生物学导论详解

生物学导论详解演示文稿现在是1页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三优选生物学导论现在是2页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三Contents19.1LivingThingsasChemicalFactories19.2Kilocalories,BasalMetabolism,andWeightControl19.3TheChemicalofYourDiet19.4AmountsandSourcesofNutrients(self-learning)19.5TheFoodGuidePyramidwithFiveFoodGroups19.6EatingDisorders19.7DeficiencyDiseases19.8NutritionThroughtheLifeCycle19.9NutritionforFitnessandSports(self-learning)现在是3页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三KeytermsAbsorption吸收Anorexianervosa神经性厌食症Assimilation同化Basalmetabolicrate基础代谢率Bulimia易饿症Calorie卡路里Digestion消化Foodguidepyramid金字塔食物指南Ingestion摄取Kilocalorie大卡Kwashiorkor恶性营养不良Mineral矿物质Nutrition营养Obese肥胖的Specificdynamicaction(SDA)食物特殊动力作用Vitamin-deficiencydisease维生素缺乏症现在是4页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三19.1Livingthingsaschemicalfactories:

MatterandEnergyManipulatorsNutrients:moleculesrequiredtosupportlivingthingsNutritionAbranchofscienceProcessesbywhichwetakeinfoodandutilizeitIngestion,digestion,absorption,assimilationGeneticmaterial,DNA,controltheinterconversionprocesses现在是5页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三19.2Kilocalories,BasalMetabolism,andWeightcontrolKilocalorie大卡:theunitusedtomeasuretheamountofenergyinfoods1kilocalorie=theamountofenergyneededtoraisethetemperatureof1kilogramofwater1ºC1kilocalorie(C)=1000calorie现在是6页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三BasalmetabolicrateBasalmetabolicrate(BMR,基础代谢率):therateatwhichthebodyusesenergywhenatrestFactorsaffectBMR:age,sex,climate,altitude,physicalcondition,hormones,previousdiet,percentageofweightthatisfat,andtimeofyearSpecificdynamicaction(SDA)食物特殊动力作用:amountofenergyneededtoprocessthefood,10%oftotaldailykilocalorieintakeActivitylevel现在是7页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三Bodymassindex(BMI,体重指数)weightinkilogramsBMI=——————————(heightinmeter)2IdealBMI:18.5~25kg/m2现在是8页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三Weightcontrol:

amatterofbalancingthekilocaloriesingested摄取withthoseofexpendedDecreasingorincreasing500~1000kilocaloriesperday→1~2pounds(0.45~0.9kilogram)perweek现在是9页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三Stepsinweightcontrol:CheckwithyourphysicianDeterminethenumberofkilocaloriesyouareconsumingReducetheamountoffoodorincreaseyourintake:1200kilocaloriesAnothervaluablewayisanincreaseinexercisewhilekeepingfoodintakeconstantInsisting现在是10页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三19.3ThechemicalcompositionofyourdietKindsofnutrients:Carbohydrates(碳水化合物)Lipids(脂类)Proteins(蛋白质)Vitamins(维生素)Minerals(矿物质)Water(水分)现在是11页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三CarbohydratesCarbohydrate:monosaccharidesordisaccharides,starch(primaryformofcarbohydrateweobtained),glycogen,celluloseFunction:UtilizedincellularrespirationtoprovideenergyUsedasbuildingblocksinthemanufactureofmoleculessuchasnucleicacidAsourceoffiberthatslowstheabsorptionofnutrientsandstimulatesperistalsis蠕动intheintestinaltract现在是12页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三LipidsSubclassesoflipids:

Phospholipids(磷脂):essentialcomponentsofcellmembranesSteroids(类固醇):manyarehormones,cholesterol胆固醇Truefats(triglycerides,甘油三磷脂):sourceofenergy,essentialfattyacids,dissolvesomevitaminsDefendingfromcoldandheatloss,shockabsorberGivepleasanttaste,fullfeelingofameal现在是13页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三ProteinsFunction:Essentialcomponentsofhemoglobin血色素andcellmembranes,antibodies,enzymes,somehormones,hair,muscle,tissuefiber,collagen胶原质Providealast-ditch最后的sourceofenergyduringstarvationCannotbestoredforlateruseTheamountofproteinnecessaryinthedietsisabout50grams/day现在是14页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三VitaminsVitaminsareorganicmolecules,neededinminuteamountstomaintainessentialmetabolicactivitiesCannotbemanufacturedbythebodyPlayaroleinassistingspecificenzymesthatbringaboutessentialbiochemicalchanges,coenzymes(辅酶)Highdosesofvitamins →toxic现在是15页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三MineralsAllmineralsareinorganicelements

CannotbesynthesizedbybodyCannotbebrokendownordestroyedbymetabolismorcookingCanfunctionasregulators,activators催化剂(Mg++),transmitters(Na+,K+)传导物,controllersofenzymaticreaction现在是16页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三WaterUniversalsolventAllthechemicalreactionsinlivingthingstakeplaceinwaterPrimarycomponentofblood,lymph,bodytissuefluids组织液WastesareeliminatedfrombodydissolvedinwaterConveyor传输ofheat,wastesEssentialreactantsinhydrolytic水解reactionsofmetabolism现在是17页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三19.5ThefoodguidepyramidwithfivefoodgroupsGrainproductsgroupVegetablegroupFruitgroupMeat,poultry,fish,anddrybeansgroupDairyproductsgroup现在是18页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三GrainproductsgroupProvidemostofkilocalorierequirementsintheformofcomplexcarbohydrates,fiber,vitaminB,minerals6~11servings(1serving=1sliceofbread;1/2cupofcookedcereal,1ounceofreadytoeatcereal,100kilocalories)eachday现在是19页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三Fruitgroup2or4servingperday(1serving=1mediumapple;½cupoffruit;¾cupofjuice)Providefiber,carbohydrate,water,vitamins(particularlyvitaminC)现在是20页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三Vegetablesgroup3~4servings(1serving=acupofrawleafyvegetables,½cupofothertypes)eachdayProvidevitamins,water,minerals,fiber现在是21页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三Dairyproductsgroup2servings(1serving=1cupoficecream,milk,or2ouncesofcheese)eachdayProvidesminerals,water,vitamins,carbohydrates,protein现在是22页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三Meat,poultry,fish,and

drybeansgroup

5~7ounces(140~200grams)perdayProteinrich现在是23页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三19.6EatingdisordersThreemostcommoneatingdisorders:Obesity(肥胖)Bulimia(易饿症)Anorexianervosa(神经性食欲缺乏)现在是24页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三ObesityBMI≥30kg/m2Affectthepeople’shealthandlifespanImbalancebetweenneedforkilocaloriesandtheamountoffoodatePrevailingcultureGeneticreasonChemicalimbalance ofthenervoussystem现在是25页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三BulimiaBulimia易饿病isadiseaseconditioninwhichthepersonhasacycleofeatingbinges狂欢followedbypurgingthebodyofthefoodbyinducingvomiting呕吐orusinglaxatives轻泻剂现在是26页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三AnorexianervosaAnutritionaldeficiencydisease营养缺乏症,characterizedbysevere,prolongedweightlossasaresultofavoluntarysevererestrictioninfoodintakeThisdiseaseisthoughttostemfromsocialandculturalfactors现在是27页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三19.7Deficiencydiseases营养缺乏症Protein-deficiencydiseaseKwashiorkor(恶性营养不良):distended扩大的belly,slowgrowth,slowmovement,emotionallydepressed现在是28页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三Starvation:Vitamin-deficiencydisease维生素缺乏症:rare现在是29页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三19.8NutritionthroughthelifecycleInfancy(birthto12months):

FirstgrowthspurtAperson’stotalenergyrequirementsperkilogramarehighest:100kilocaloriesperkilogramofbodyweightperday50%forbasalmetabolicrateHumanbreastmilkisthemostappropriatefood现在是30页\一共有33页\编辑于星期三Childhood(1yeartopuberty青春期)GrowlowerthaninfancyProt