinstandardoperatingprocedures,whichposethegreatestchanceofproductorprocessfailurewhencomparedtoidealconditions(suchconditionsdonotnecessarilyinduceproductorprocessfailure).最差工艺条件：指在标准的操作程序中包含工艺限度和工艺条件上下限的一个或一组工艺条件。与理想条件比较产品或工艺会产生最大的失败机会（这些条件不一定会引起产品或过程失效。CaseSoil：Asoilthatisthemostdifficulttocleanfromproductionequipmentbasedonknowledgegeneratedfromlaboratorystudies,scientificproperties,and/orproductionexperience.最差污物：指基于实验室研究、科学性质和/或生产经验等知识确定的最难从生产设备上清洁的污物。DefinitionofAcronyms首字母缩略词AA:AtomicAbsorptionAA:原子吸收ADE:AcceptableDailyExposureADE:可接受的日暴露量ADI:AcceptableDailyIntakeADI:可接受的每日摄入量API:ActivePharmaceuticalIngredientAPI:药物活性成分CAPA:CorrectiveandPreventiveActionsCAPA:纠正与预防措施CBER:CentersForBiologicalEvaluationandResearchCBER:生物评价与研究中心CDER:CentersforDrugEvaluationandResearchCDER:药物评价与研究中心CFU:ColonyFormingUnitCFU:菌落形成单位CGMPs:CurrentGoodManufacturingPracticesCGMPs:现行药品生产质量管理规范CIP:Clean-In-PlaceCIP:在线清洁COP:CleanOut-of-PlaceCOP:离线清洁CPP:CriticalProcessParametersCPP:关键工艺参数CQA:CriticalQualityAttributesCQA:关键质量属性CZE:CapillaryZoneElectrophoresisCZE:毛细管区带电泳法

DOE:DesignofExperimentsDOE:实验设计ELISA:EnzymeLinkedImmunosorbantAssayELISA:酶联免疫吸附