土木工程外文翻译

原文 PrestressedConcreteConcreteisstrongincompression,butweakintension:Itstensilestrengthvariesfrom8to14percentofitscompressivestrength.Duetosuchalowtensilecapacity,flexuralcracksdevelopatearlystagesofloading.Inordertoreduceorpreventsuchcracksfromdeveloping,aconcentricoreccentricforceisimposedinthelongitudinaldirectionofthestructuralelement.Thisforcepreventsthecracksfromdevelopingbyeliminatingorconsiderablyreducingthetensilestressesatthecriticalmidspanandsupportsectionsatserviceload,therebyraisingthebending,shear,andtorsionalcapacitiesofthesections.Thesectionsarethenabletobehaveelastically,andalmostthefullcapacityoftheconcreteincompressioncanbeefficientlyutilizedacrosstheentiredepthoftheconcretesectionswhenallloadsactonthestructure.Suchanimposedlongitudinalforceiscalledaprestressingforce,i.e.,acompressiveforcethatprestressesthesectionsalongthespanofthestructuralelementpriortotheapplicationofthetransversegravitydeadandliveloadsortransienthorizontalliveloads.Thetypeofprestressingforceinvolved,togetherwithitsmagnitude,aredeterminedmainlyonthebasisofthetypeofsystemtobeconstructedandthespanlengthandslendernessdesired.Sincetheprestressingforceisappliedlongitudinallyalongorparalleltotheaxisofthemember,theprestressingprincipleinvolvediscommonlyknownaslinearprestressing.Circularprestressing,usedinliquidcontainmenttanks,pipes,andpressurereactorvessels,essentiallyfollowsthesamebasicprinciplesasdoeslinearprestressing.Thecircumferentialhoop,or“hugging”stressonthecylindricalorsphericalstructure,neutranzesthetensilestressesattheouterfibersofcurvilinearsurfacecausedbytheinternalcontainedpressure.Fig.1.2.1prestressingprincipleinlinearandcircularprestressingFigure1.2.1illustrates,inabasicfashion,theprestressingactioninbothtypesofstructuralsystemsandtheresultingstressresponse.In(a),theindividualconcreteblocksacttogetherasabeenduetothelargecompressiveprestressingforceP.Althoughitmightappearthattheblockswillslipandverticallysimulateshearslipfailure,infacttheywillnotbecauseofthelongitudinalforceP.Similarly,thewoodenstavesin(c)mightappeartobecapableofseparatingasaresultofthehighinternalradialpressureexertedonthem.Butagain,becauseofthecompressiveprestressimposedbythemetalbandsasaformofcircularprestressing,theywillremaininplace.Fromtheprecedingdiscussion,itisplainthatpermanentstressesintheprestressedstructuralmemberarecreatedbeforethefulldeadandliveloadsareappliedinordertoeliminateorconsiderablyreducethenettensilestressescausedbytheseloads.Withreinforcedconcrete,itisassumedthatthetensilestrengthoftheconcreteisnegligibleanddisregarded.Thisisbecausethetensileforcesresultingfromthebendingmomentsareresistedbythebondcreatedinthereinforcementprocess.Crackinganddeflectionarethereforeessentiallyirrecoverableinreinforcedconcreteoncethememberhasitslimitstateatserviceload.Thereinforcementinthereinforcedconcretememberdoesnotexertanyforceofitsownonthemember,contrarytotheactionofprestressingsteel.Thesteelrequiredtoproducetheprestressingforceintheprestressedmemberactivelypreloadsthemember,permittingarelativelyhighcontrolledrecoveryofcrackinganddeflection.Oncetheflexuraltensilestrengthoftheconcreteisexceeded,theprestressedmemberstartstoactlikeareinforcedconcreteelement.Prestressedmembersareshallowerindepththantheirreinforcedconcretecounterpartsforthesamespanandloadingconditions.Ingeneral,thedepthofaprestressedconcretememberisusuallyabout65to80percentofthedepthoftheequivalentreinforcedconcretemember.Hence,theprestressedmemberrequireslessconcrete,andabout20to35percentoftheamountofreinforcement.Unfortunatelythissavinginmaterialweightisbalancedbythehighercostofthehigherqualitymaterialsneededinprestressing.Also,regardlessofthesystemused,prestressingoperationsthemselvesresultinanaddedcost:Formworkismorecomplex,sincethegeometryofprestressedsectionsisusuallycomposedofflangedsectionswiththin-webs.Inspiteoftheseadditionalcosts,ifalargeenoughnumberofprecastunitsaremanufactured,thedifferencebetweenatleasttheinitialcostsofprestressedandreinforcedconcretesystemsisusuallynotverylarge.Andtheindirectlong-termsavingsarequitesubstantial,becauselessmaintenanceisneeded:alongerworkinglifeispossibleduetobetterqualitycontroloftheconcrete,andlighterfoundationsareachievedduetothesmallercumulativeweightofthesuperstructure.Oncethebeamspanofreinforcedconcreteexceeds70to90feet(21.3to27.4m),thedeadweightofthebeambecomesexcessive,resultinginheaviermembersand,consequently,greaterlong-termdeflectionandcracking.Thus,forlargerspans,prestressedconcretebecomesmandatorysincearchesareexpensivetoconstructanddonotperformaswellduetotheseverelong-termshrinkageandcreeptheyundergo.Verylargespanssuchassegmentalbridgesorcable-stayedbridgescanonlybeconstructedthroughtheuseofpristressing.Prestressdconcreteisnotanewconcept,datingbackto1872,whenP.H.Jackson,anengineerfromCalifornia,patentedaprestressingsystemthatusedatierodtoconstructbeamsorarchesfromindividualblocks[seeFigure1.2.1(a)].Afteralonglapseoftimeduringwhichlittleprogresswasmadebecauseoftheunavailabilityofhigh-strengthsteeltoovercomeprestresslosses,R.E.DillofAlexandriak,Nebraska,recognizedtheeffectoftheshrinkageandcreep(transversematerialflow)ofconcreteonthelossofprestress.Hesubsequentlydevelopedtheideathatsuccessivepost-tensioningofunbondedrodswouldcompensateforthetime-dependentlossofstressintherodsduetothedecreaseinthelengthofthememberbecauseofcreepandshrinkage.Intheearly1920s,W.H.HewettofMinneapolisdevelopedtheprinciplesofcircularprestressing.Hehoop-stressedhorizontalreinforcementaroundwallsofconcretetanksthroughtheuseofturnbucklestopreventcrackingduetointernalliquidpressure,therebyachievingwatertightness.Thereafter,prestressingoftanksandpipesdevelopatanacceleratedpaceintheUnitedStates,withthousandsoftanksforwater,liquid,andgasstoragebuiltandmuchmileageofprestressedpressurepipelaidinthetwotothreedecadesthatfollowed.LinearprestressingcontinuedtodevelopinEuropeandinFrance,inparticularthroughtheingenuityofEugeneFreyssinet,whoproposedin1925-1928methodstoovercomeprestresslossesthroughtheuseofhigh-strengthandhigh-ductilitysteels.In1940,heintroducethenowwell-knowandwell-acceptedFreyssinetsystem.P.W.AbelesofEnglandintroducedanddevelopedtheconcrptofpartialpretressingbetweenthe1930sand1960s.F.LeonhardtofGermany,V.MikhailovofRussia,andT.Y.LinoftheUnitedStatesalsocontributedagreatdealtotheartandscienceofthedesignofprestressedconcrete.Lin’sload-balancingmethoddeservesparticularmentioninthisregard,asitconsiderablysimplifiedthedesignprocess,particularlyincontinuousstructures.Thesetwentieth-centurydevelopmentshaveledtotheextensiveuseofprestressingthroughouttheworld,andintheUnitedStatesinparticular.Today,prestressedconcreteisusedinbuildings,undergroundstructures,TVtowers,floatingstorageandoffshorestructures,powerstations,nuclearreactorvessels,andnumeroustypesofbridgesystemsincludingsegmentalandcable-stayedbridges,theydemonstratetheversatilityoftheprestressingconceptanditsall-encompassingapplication.Thesuccessinthedevelopmentandconstructionofallthesestructuresbeendueinnosmallmeasurestotheadvancesinthetechnologyofmaterials,particularlyprestressingsteel,andtheaccumulatedknowledgeinestimatingtheshort-andlong-termlossesintheprestressingforces.constructtheshapedesignThebuildingistocondensethetechnicalintelligencecrystallizeofthecivilizationhistoryandsciencesofmankind.Itisalsoacomplicatedcomprehensivebody。Adevelopmentofcitybuildingindustrysymbolizesitscomprehensiverealstrengthandsocialspiritfeaturesatthesametime.A,thefunctionintegrityandcreatethesexspace.Thewholespaceoftheso-calledbuilding,fromorder,line,theunitspacethatfaceacertaintocombinetosignisthemainfactorcomposing.Asaresultcansaythattheunitspaceconductandactionsconstructswholethecomposingofthespacetoistogotopassimportant.Building,aunitspaceoppositetosaythatisastaticspace,howeverconstitutesforthespaceofthedynamicstatethenwhiledowholespacecomposing.Thearchitectincommonusescurvedfaceandinclinedplanestoconstitutethespace,itspurposeareforexpressingthespaceresultofthedynamicstate.Buildingnotonlycanheadingupthedevelopment,andcantoonallsidesfluxion.Constructthespacecontainoutside,insidethespaceisseparately,makingthebuildingdesignmustwillinside,theoutsidespaceisorganictomelttoremittogether,thencanmakethuswholeconstructakindoffreetotheperson,comfortablefelling,makeviewjustlikedrinkonecupsuperb,fragranceofwine,solidtrueatenjoybeautifully.Two,theflatsurfaceconceiveoutlineThearchitecturalflatsurfaceshapehastheexactsquare,rectangle,triangle,atype...etc.basically,oristobeturnintobyabove-mentionedfewformersandcombinethebody.Theflatsurfaceshapemainlyisdecidedbythearchitecttotaltoconceiveoutline,thefunctionrequestandarea,thebuildingtechniqueconditionandaddresseesoftheobjectdesignsareinaspecificwaytheenvironment.Pressseveralshape,quantityandeachonesofflatsurfaceseveralcorrelationbetweensketchoftocombine,set,constituteintheflatsurfaceupcanisdividedintothesinglebodytype,abodytypeandflattenthenoodlestype,communityandfreestylesagain.Thecharacterbuilding1.Outstanding,emphasizetheofthebuildingtowardtheskillthatthelinesisacontemporaryarchitecttooftenadopt,itcanmakebuildingproduceakindoffloatthebutascendoffelling,akindofkeepexpressingthechestofstateofmind,usuallymakethepersonassociatethethrivingorganicfriendlyinterest.Thesimpleisnotdifficulttowardthebuildingthatthelinesarrange,but,combinewithenvironmentisconstructtheexternalappearanceprocessingupoftenmeetsofkeyproblem.Thisdependsonthearchitectaccordingtothebuildingaconcreteposition,constructthebackgroundetc.carriesonthecomprehensiveconsideration,isalsothearchitectoneselfdimensionsfeelinganindividualnow.2.Themorebodyofthedesignshapeoftheoutstandingandneatshapetransactsnow,theguesthousebuilding,inmiscellaneousbuildingsofprosperous,theusageflatsurfacewholesignsthenoodlesforthelord,pursuingagainsomelenses,thehaspvarietiesinthefoundationoftheneatshape,makingbuildingoutshineothers,givingthepersonakindofclearandbrightandsimpleshape,expressingakindofbigdegree,classicartisticconception.Onthecontrarysomelordsthattransacttoconstructtheadoptioncomplicationsandchangemuchsigntofacewouldbringthepeopleakindoftedious,feelvexedofthefellingandthevisualeffect.3.Thepillarformbuildingusedforhighandextremelyhighlayerdesignmore,isusuallythepillarformofthattheepidermisunifiesthewholeanddelightfullyfreshandtoweringevencrest.Thepillarformbuildingcontainmanykinds,theexteriorthathaveinthepillarformmakesamodernstyleprocessingofthegameline,becomingthesoftflavor,havingthentoincreasetheveryshallowformofinthecomplicatedentityoutwardappearance.TheminutepartprocessingThebuildingwhileconsiderthewholepremise,theminutepartdesignalsoisveryimportant,soexactlytheseminutepartsjustmakebuildinghadabundantsenseofvisionthefeeling.Elaboratethisstandpointfromseveralaspectsnow.1.Architecturalentranceforconstructliketheperson'sasimilarimportance.Constructtheentranceisanextremelyimportantpartoftotalimage,ispeopletoconstructtheoutputfirstimpression,thepeopleusuallywillkeepinmindthatentranceandconstructtotalcomparisonwhetherreasonable,moderate.Therefore,thearchitectconsidersconstructingtheentrancewithmeticulouscaretomoldtoconstructtheimagecountformuch.2.Theverandarisestheimportantfunctioninconstructcompositionandthebuildingshapes;ithasthefunctionofusage,havingtheadornmentfunctionatthesametime.Therefore,theverandadesignhandleproperly,willmakebuildingaddflowerstobrocade,intheexternalappearanceshapethefunctionthatrisetoputlifeinto.Livetheverandainthebuildingtousuallylayparticularemphasisontheusagefunction,likeintheaspectprocessing,suchasflatsurfacesizeandposition...etc.withtherelationofconstructthecorpus,sinceprovidethecompleteusageconditionfortheonewhomlive,andthensatisfythementalrequestandtheenvironmentneedsoflives.Theverandadesignwithinpublicbuildingthenpaysattentiontobeakindofmeansthatconstructstheshapeprocessing,puttinggreatemphasisontodecoratethefunctionandbeautifythebuilding,itismainlywiththerequestofthebuildingexternalappearancebutvividarrange,totherequestoftheshapeandbeautymoreimportant.3.Thecopingofthebuildingisanimportancethatconstructstheshapetoconstitutethepart.Thecopingdesignisweoftentoughproblemoffeeling,thecopingdesignnotbehandledproperly,theregretthatwillappeartofailbyasmallmargin.Thearchitectusuallythinksthecontemplationfor"hat"butbitternessofthebuilding,alllikingtoputona"hat"forthebuilding,actuallyIthinkandwouldnot°accordingtothearchitecturalposition,spaceenvironment,thebuildingshapecharacteristicconsiderthecoping"hat"design,thebuildingthathaveissimpleanddirectandsigntofaceneatlytousuallyhaveno"hat"upthecopingtheresultwouldbebetter.Takeacomprehensiveviewofthearchitecturalhistorycanunderstandthebigcurrentofthechangeofconstructtheshape,passingtheunderstandingfromarrivedthechangeofthemoderninthepast,cancalculatesomemethodsofappearashapesandwillconstructthedevelopmentdirectionoftheshapeinthefuture,so,beabuildingdesignpersonnel,remindtheoneselfcontinuouslyindesignpractice,keepabrainsforopen,aslongasthebraveinnovation,stiruptheinspiration,createtheaccomplishmentoftheoneselfisnormalexertive,thearchitectscandidnotresttheendlessandchangeablebuildingshape.StructureinDesignofArchitectureAndStructuralMaterialWehaveandthearchitectsmustdealwiththespatialaspectofactivity,physical,andsymbolicneedsinsuchawaythatoverallperformanceintegrityisassured.Hence,heorshewellwantstothinkofevolvingabuildingenvironmentasatotalsystemofinteractingandspaceformingsubsystems.Isrepresentsacomplexchallenge,andtomeetitthearchitectwillneedahierarchicdesignprocessthatprovidesatleastthreelevelsoffeedbackthinking:schematic,preliminary,andfinal.Suchahierarchyisnecessaryifheorsheistoavoidbeingconfused,atconceptualstagesofdesignthinking,bythemyriaddetailissuesthatcandistractattentionfrommorebasicconsiderations.Infact,wecansaythatanarchitect’sabilitytodistinguishthemorebasicformthemoredetailedissuesisessentialtohissuccessasadesigner.Theobjectoftheschematicfeedbacklevelistogenerateandevaluateoverallsite-plan,activity-interaction,andbuilding-configurationoptions.Todosothearchitectmustbeabletofocusontheinteractionofthebasicattributesofthesitecontext,thespatialorganization,andthesymbolismasdeterminantsofphysicalform.Thismeansthat,inschematicterms,thearchitectmayfirstconceiveandmodelabuildingdesignasanorganizationalabstractionofessentialperformance-spaceinteractions.Thenheorshemayexploretheoverallspace-formimplicationsoftheabstraction.Asanactualbuildingconfigurationoptionbeginstoemerge,itwillbemodifiedtoincludeconsiderationforbasicsiteconditions.Attheschematicstage,itwouldalsobehelpfulifthedesignercouldvisualizehisorheroptionsforachievingoverallstructuralintegrityandconsidertheconstructivefeasibilityandeconomicofhisorherscheme.Butthiswillrequirethatthearchitectand/oraconsultantbeabletoconceptualizetotal-systemstructuraloptionsintermsofelementaldetail.Suchoverallthinkingcanbeeasilyfedbacktoimprovethespace-formscheme.Atthepreliminarylevel,thearchitect’semphasiswillshifttotheelaborationofhisorhermorepromisingschematicdesignoptions.Herethearchitect’sstructuralneedswillshifttoapproximatedesignofspecificsubsystemoptions.Atthisstagethetotalstructuralschemeisdevelopedtoamiddlelevelofspecificitybyfocusingonidentificationanddesignofmajorsubsystemstotheextentthattheirkeygeometric,component,andinteractivepropertiesareestablished.Basicsubsysteminteractionanddesignconflictscanthusbeidentifiedandresolvedinthecontextoftotal-systemobjectives.Consultantscanplayasignificantpartinthiseffort;thesepreliminary-leveldecisionsmayalsoresultinfeedbackthatcallsforrefinementorevenmajorchangeinschematicconcepts.Whenthedesignerandtheclientaresatisfiedwiththefeasibilityofadesignproposalatthepreliminarylevel,itmeansthatthebasicproblemsofoveralldesignaresolvedanddetailsarenotlikelytoproducemajorchange.Thefocusshiftsagain,andthedesignprocessmovesintothefinallevel.Atthisstagetheemphasiswillbeonthedetaileddevelopmentofallsubsystemspecifics.Heretheroleofspecialistsfromvariousfields,includingstructuralengineering,ismuchlarger,sincealldetailofthepreliminarydesignmustbeworkedout.DecisionsmadeatthislevelmayproducefeedbackintoLevelIIthatwillresultinchanges.However,ifLevelsIandIIarehandledwithinsight,therelationshipbetweentheoveralldecisions,madeattheschematicandpreliminarylevels,andthespecificsofthefinallevelshouldbesuchthatgrossredesignisnotinquestion,Rather,theentireprocessshouldbeoneofmovinginanevolutionaryfashionfromcreationandrefinement(ormodification)ofthemoregeneralpropertiesofatotal-systemdesignconcept,tothefleshingoutofrequisiteelementsanddetails.Tosummarize:AtLevelI,thearchitectmustfirstestablish,inconceptualterms,theoverallspace-formfeasibilityofbasicschematicoptions.Atthisstage,collaborationwithspecialistscanbehelpful,butonlyifintheformofoverallthinking.AtLevelII,thearchitectmustbeabletoidentifythemajorsubsystemrequirementsimpliedbytheschemeandsubstantialtheirinteractivefeasibilitybyapproximatingkeycomponentproperties.Thatis,thepropertiesofmajorsubsystemsneedbeworkedoutonlyinsufficientdepthtoverytheinherentcompatibilityoftheirbasicform-relatedandbehavioralinteraction.ThiswillmeanasomewhatmorespecificformofcollaborationwithspecialiststhenthatinlevelI.AtlevelIII,thearchitectandthespecificformofcollaborationwithspecialiststhenthatprovidingforalloftheelementaldesignspecificsrequiredtoproducebiddableconstructiondocuments.OfcoursethissuccesscomesfromthedevelopmentoftheStructuralMaterial.Theprincipalconstructionmaterialsofearliertimeswerewoodandmasonrybrick,stone,ortile,andsimilarmaterials.Thecoursesorlayerswereboundtogetherwithmortarorbitumen,atarlikesubstance,orsomeotherbindingagent.TheGreeksandRomanssometimesusedironrodsorclapstostrengthentheirbuilding.ThecolumnsoftheParthenoninAthens,forexample,haveholesdrilledinthemforironbarsthathavenowrustedaway.TheRomansalsousedanaturalcementcalledpuzzling,madefromvolcanicash,thatbecameashardasstoneunderwater.Bothsteelandcement,thetwomostimportantconstructionmaterialsofmoderntimes,wereintroducedinthenineteenthcentury.Steel,basicallyanalloyofironandasmallamountofcarbonhadbeenmadeuptothattimebyalaboriousprocessthatrestrictedittosuchspecialusesasswordblades.AftertheinventionoftheBessemerprocessin1856,steelwasavailableinlargequantitiesatlowprices.Theenormousadvantageofsteelisitstensileforcewhich,aswehaveseen,tendstopullapartmanymaterials.Newalloyshavefurther,whichisatendencyforittoweakenasaresultofcontinualchangesinstress.Moderncement,calledPortlandcement,wasinventedin1824.Itisamixtureoflimestoneandclay,whichisheatedandthengroundintoapower.Itismixedatorneartheconstructionsitewithsand,aggregatesmallstones,crushedrock,orgravel,andwatertomakeconcrete.Differentproportionsoftheingredientsproduceconcretewithdifferentstrengthandweight.Concreteisveryversatile;itcanbepoured,pumped,orevensprayedintoallkindsofshapes.Andwhereassteelhasgreattensilestrength,concretehasgreatstrengthundercompression.Thus,thetwosubstancescomplementeachother.Theyalsocomplementeachotherinanotherway:theyhavealmostthesamerateofcontractionandexpansion.Theythereforecanworktogetherinsituationswherebothcompressionandtensionarefactors.Steelrodsareembeddedinconcretetomakereinforcedconcreteinconcretebeamsorstructureswheretensionswilldevelop.Concreteandsteelalsoformsuchastrongbond─theforcethatunitesthem─thatthesteelcannotslipwithintheconcrete.Stillanotheradvantageisthatsteeldoesnotrustinconcrete.Acidcorrodessteel,whereasconcretehasanalkalinechemicalreaction,theoppositeofacid.Theadoptionofstructuralsteelandreinforcedconcretecausedmajorchangesintraditionalconstructionpractices.Itwasnolongernecessarytousethickwallsofstoneorbrickformultistorybuildings,anditbecamemuchsimplertobuildfire-resistantfloors.Boththesechangesservedtoreducethecostofconstruction.Italsobecamepossibletoerectbuildingswithgreaterheightsandlongerspans.Sincetheweightofmodernstructuresiscarriedbythesteelorconcreteframe,thewallsdonotsupportthebuilding.Theyhavebecomecurtainwalls,whichkeepouttheweatherandletinlight.Intheearliersteelorconcreteframebuilding,thecurtainwallsweregenerallymadeofmasonry;theyhadthesolidlookofbearingwalls.Today,however,curtainwallsareoftenmadeoflightweightmaterialssuchasglass,aluminum,orplastic,invariouscombinations.Anotheradvanceinsteelconstructionisthemethodoffasteningtogetherthebeams.Formanyyearsthestandardmethodwasriveting.Arivetisaboltwithaheadthatlookslikeabluntscrewwithoutthreads.Itisheated,placedinholesthroughthepiecesofsteel,andasecondheadisformedattheotherendbyhammeringittoholditinplace.Rivetinghasnowlargelybeenreplacedbywelding,thejoiningtogetherofpiecesofsteelbymeltingasteelmaterialbetweenthemunderhighheat.Priestess’sconcreteisanimprovedformofreinforcement.Steelrodsarebentintotheshapestogivethemthenecessarydegreeoftensilestrengths.Theyarethenusedtopriestessconcrete,usuallybyoneoftwodifferentmethods.Thefirstistoleavechannelsinaconcretebeamthatcorrespondtotheshapesofthesteelrods.Whentherodsarerunthroughthechannels,theyarethenbondedtotheconcretebyfillingthechannelswithgrout,athinmortarorbindingagent.Intheother(andmorecommon)method,thepriestessessteelrodsareplacedinthelowerpartofaformthatcorrespondstotheshapeofthefinishedstructure,andtheconcreteispouredaroundthem.Priestess’sconcreteuseslesssteelandlessconcrete.Becauseitisahighlydesirablematerial.Progressedconcretehasmadeitpossibletodevelopbuildingswithunusualshapes,likesomeofthemodern,sportsarenas,withlargespacesunbrokenbyanyobstructingsupports.Theusesforthisrelativelynewstructuralmethodareconstantlybeingdeveloped.OnDesignFormanykindsofreasons,ithasbecomeincreasingdifficultinrecentyearstomakeastatementaboutthegroundruleonwhich,ingeneral,buildingdesigncriteriashouldbebased.Itsreasonmainlyisthepresentpeopletheconstructionstyledevelopmenthasthedifferentviewpointtothenewengineeringfactorunder;Designsthepersonnelfacingtohaveabigstringtobepossibletousefortosolvethestructurequestionmethod,butalsohasmassivelymaysupplythechoicethebuildingmaterial.Theresultisfrequentlythearchitecturalcomplexischaotic,thedetaillayoutisrough.Inthepast,choicewasextremelylimited,thepeoplethroughdiligentlyraisedthearchitectureknowledgelevelandtheaccuracyforalongtimeavoiddesigningroughly.Inthe18thcentury,thisnationalGeorgedynastytimehousingprojectclearsurfaceunderstandsthesecharacteristics.Inalsopreservedhastheseprojectplace,200yearaftertodaytheseprojectsstillhadtheverystrongcompatibilityandtheusability.Inlargemeasure,theGeorgedynasty-likescalepartialnoderatiohousetoagreatextentconformstoArabLeagueexperienceAlexGordonsaidthearchitecturaldesignshouldachievefourgoals.Theyare:1. Tomodifyclimate;2. Tosupportpatternsofactivity;3. Toaddtoourresources4. ToprovidedelightCertainly,healsomayaddone:Anydesignmustrelatetoanoverallfinancialcommitment.Duringoccurredpetroleumcrisisin1974,people'sresponsewassavesthefiercerisebyanymeanspossibleintheroomtheenergyexpenditure.Gordonhasinitiatedadesignproposal.Hesetthefollowingdesigninstructiongoalinthisdesignproposal-------longlife,lowenergy,loosefit.—withtheintentionthefoll