工程实用英语教程读写课文和翻译

unit 教GraduateStudyChallengesandStrategiesfor：读研的与成功策LindaWestonKramer,RN,BSN,(1)Thedecisiontopursuegraduatestudiesshouldnotbetakenlightly.Decisionsshouldbemadeafterseriousconsiderationofalandprofessionalgoals.Onemustevaluatethevarietyofprogramsoffered,whethertraditionaloncampusversusonlineclassroom,costofcontinuingeducation,financialaidavailability,employmentwhileinschool,timeallotmenttocompletestudies,computerprogramtechnicalskills,andcomputer/libraryaccess,toobtainamaster'sdegree.Graduateprogramsshouldhelpthestudentacquire3corecompetencies.。(1)继续读研的决定不应太草率必须先慎重考虑个人及职业发展目标为了获得，必须评估继续接受教育的费用，是否可以获得经济资助，能否，完成学业的时间分配，个人计算机能力，学校计算机及馆资源等各类因素教育应该帮助学生获得三种。(2)MichaelWoolcock,aprofessorofSocialScienceandDevelopmentandResearchDirectoroftheBrooksWorldPovertyInstituteinUniversityOfManchester,liststhese3skillsasdetective(datacollection,ysis,andinterpretation),translator(reframinggivenideasfordiversegroups),anddiplomat(negotiation,mediation,anddealmaking).Benefitsofamaster'sdegreeincludeinlectualimprovement,aldevelopment,acquisitionofenhancedverbal/writingskills,advancementincareerpositions,andnetworkingwithpeersandcolleagues.AccordingtoWai-ChingLeung,aseniorregistrarinPublicHealthMedicine,NewcastleCityHealthTrust,UKandalsoaprolificwriter,graduatesofmaster'sdegreesarerequiredtoshoworiginality,knowledgeapplication,andawarenessofcriticalissuesonahigherlevelthanundergraduates.(2)迈克尔·沃尔考克是曼彻斯特大会科学和发展政策学教授以及布鲁克斯世界贫困问题的项目。他将这三种能列为：能力（数收集、分诠释，翻译能（将已有点阐述给不同的群体，能力（判、斡旋取得共识带来好处包括力的提升个人的成长、口语/在性知应用察关键题的能面生表现出本科生高的水准梁先生英国纽斯尔市康构公共部门资深医师同时也一位多产作家。(3)Thefirstchallengeisunderstandingwhichkindofgraduatestudywillprepareandmeetbasicindividualneeds.Timeconstraintsareanotherfactorbecauseinctionwithprofessors,currentgraduatestudents,andcounselorsarenecessaryinmakingthatinitialdecision.Onlinedegreeacquisitionboastsofscheduleflexibility,studentssettingtheirownpace,notraveltime,and24/7Webinction.Buttherearestilldeadlinesandassignmentsthatmustbemetwhiletryingtomeetthedemandsofdailyliving.Onlinestudentsoftenfeelisolatedfromotherstudentsandstudent.Studentsmustbalancework,family,andschooldemandswherefeelingsofbeingrushedandfatiguedarecommon.Often,everythingelseinyourlifetakesprecedenceoverschool.Failuretocompleteacourseordegreeisusuallycausedbysocialorfamilyreasonsratherthanacademic你首先的是了解哪一类的培养计划能满足个人基本需求并为其做好准备。另外一个是时限制因与教授读及顾问们交流是出这个初决定的必要过程读络 以有弹学习时间生以制定自的学习度无需花间往园，且可以天4小时行网络流。但，在尽力足日常活要求同时，学生们仍然完成各作业及对各种止期限接教育学生还常觉得老师和其他同学隔开了准读研的生必须估各类教育的似与不同学生们须在工作家庭和学要求之找到平衡这三点常学生们有迫感与惫感通常情况是生活中其它事都比学重要所不能完学业或获得 的因经常来自社会与家庭，不是学。Thesecondstrategyistimemanagement.Keepanotebooktojotthoughts,ideas,andobservationstouseatalatertime.Make"to-do"lists,crossingouttasksastheyarecompleted.RameshB.Navuluri,afamilynursepractitionerinLeaRegionalMedicalCenter,Hobbs,NewMexicocomparedthebasicsoftimemanagementtoourheart'srhythmusingthePQRSTUmnemonic.PisforPrioritizingeventsthatarecontrolledbyothersandthosecontrolledbyyou.QistoQuestionthetask'seffectiveness,efficacy,andefficiency.Thisinvolvesknowingthe"why's"toenableplishment.RisRecheckyourlistofcompletedandunfinishedtasksand/oreventsassoonaspossible.SisSelf-relianceinknowingwhatyoucanorcannotdoaswellascanorcannotcontrol.Thekeyhereistoberealistic,adaptive,creative,andpersistent.TisTreatingyourself.Takeabreaktoclearyourmind.Restartworkingafterfeelingreadyorrefreshed.Finally,UisYoucandoit.IalwaysthinkofRobSchneiderfrom"SaturdayNightLive"whenIhearthatphrase!However,itisverymotivationaltoascertainthatyoucandoit,whetherbyyourselforasateamwithothers.Thethirdandfinalstrategyforsuccessisstressmanagement.Therearemanywaystodestress,butithastobesomethingthatisenjoyableandmeaningful.Physicalactivity,singing,crafts,music,meditation,traveling,andmassagesarevariousoutletsforrelievingstress.中划掉来自新墨西哥州区域医疗中心的一名家庭护士. 将治疗的设备PQRSTU一词用于比较时间管理的基本概念和我们心脏的节奏。P是Prioritizing，确定被他人及你自己掌控的那些事情的优先处理次序。Q是Question，质疑任务的有效性、效果及效率。这点涉及到要知道“何以”来确保任务的完成。R是Recheck，备好、精力充沛了再重新开始工作。最后，UYoucandoit，你能做到。这句话总使(5)Graduatestudycanbeverychallengingbutrewarding.Studiesshowthatgraduateprogramgraduatessubscribetooccupation-relatedjournals,participateinnationalorganization,andreadprofessionaljournals.IhavemyownABCmnemonictouseoncethedecisiontofurtheryoureducationismade.AisAssessyouralandprofessionalgoals.Manyjobsnowrequireamaster'sdegree.BisBuyintoyourdecision!Weighalloftheprosandconsbeforechoosing.Andfinally,CisChargeahead,keeyourgoalinsight!。BBuyinto，相信你的决定！但是在做出决定之前，务必权衡所有的利弊。C是Chargeahead，勇往直前，朝着目标努力！Beforeapplyingtograduateschool,youshouldconsiderseriouslyyouralandprofessionalgoals.Youmustbefullyawareofthevariouspotentialchallengesthatyoumightbefacedwithwhenyoustudyingraduateschool.Oncethedecisionismade,youmustbeclearthateverythingelseinyourlifecannottakeprecedenceoveryourstudies.Youmustalsolearntousestrategiesforsuccess,toprioritizeevents,toberealistic,self-reliant,adaptiveandpersistent.Onlyinthiswaycanyoucompleteyourcoursesandobtainyourmaster’sdegreesuccessfully.生、自我调整及坚持不懈。，你才能够顺利完成学业并获得。NoteLindaWestonKramer:aregisterednurse(RE),aconsultantwithDimensionsofCriticalcareNursingalsoacriticalcare重症护理educatoratNortonSuburbanHospitalinLouisville,Kntucky24/7:anabbreviationwhichstandsfor"24hoursaday,7daysaRobSchneider:anAmericancomic"Saturday"NightLive":aweeklyLate-night90-minuteAmericanvarietyshowonunit Lifestyleand TheWorkingcouchPotato:HowGetoutofthesedentaryJustin·Inthemoderndaypeopleareincreasinglychoosingtoadoptasedentarylifestyle.Meaningtheyeatwhilesitting,theyy gamesandwatchevisionwhilesitting,theytravelsitting,andtheyevenworksitting!Studentsaresubjectedtolongperiodsofbeingim,andtheyloseconcentrationbecauseofit.Manyadultsgotoworkonlytositforhoursandhoursatadesk.Thentheygohomewhilesittinginacar,eatatthetable,dotheirbillsormaybesome,andthenspendmanyhoursstaringataevisionorying gamesuntiltheygotobed.Obviously,people,bothyoungandold,are ingsedentary,andhencethosepeopleareexperiencinghealthproblems,suchasobesityandheartdisease.Theseailments,inturn,causemanypsychologicalproblems[suchasdepressionoranxiety].Therefore,inordertorestoregoodmentalandphysicalhealthtosedentaryindividualsitmustbeensuredthatthosepeoplegetsomeAstudydonebyTheNorthAmericanAssociationfortheStudyofObesityshowedthatthereis,infact,acorrelationbetweentheactivityofaandthepresenceorabsenceofcertainhealthproblems.Tobegintheirstudy;theypickedfivemoderayorseverelysedentaryworkceswithabout[butnomorethan]one-hundredemployees,inPrinceEdwardIsland,Canada.Thenextstepthestudytookrequiredeachemployee,fromeachofthefiveworkces,tobeequippedwithapedometer-adeviceusedtocalculatetheamountofstepsatakesdaily-todisytheirdailyphysicalactivity.)肥胖症研究进行的一项研究表明，一个人的活动量和某些健康问题的有无存在着相关关。首先他们在的王岛了5个相当乏体力动的工场所从中挑选了约0Theirdatamakesitundeniablyclearthatthereexistsacorrelationbetweenphysicalactivityandthehealthofindividualpeople.Thepeoplewiththefeweststeps/dayhadthegreatestBMI[bodymassindex]theworstdiastolicbloodpressure,andthelargestwaistcircumference-allareindicatorsofobesity.Moreover,thestudyfoundthatfouroutofeveryfivepeoplewhoworkatasedentaryoccupation[namely,officejobs]areobese.他们的研究数据说明人的体力活动和健康之间存在着高度相关。走路最少的质指数作的每5个人中就有4质肥胖。Thestudyalsofound:"Participantswhoreportedapriordiagnosisofoneormorecomponentsofthemetabolicsyndrome[hypertension,hypercholesterolemia,heartdisease,ortype2diabetes]tookfewersteps/daythanhealthyparticipants."Therefore,itcanalsobeconcludedthatlackofactivity,causedbyasedentarylifestyle,islikelytoresultinthediagnosisofoneormoreconstituentsofthemetabolicsyndrome.Inshort,gettinglittleactivityisaveryunhealthythingtodo,sodon'tbesedentary!些代谢综合症包血压，血胆脂醇过多，心脏病，或Ⅱ型。因此可以说，久坐不动Thisstudytargetedsedentaryworksites,buttheproblemofsedentarylifestylesextendstothehome.Laborsaving[suchasdishwashers,vacuums,andwashingmachines]havemadeitsopeoplearerequiredtodoverylittleinordertomaintainahousehold.Theschoolsevenretainasedentarymodel!Lessthanthirty-sixpercentofschoolsofferphysicaleducationclasses.Hencestudentsreceivenophysicalactivity,andlosefocusbecauseofthat.Iftheschoolswantbetterstudentstheyneedtofindawaytomakestudentsmorephysicallyactive.36％的学校开设体育课。学生没有体育活动，其结果是注意AnotherstudybyDr.JoanGandyofOxfordBrookesUniversitysuggestedthat"theaveragemanstoodtoburn180fewercaloriesthanthenormofenergyaday,theaveragewoman142fewer."Followingthatistheconclusion:topasstheirtime,peopleprobablyentertainthemselveswithlikegamesandevisions,andthatthosesortofentertainmentgadgetsarealsocausingpeopletobeonlyentertainedbystimulatereceivedwhilesedentary.Hencetechnologyhasmadeitsothatpeoplearenolongerrequiredtopartakeinphysicalactivitytogetthroughlife,andthuspeoplehaveapredominantlysedentarilyconditionedlifestyle.牛津大学琼甘地博士的一项研究表明一般男士每天消耗的卡路里比正常值要少180，一般则少142。由此可以推断:为了消遣，人们一般玩电子游戏、看电视，而Thatlackofphysicalactivityalsoaffectsthepsychologicalwell-beingofanindividual.havebeenmanystudiesshowingthatthereisaparallelbetweenphysicalhealthandmentalwell-being.Exercisereleasesendorphins[orfeel-goodchemicals]intothebloodstreamwhichreachthebraintomakeafeelexulted.Inaddition,Exerciselowersbloodpressure,which,inturn,makesalesspronetostress.Thereis,aswell,hundredsofstudiesandaboutthirtynarrativereviewsthatsuggestthatexercisecouldcureclinicalandsubclinicaldepressionoranxiety.Accordingly,exerciseisanamplesolutiontoimprovingmentalwell-beingandhelpspeoplebettercomposethemselvesforatasksuchasschoolorajob.处。运动释放出内啡肽（体内产生的一种起镇痛作用的，这种化学物质进入血液，30例口头报告的研究也表明，运动能治愈临床及亚临床抑郁症和焦虑症。因此，运Therearetwowaystoeliminatetheaffectsofsedentaryhabitsonpeople'shealth.Firstandforemostistheeffortanindividualcantaketomakethemselveshealthful.Theycangoforajog,walkinsteadofdriving,jointhehealthclub,or[forstudents]joinanathleticsquad.Nextcomesthesolutionsemployersandschoolscaninstigatetomaketheiremployeesandstudentshealthier.Schoolscanhavemorerecess,havelongerbreaksbetweenclasses,andrequirePhysicalEducationasaclass.Employerscanhavetheiremployeesgetupabouteveryhourandwalkalaparoundthewhichemployeesmustpedalforahalfofanhourbeforegettingalunchbreak.Inshort,peopleneedtogetexercisebywhatevermeanspossible.慢跑、散步、参加,或者(对学生来说)参加一个运动队。其次，雇主和学校要想办法让员工和学生学校要给学生休息时间课间休息可以再长点并开设体育课。Theissueofthesedentarycultureoftodaycanonlybesolvedbymodernpeopleadoptahealthyamountofexercisetotheirlifestyles.Thejobmarketoftodayrequiresmostlysedentaryundertakings,andthathascausedmanypeopleworkingatasedentaryjobtolosetheirgoodhealth.Notonlydoesthejobmarkethavethisissue,butathomeandschoolpeopleare moreandmoresedentary.Athomethisisduetothedevelopmentoflabor-savingdevices[likedishwashers]andentertainmentcenteredontechs[suchasevisionandgames].Thesesedentaryhabitscausehealthissuesand,inturn,psychologicalissues.Theonlywaytoeliminatetheeffectsofasedentarylifestyleisforindividualstotakethetimetogetahealthyamountofexercise,andcutbackontheirdailydoseofinactivity.hypercholesterolunit FoodActNowEat JeffreyD. Theworldsawitcomingbutdidlittle.nowtheglobalfoodshortage eaHere'showtoendTheworldeconomyhasrunintoabrickwall.Despitecountlesswarningsinrecentyearsabouttheneedtoaddressaloominghungercrisisinpoorcountriesandaloomingenergycrisisworldwide,worldleadersfailedtothinkahead.Theresultisaglobalfoodcrisis.Wheat,cornandricepriceshavemorethandoubledinthepasttwoyears,andoilpriceshavemorethantripledsincethestartof2004.Thesefood-priceincreasescombinedwithsoaringenergycostswillslowifnotstopeconomicgrowthinmanypartsoftheworldandwillevenunderminepoliticalstability,asevidencedbytheriotsthathaveeruptedinceslikeHaiti,BangladeshandBurkinaFaso.Practicalsolutionstothesegrowingwoesdoexist,butwe'llhavetostartthinkingaheadandactingglobally.全球经济遇到了难以逾越的尽管近年来无数迹象向人们发出警告，贫穷国家的的。在过去的两年里，小麦、玉米和大米的价格已经翻了一番多。自从2004年初拉国以及西非国家布基纳法索的和已经证实了这一点解决这些日益严重的灾Thecrisishasitsrootsinfourinterlinkedtrends.Thefirstisthechronicallylowproductivityoffarmersinthepoorestcountries,causedbytheirinabilitytopayforseeds,fertilizersandirrigation.ThesecondisthemisguidedintheU.S.andEuropeofsubsidizingthediversionoffoodcropstoproducebiofuelslikecorn-basedethanol.Thethirdisclimatechange;taketherecentdroughtsinAustraliaandEurope,whichcuttheglobalproductionofgrainin2005and'06.Theisthegrowingglobaldemandforfoodandfeedgrainsbroughtonbyswellingpopulations es.Inshort,risingdemandhashitalimitedsupply,withthepoortakingthehardest产力长时期以来都很低，这主要是因为他们贫困没有钱买、肥料和灌溉土地。第二，美需求量越来越高，但是产量是有限的，其结果是贫困的人的打击最大。So,whatshouldbedone?Herearethreestepstoeasethecurrentcrisisandavertthepotentialforaglobaldisaster.Thefirstistoscale-upthedramaticsuccessofMalawi,afamine-pronecountryinsouthernAfrica,whichthreeyearsagoestablishedaspecialfundtohelpitsfarmersgetfertilizerandhigh-yieldseeds.Malawi'sharvestdoubledafterjustoneyear.AninternationalfundbasedontheMalawimodelwouldcostamere$10perannuallyintherichworld,or$10billioninall.SuchafundcouldfighthungeraseffectivelyastheGlobalFundtoFightAIDS,TBandMalariaiscontrollingthosediseases.，买肥料和高产值的。政策出台一年维的粮食产量就翻了一番。依据维资助农民的模式建立起来的国际资助项目，只要世界上富裕地区每人每年拿出10，就是100，Second,theU.S.andEuropeshouldabandontheirpoliciesofsubsidizingtheconversionoffoodintobiofuels.TheU.S.ernmentgivesfarmersataxpayer-financedsubsidyof51￠pergal.ofethanoltodivertcornfromthefoodandfeed-grainsupply.Theremaybeacaseforbiofuelsproducedonlandsthatdonotproducefoods--treecrops(likepalmoil),grassesandwoodproducts--butthere'snocasefordolingoutsubsidiestoputtheworld'sdinnerintothegas.。其次．和欧洲国家应该资助企业把粮食加工成生物的政策应停止把玉米加工成乙醚、每加仑乙醚补贴给农民51美分的资助的做法。可能有些土地不适宜种粮食，但可以用来种植能加工成生物的树木——树木产品(如棕榈油)、草地。Third,weurgentlyneedtoweatherprooftheworld'scropsassoonandaseffectivelyaspossible.Forapoorfarmer,sometimessomethingassimpleasafarmpond--whichcollectsrainwatertobeusedforemergencyirrigationinadryspell--canmakethedifferencebetweenabountifulcropandafamine.TheworldhasalreadycommittedtoestablishingaClimateAdaptationFundtohelppoorregionsclimate-proofvitaleconomicactivitiessuchasfoodproductionandhealthcarebuthasnotyetacteduponthepromise.Whatistrueforfoodwillbetrueforenergy,waterandotherincreasinglyscarceresources.Wecancombattheseproblems--aslongasweactrapidly.Newenergysourceslikesolarthermalpowerandnewenergy-savinglikeplug-inhybridautoscanbedevelopedandmobilizedwithinafewyears.Environmentallysoundfish-farmingcanrelievepressuresontheoceans.Thefoodcrisisprovidesnotonlyawarningbutalsoanopportunity.Weneedtoinvestvastlymoreinsustainabledevelopmentinordertoachievetrueglobalsecurityandeconomic。：(6)解决的办法也能用来解决能源、水资源和其他稀缺资源-只要我们能快速行动起来，我们就能战胜这些热能和采用复合的汽车技术几年内将被研发出来并普及起来保护环境的捕鱼方式可以缓解悔洋的压力不仅给我们敲。：Unit TravelTips:GetMoreoutofBusinessTripsbyApplyingProject-managementCARL ·Businesstraveloftencomesasfeastorfamine,leavingsomewantinglessandothers,more.itthesamedetailedattentionyou'ddevotetooneofyourtechnicalassignments.Ifyouwanttotravelmore--towinbusiness,forgeconnectionswithfar-flungpartsofyourorganization,orjustseetheworld--youcanwangletripstoconferences.Onewayistogetinvolvedinprofessionalsocietiesandindustrycommittees,manyofwhichholdtheirregularmeetingsatconferences;anotheristorespondtorequestsfor sforconferencepapers.Yourwillbehappytosendyou.Youcanalsotargetcesthatwillpromotebusiness,anapproachthatledmetothebestbusinesstripofmycareer.AfterPanAmwentbankruptin1991,ImarketeditsKennedyAirportmaintenancefacility,inNewYorkCity.Ispottedanaircraft-maintenanceconferenceinGermanyinconnectionwiththeInternationalParisAirShowandproposedatriptoboth.Tomysurprise,thetripwasapproved.ThemanybusinesscontactsImadehelpedmetogetahead.Gettingpermissiontotravelisonething;succeedingonthetripisanother.Herearesomenouttheentiretrip.Attheoutset,determinetheenddates,theroughitinerary,keymeetingsandappointments,airtransportation,hos,andcarrentals.IdoitallonmyOutlookCalendarsoftware,creatingthetripasarecurring“appointment”andenteringmyitineraryinthe“notes”area.ItallsyncswithmyPalmOnealdigitalassistant,butevenso,IprintacopysoI'llhaveaformonwhichtorecordmyexpenses.Ialsoenterkeyphonenumbersinmy'saddressbook.Reserveyourhoearly,evenbeforeyougetapprovedtogo,tolockinthediscountedconferencerate.Programyourcalendartoremindyoutocancelthereservationwithin24hours,incaseyouendupnotgoing.nforcrazinessbeforeandafterthetrip.Blockoutyourcalendartoavoidmeetingswhenyougetbacksoyoucantakecareoftheworkthatpilesupwhileyou'regone;betteryet,lnobodytheexactdayofyourreturn.Packlight,becauseyoucanalwaysbuytheoddthingyoumayneed.Keepuponthelatestsecurityguidelinesonwhatcanandcannotgoincarry-onluggage.InternationalAirportaccordingtotheseason--insummertimeyouconnectearlyinthedaytoavoidafternoonthunderstorms;inwintermonthsyouconnectlatertogivethepreviousnight'ssnowachancetomelt.Keepyourcool.Resolvenottogetangryifthingsgowrong,astheyoftenwill.IoncehadtospendadayatagateatHouston'sBushInternationalAirport,butIgotalotofworkdoneandreadmostofabook.Itwasn'tfun,butitwasn'tworthstressingabout,either.nforthereturntrip.Askhowoftentheairportshuttlerunsandatwhattimeyou'llneedtogettotheairport,thenconfirmthetimewiththeairline.OnceImissedareturnflightfromHamburg,Germany,afterboththehoandthetaxidriverhadassuredmeIhadplentyoftimetomakeit.However,theneboardedextraearlytoensureitwouldgetaslotatLondon'sHeathrowAirport.Whosefaultwasthis?Mine,becauseIhadn'tcheckedwiththeairline!Besidesteachingyoupatienceandflexibility,travelgivesyoufarmoreusableexperiencethanyou'dgainbysittinginyouroffice.Still,whilethemostimportantpartofbusinesstravelisthebusinesspart,don'tforgettoenjoythetravelpart.Bonvoyage!Unit LifeTheSecretsofAnti-Aging 抗衰老的秘 Anambitiousntosequence100genesin1,000healthyoldpeoplecouldshedlightongeneticvariationsthatinsulatesomepeoplefromtheailmentsofaging,includingheartdisease,cancer,anddiabetes,allowingthemtoliveahealthylifeintotheireightiesandbeyond.Ratherthanfocusingongeneticvariationsthatincreaseriskfordisease,scientistsntofocusongenesthathavepreviouslybeenlinkedtohealthandlongevity.、一项雄心勃勃的计划将对1000名健康老人的100个进序,这一计划有可能为找到使某些人免患因衰老带来的包括心脏病和等疾病，使他们能够健康地生活到80岁甚至更久的变异提供线索。与其研究增加疾险的变异,科学家们计划将重点放在之前已经证明与健康和长寿相关的上。、Inrecentyears,advancesingeneticscreeninghaveallowedscientiststostartsearchingthegenomeforcluestohealthyagingandalengthylifespan.Thatworkhasrevealedthatthegenomesofhealthyoldpeoplearenotblemish."Thesepeoplehavegeneticsusceptibilitymarkersformanyseriousdiseases,includingcardiovasculardisease,stroke,anddiabetes,buttheydon'tgetanyofthesediseases,"saysEricTopol,acardiologistandheadoftheGenomicMedicineProgramattheScrippsTranslationalScienceInstitute,inLaJolla,CA,whoisleadingtheproject."Whatistheexnation?Whatmightaccountfortheirinsulationfromthese近年来,筛选技术的发展使科学家开始在组中寻找健康衰老和长寿的线索。这项研究表明健康老年人的组并不是没有缺陷的“这些人对许多严重疾病在遗传上都存在患病的风险,其中包括心血管疾病、中风和,但他们却并没患有这些疾病,心的药物项目组的和项目“怎样解释这一现象？是什么原因使他们免患这Toanswerthatquestion,researchersarecollectingbloodsamplesfrom1,000peopleage80orolderwhohaveneversufferedanyseriousillnessesanddonottakemedication.Theyntosequence100genes,knownfromanimalresearchandotherstudiestoinfluencehealthandaging."Weareespeciallyinterestedinmajorhousekee,master-controlgeneslike[thoseinvolvedin]DNArepairorinsulingrowthfactor-1,"aproteinhormoneinvolvedincellgrowth,saysTopol.mistakesintheirDNAsequencewithage,anddefectsinsomemouseandhumanDNArepairgenestriggerwhatlookslikeprematureaging.Thereceptorforinsulingrowthfactor-1(IGF1)hasbeenshowntoaffectaginginmice,nematodes,andflies.为了回答这些问题研究者正在1000名80岁或以上的从未得过任何严重的疾病100组从动物研究和其他研究中如说(那些参与)DNA修复或者胰岛素生长因素-一种参与细胞生长的蛋白质。在关于长寿的研究中，参与DNA修复的酶引起了关注，因为随着的增长，细胞常常会积累DNA序列错误，而且某些老鼠和人类DNA修复的缺陷会触发某些早衰的现象。胰岛素Mostpreviousstudieshavesequencedonlyasmallnumberofgenesorusedmicroarrays,whichcanquicklydetectcommongeneticvariationsthroughoutthegenome.Butrecentresearchsuggeststhatanumberofrarervariationsindifferentgenesyaroleinhealthanddisease.Sequencingallowsresearcherstodetermineifhealthyolderpeoplearemorelikelytocarryvariationsthateithermakeprotectivefactorsfunctionmoreefficientlyorhindertheactivityofharmfulfactors.大多数之前的研究只对少量的进序或者使用,这样能够快速检测整个组中常见的变异.但是最近的研究表明一些在不同中发生的罕见的变异在健康和疾病中发挥作用使研究人员能够确定健康的老年人是否更有可能携带能使防护性因素功能更加有效的运作或者能阻碍有害因素活动的变异。TopolandhiscollaboratorswillcomparethegenesequencesfromthehealthyvolunteerswithDNAsamplescollectedfrompeoplewhodiedfromage-relateddiseasesbeforetheyreachedtheireighties.Thescientistshavealreadyfoundthatthehealthypeoplehadonlyaslightlylowerprobabilityofcarryingdisease-linkedvariations.Thatsupportstheideathatprotectivegenesareyingamajorroleinpeople'ssuccessfulTopol和他的合作者将对健康的序列与在80岁以前就死于与衰老相关疾病的人身上收集的DNA样本进行比较。科学家们发现健康人群携带与疾病相关的变异的tomimicitwithdrugs."Webelievelongevitygenesareprotectingagainstseveralage-relateddiseasesratherthanjustone,"saysNirBarzilai,headoftheLongevityGenesProjectatAlbertEinsteinCollegeofMedicine,inNewYork,whoisnotinvolvedintheScrippsstudy."Fromapharmaceutical,itwouldbemorecosteffectivetotargetthesepathways,anditwouldreallyimitateexceptionallongevityratherthanjusttreatingthediseasesthemselves."在保护着种而不是种与衰老关的疾病纽约学院长寿项目负责人irBaiaicisBarzilaihasalreadyidentifiedacoupleofcandidatesforlongevitygenes.InanongoingstudyofpeopleofAshkenaziJewishdescentage95orolder,Barzilaiandhiscolleaguesshowedthattheelderlygroupwasmorelikelytocarryagenevariantthatchangesthewaythatpeopleprocesscholesterol.Morerecently,thescientistssequencedthegenesforIGF1anditsreceptorandfoundmutationsuniquetofemalecentenarians.Barzilai已经确定了两组长寿的候选人。在一项正在进行的关于95岁或以上德裔犹太人后裔的研究中，Barzilai和他的同事发现老年组更有可能携带改变处理胆固醇方式的变异。最近科学家对IGF1及其受体进行了排序，并且找到了女性百岁老人所WhileBarzilaiistakingadifferentapproachtothegenehunt--usingmicroarrays--hesaysthateachgrouplooksforwardtolearningwhattheotherfinds.Havingtwolargestudiesofthegeneticsofhealthyagingwillalloweachtoconfirmitsfindingsinasecondpopulation--acrucialtestofthevalidityoflarge-scalegenomicstudies.Unit TheSecretsofLiving Paul Forthepast33years,Ihavelookedinthemirroreverymorningandaskedmyself:'Iftodaywerethelastdayofmylife,wouldIwanttodowhatIamabouttodotoday?'Andwhenevertheanswerhasbeen'No'fortoomanydaysinarow,IknowIneedtochangesomething.—SteveJobs,billionairefounderofApple在过去的33年中,天早晨都会对着镜子问自己:“如果今天是生命中的最后一天,你还会生活做些改变了。—史蒂夫?—亿万富翁，苹果电脑公司的创建者InafascinatingstudydoneattheUniversityofLondon，ateamofresearchersdevelopedahappinessscale，designedtomeasurepeople'srelativesenseofwell-beingfrommomenttomoment.Theythendevisedaformulatocalculatehowmuchextramoneytheaveragewouldhavetoearneveryyeartogetthesamelevelofhappinessastheywouldfromthesimplepleasuresofarichlife．伦敦大学进行了一项非常有趣的研究此项研究的课题组研发了一个度量表这个幸福度量表的目的是为了测量人们每时每刻相对的感。之后，他们又设计出了一个，用来计算一般人每年要多赚才能获得从富有生活中所获得的感。Forinstance,havinganactivesociallifebroughttheequivalentsatisfactionofa￡63,844annualsalaryincrease,whilelivingwithalovedonewasfoundtobringthesameamountofsatisfactionasbeinggivenan￡82,500annualpayrise.Goodhealthwasfoundtobethemostvaluableaspectofwell-being—havinga"cleanbillofhealth"wasequatedtoa￡304,000-a-yearpayrise!63844英镑的收入所带来的满足感相同与心爱的人一起所获得的感与年薪增加82500英镑带来的感相同而andhousedthaneverbeforeinhistory,yetsincethe1950swehave elessandlesshappy.Statisticsshowtherehasneverbeensomuchdepressionintheworldasthereisrightnow.尽管如此金钱还是买不到比起以前我们收入更高吃的更好受到更好的教育、有更好的住房，但是自二十世纪五十年代起我们却越来越不如以前了。据统计，世界Thereasonsforthismaysurpriseyou—wealthdysmorphia.OvertheyearsIhaveworkedwithmanypeoplewhohavebodydysmorphia,aconditionwherepeopledistorttheirviewofthemselvestosuchadegreethattheycannotbeartolookinthemirrorbecausetheybelievethemselvestobehideouslyugly.造成这种状况的原因会让你非常诧异——畸形症多年来我一直致力于那些身忍受照镜子的程度。他们认为自己的身体的某部分极其，得不敢自视。Thishasnothingtodowithhowsomeonereallylooks—itisaninternalfilterthatsearchesforeverythingthatiswronganblocksouteverythingthatisright.Sosomeonewiththisconditionwillfocusuponsometinyaspectoftheirappearancethattheydon’tlike—sayawrinkleorafoldofskin—totheexclusionofeverythingelse.What'sinterestingishowmanypeopledothesamethingwithmoney—theyfilteroutalltheareasoftheirlifewheretheyarealreadyrichandfocusonwhat'smissingfromtheirlivesAnexerciseIoftendowithmysistoaskthemtoimaginethat,forwhateverreason,moneyisnolongeranissueintheirlives.Withinthereaofphysicalreality,theyaretopursuewhatevertheywanttobe,doorhave. isofeverythingtheycanthinkofthatwouldstaythesame.Whatisrema