口语写作综合小范围

文明前，Anasazi人已经规模的修建水利公事，但估计最后是这些公事没能保证足够的水源，使得Anasazi人无法应对突如其来的旱灾，家园。当年他们离开他们居住地的时候，走得很abrupt^是fledawayfromdwelling，.把很多artifacts都：教授说，关于Anasazi的文明突然消逝的原因很多，但至今没有定论，干旱的全球变暖说。文明的1800AD前后是有一次大变暖，但考古发现Anazia原住Anasazi人在几百年前就修建水利公事，而且他们完全有能力储备足够的水源，所文明突然消逝，可能是由其他原因造成的。比如和war。有一种理论civilizationAnasazi人打仗，.迫使后WhilethereadingpassagehighlightsthreepossiblereasonsoftheAnasazipeople'sleavingtheircliffdwellings，thelectureclaimstheyarecastindoubtbythreecorrespondingissues.ThereisnodenyingthefactthatthereasonbehindAnasazipeople'sleavingtheirhomesisatopicworthyofdebate.Consequently,itiscriticaltoyzetheargumentsrelatedtothisThepassageclaimsthattherewasabigmigrationoftribesintotheAnasazilivingareaandthismighthavecausedawar.Therewasalsoarchaeologicalevidenceofbonesandweaponry.Unfortunaythisargumentdoesnotholdupundercloseexamination.ThemainproblemwiththisargumentisthatthesacredritualgroundsmayhavebeenburntbytheAnasazithemselves.Thisistruebecausesometribesheldtheseburningritualstoindicatetheywouldnevercomebackagain.Despitethepassage'sassertion,theclaimthattherewasawarismisleading.Also,thepassageemphasizesthatarchaeologistshaveevidenceoffamineanddroughtinneighboringareas:thisinevitablywouldhaveledto.ThispointisovershadowedbythefactthatthereweremanypossessionsleftbehindbytheAnasazipeople.Furthermore,hadtherebeenawar，theintruderswouldhavetakenallthepossessionsaway.Asaresult，theclaimthatawarhappeneddoesnotholduponcloseysis.Basedonthislineofreasoning，onecanseehowtheassumptionisnotsoconvincing.Finally,thepassageassertsthatNavajotraditionclaimstheAnasaziweredefeatedinbattleanddtoflee.Ontheotherhand,thespeakerarguesthattheAnasazipopulationgrewtooquicklysoitbecamevulnerabletowatershortages.Allthingsconsidered,thespeakermakesamuchstrongercase.Herargumentisbasedonthefactthatalargepopulationcanbeeasilysubjecttoproblemscausedbydrought.Withalloftheseargumentsinhand,itisobviousthatthepassage'sbasicassertionis1阅读:有一种蚊子一种疾病,科学家发明了一种改良过的蚊子和这种蚊子交配v导致后代有缺陷,减少这种蚊子的population,可以预防疾病:有些人不同意,原因（1)蚊子数量下降,可能导致其他带有同样的蚊子数量上升,其中可能包括一些有些可能有更厉害的蚊子（2)如果改良的蚊子咬人的话,传到人的身上,对无益（3)放出这些蚊子可能导致环境问题，可能会对其他物种产生影响,例子是种改良过的菜,但是菜周围的蝴蝶数量减半2阅读:现代都市里glass越来越多,严重干扰鸟类飞行,有三个solutions可以防止birds撞到玻璃上。⑴做one-waywindow(单一光线玻璃)，里面看得到外面外面的鸟看不到里面。（2)玻璃上昼图案(彩色的玻璃),比如stripes(3)制造人工磁场,鸟类向玻璃飞近:所有观点(1)鸟以为是镜子，同样会撞上（2)找缝隙撞到没有颜色的玻璃上（3)制造人工磁场导航在短距离没效果。3为了防止沙漠化的扩大，有人提出用可以collectwater的device种树，是否可1、太贵，2、当地人没有motivationinstallmaintaindevice;3、树长大后就要移除DEVICE了，因为太大呀，然后他们自己生存能力不行，就挂了，这不是浪费钱吗？1device可重复利用20次，所以是reasonable2、那些设备也可以种蔬菜啊，当地人就会有食物了，而且树长大后可以branch砍下来当firewood烧，当地人会照看设备的3、树长大后根系也发达了，可以达到更深处的土层，一旦他reachwaterresources,就能独立存活了，而且90%的树木在离开设备后两年都活得好好的。4动物界发现一个52-hertzwhale，很少见，有三种theory:—是这只whale是hybrid，二是它有问题，三是它是一种rarespecies;教授一一：whale很难有hybrid，whale通过throat，和没有connection，如果是rarespecies应该会有其它只whale被发现。5Reading:Gastornisisacarnivorousbird.Reasons:(1)it'soverallappearanceresemblesothermeat-eatingbirdsliketerrorbirds(2)ithasalarge,powerfulbeaktocutthroughmeatandbones(3)ithaslargetalonsatitsfeettocapturefoodsListening:(1)itresemblesbothmeat-eatingandnt-eatingbirdssotheappearancecannotdetermineit'sacarnivore.Eg.Ithasthesamefeatureastheostrichesandemus.(2)ithasastraightbeakinsteadofcurvedbeak.Thestraightbeakismorelikelytobeusedonntssuchasnuts.(3)thefootprintsleftbyGastornisdon'tshowclaws.Thelastboneofitsfootmaybethestructure,nota6海藻制油不现实。文章给的理由，1，海藻是水生动物的食物，不能大规模养。2，海藻留下的细菌会降低由的品质。3，海藻不能在低温下浮起来。教授不同意。认为是好的方法。他对此反驳了有其他的海藻可以用于产油。2，可以用其他方法清洁油;3，可改变海藻上的fattyacid，这样的话，粘度改变，就比较容易低温时候浮游起来独立写作：做好旅游业，可以花钱用于雇佣更多还是修整老房子和老街道。7一个古代sculpture被认为是 的，阅读一 他不止一 他有一幅画和雕塑很像被认为是作为雕像的准备稿 为了钱 年幼无知时为了出名，出名之后不必 画有2处和雕塑不同，是巧合三 毁名8RichardIII是否杀了他的侄子来争夺王位的故事。1、阅读说他又动机杀，因为想当king，说还有很多其他方法当king，比如说他哥哥和老婆的 ，不被认可，侄子也无法合理继承2、除了还有很多其他作家也这么觉得，但是说这是值得怀疑的，因为这些作家和德的敌人tudors有关，朵朵想 德之类3、伦敦塔里有小孩头骨在房间里，证明是他杀的，可是说当时有很多小孩在伦敦塔，不能判断是谁的，也不能断定和9solartechnologyfossilfuels1solarenergyothersourcespollutant,比如没有fossilfuelpollutantnuclearenergyradioactive反驳：使用solarenergy需要大量占地，比如NY如果要用能，那么得占用它25%的土地面积来建thousandsofpanels，而在土地越来越珍贵的今天，大量占用土地也是一种environmentalproblem阅读2solarenergyisalwaysavailableandplentiful。能不像其他能源需beminedwithgreateffort,而且可以store起来等没阳光的日子用！反驳：储藏能的电池是METAL做的，那些metal也需要beminedwitheffort，能的使用也会被effectedbynatureresources阅读3Solarenergy能在remotelocations使用，比如mountainsandships。现在这些边远地区难以接电线还是什么管道，所以能源使用，然而他们可以用solarpanels，就可以自己发电反驳solarenergyisacomplextechnology.如果你在CITY里，solarenergy的设备坏了，修起来还方便；如果在边远地方，那就要花很长时间来修，也很困难。所以边远地区还是用gasoline好，easytomaintainThreetheoriestoexinwhymothsoftenflytowardsartificialreason1:Theymistakenartificiallightsforthemoon.(itisthenatureofmoths5toavoidpredatorsuchas,itwillflytowardsthemoon5sowhenmothsencounterapredator5itwillconsideranylightasmoon,somothswillflytowardsthelightwhichitobserved)reason2:Mothstakeman-madelightsasthelightfromflowers.(flowersreflectmorelightthanotherobjectsinthenight)，Mothsoftenflytoflowerssotheycansuckthenectarfromflowers.Sowhenartificiallightison,theythinkitisthelightfromflowers.reason3:Mothsflytoartificiallightbecausetheywanttoheatthemselves,becausethelightsourceiswarm.Listeningrefute3ideasreason1:Mothscirclearoundtheartificiallightandevencollideintoeachotherwhentheyfly.Theyalsoflymuchlongerthannecessary,evenlongafterthepredatorisgone.Ifthemoontheoryisvalid,mothswouldonlybeflyingupwardsratherthancircling.reason2:MothsdetectthepresenceofflowersbecausetheycandetecttheCO2thattheseflowersrelease,notbecausethereislightaroundtheflower.Ithasbeenfoundthatmothscandetectthekindofflowerandtherichnessoftheflowerfromtheamountofco2thattheseflowersrelease.SinceartificiallightdoesnotreleaseanyCO2,the“flowertheory”isalsoflawed.reason3:Ifthe“heattheory”isreasonable,thenmothswouldbeflyingtowardssometypesoflightmorethanothers.Forexample,theywouldflyintoflorescentlightmuchlessoftenbecauseflorescentlightiscold.Butonthecontrary,mothsprefertoflyintoflorescentlightratherthanotherwarmerlights.综合写作：东北部一个小区公园突然发现一批针叶树木逐步死掉，怀疑是附近Household使用的一种新型除草剂（Herbicide)惹的搞。文章认为不是的，主要原因：-这种除草剂在投放市场之前经过了机构详细的长达数年的测试木有问 并非所有的针叶树木受，还有好多其他种类树木木有问题-」专家「发现这段时间气候突然变化（变冷）可能是因为气候原因导致树木死Lecture讲到还是认为这个除草剂是元儿：-的测试主要是针对人和动物的安全测试，没有太多对植物的-那些没有被的树木发现都是在高处的，而低处的都被了因为是流经附近小区的河流将除草剂带到了公园里这些树木的根部-气候变化应该是那些枯黄的老树叶先死掉，而事实上很多新绿的树叶也掉落了12讲的是spaceship在宇宙空间中会遇到debris，三种解决方法1trackingdebris2shield3broom教授认为，第一种有很多小碎片很难追踪，第二种是航天飞船需要的能量来建立防御罩，第三种用宇宙飞船把碎片脱离宇宙空间版2:讲如何处理太空，reading里往方案，一bracking这些debris，二是加一个金属的shield，三是用laserbroom给扫走。里面逐一批驳，方案一只能追踪到大的piece，小的一样很有性，且法追踪。二会加重飞船重量，需要更powerful的 。三laserbroom有可能会被用作。tusksofnarwhals(NarwhalsNarwhilefunctions独角鲸头作用Piercethroughthickicesheettobreathe的，因为独角鲸待的地方在冰层下面不好呼吸，还说有eyewitnesssee曾经有独角鲸冰层。malenarwhalsCompetefor此角与鲸的神经系统相连，可以起到—个sensor的作用，感知oceanpropertiestemperatureetc),importantinnarwhals'Bendmanydirections，所以说独透厚厚的冰层，只能弄碎很薄的冰面。目击者看到的情况很有可能只是独角itsheadicesheethavealreadybeguntobreak的地方。她说其实所谓两条公独角鲸为领地而战只是远观而得的结论，如果是从close的地方看就会发现，其实独角録在gentlyrubeachother，这是它们的一种交流方Femalenarwhalsdon'thavetusksnarwhilesurvival里真important，为啥一般母的独都livelongerthanThetopicisaboutthefunctionalityofNarwhal'stusks;Narwhalsakindofwhaleinocean;however,sinbothreadingandlisteningcontentaredifferentforthefunctionoftheFirstofall,thelecturerindicatesthatthetuskcannotbetobreakicesheetsintheoceanbecausethetusksarebendableandnothardenoughtopiercethroughthethickice.Eventhoughsomepeoplewitnessedtheice-breakingphenomenonNarwhalsdidasthereadingexins;itistruepartlybecausetheicesheethavealreadybrokeintosmalleronesorthinnerones,whichmakesitmucheasiertoSecondly,thereadinginsiststhatthetuskisasweaponsformaleNarwhalstocompeteforterritoryforsuperiormatingopportunities.Likewisethisstandpointisrefutedbythespeakerwhotusksthatobservationfromadistancemakespeopleconfusedaboutwhattheyactuallywereng.Theywerecommunicating,notfightingeachother.MaleNarwhalsrubtogetherasawayofcommutationLastly,ifthetusk,possessedmostlybymale,isreallyessentialinthesurvivalgameforsuchcreatureintheocean,thelifespanofmaleshouldbelongerthanthatofthefemalethatrarelyhavetusks.HoweverthefactinthatfemaleNarwhalshavelongerlifespanthanmaleNarwhals.ThereadingsaystuskscanbeusedtosensethechangesoftheirlivingenvironmentandarevitaltoalltheNarwhals.Sothisdoesnotmakesense.Asabovementioned,thereadingandthelisteningcontentsareopposing.Thistopicisaboutthreesolutionsforavoidingthesalinitylevelbeinghowever,sinbothreadingandlisteningcontentareFirstofall,thelecturerindicatesthatduringtheprocessofdesalination,harmfulchemicalstheS-word阅读文本中会有具体拼写)asmentionedcitedinthelisteningcannegativelyaffecttheseaandthecreatureslivinginthesamearea,includinghumanbeings;however,readingsayssuchpumoutwatermethodforremovingthesaltfromitisaneffectivetogetthesalt.Secondly,thereadinginsiststhatconstructingcorpipelinestointroducewaterthatislesssaltythantheGulfofCalifoniatotheseaisagreatidea.Likewise,thisstandpointisrefutedbythespeakerwhothinksthatisverypricytobuildsuchconpipeline.ItcostsmillionsofdollarsandthelocalernmentcannotafforditatLastly,thelisteningj^6ntentpointsoutthatthewallbuiltin°^rtoeitherbalancethesalinitymaintainthesalii#yforthemajorpartisnotagoodSincetheSaltonSeaissitedingeologicallyacl^eregion,itisvulnerabletoearthquakes^notherwords,thewallcaneasilybedestroyedor^rackedforpossibleleakagecausingoretrouble.Nevertheless,theauthordisprovesit^yputtingforththeideathatwallscan^ieusedtoseparatethelakeintodifferentsections,fablingtokeepthemainsectionlesssalt^^romtheabovepoints,thereadingthusandthelistingcontentsareopposing.不能彻底解决问题，因为只是丨^^1油颗粒变小，burning才能彻底消分解后的物质对海里的生物只在特定环境下才、f效，当海洋风浪较大或流速过快时不能解决问题。分散剂把低，不会对生物有害相比dispersant来说oil更，overallreducethetoxicThetopicdebatedisaboutwhetherornotoildispersantsaregreatagentasmethodtobeutilizedforoilspills;thespeakerandtheauthorholdadifferentonit.Thefirstpointisregardingthefactthatoildispersantscannotreallysolvetheproblemonceandforallbecausetheyjustturntheoilintosmallerdropletsadtheoilisstillthere.Eitherburningorskimmingtheoilisabettersolution.However,thespeakersaysthatthosetwomethodsofremovingtheoilcannotbecarriedoutwhenthewavesarehighorthewindisstrong.Thus,themethodsarenotefficientandSecondly,accordingtothelecturer,theoildupletswithdetrimentalchemicalsareonlyathighconcentrationinthelabs,notintherealseacondition.Soinrealscenario,theconcentrationislowanddoesalmostnoharmtoseacreaturestheecosystem.However,，thereadingindicatesthatthesmallerdropletscanbeconsumedbycreatureslivingintheecosystemandaredeadlytothem.Lastly,thereadingpointsoutthatoildispersantsarepoisonousthemselves,However,thespeakerclaimsthateverythingisatrade-offToputitdifferently,oilchemicalsfromtheoilspillarewaymoretoxic.Withlimitedways,oil-dispersantmethodisstillthebestforthetimebeing.Insummary,thespeakerthinksthattherearenomethodsthatcanperfectlywithoutanyflawordefect.Oildispersantarestillidealforthesolutionofoilspillatthistime.Thus,thestancesonbothmaterialsarecontradictory. 1，自己开公司要面对的手续会Anincreasingnumberofpeoplechoosetostarttheirownbusinessinsteadofworkingfora.Thereadingpassageexinswhyself-employmenthas esopopular,whilethelecturerpointsoutseveralrisksassociatedwiththistrend.First,thereadingsaysthatbigcompaniesoftenhavetoomanybureaucraticregulationsandrules,makingitdifficultforindividualemployeestopursuetheirownideas.However,thelecturerarguesthatstartingone’sownbusinessinvolvesevenmorerulesduringtheprocessofbusinessregistration.Second,thereadingstatesthatemploymentbybigcompaniesnowadaysisnotasstableasitusedtobe,leadingtoadecreasedsenseofsecurityamongHowever,thelecturerrefutesthispointbysayingthatstartingupainvolvesfarmorerisksandfarlessstabilitybecauseitcouldmeanthelossof investmentorotherassets.Finally,thereadingsuggeststhatrecentlythereisatrendforbigcompaniestostopofferingextrabenefits,suchaspensionormedicalinsurance,totheiremployees.Yetthelecturerpointsoutthattheseextrabenefitsareevenlesslikelytobefoundina 关于远征船队的铅。有人认为是灌装里的铅引起。文章说，【1】因为罐头食物不可ThefamousexpeditionledbyCaptainJohnFranklinendedinthedeathofallcrewmembersaboardtheshipafteritbecameiceboundinthearcticterritory.Itissuggestedthatthecauseofthecrew’sdeathwasleadpoisoningfromcontaminatedcannedfood.Thereadingpassagerefutesthistheory,butthelecturerarguesthatthereisreasontobelieveinthistheory.First,thereadingstatesthatbecausethetincontainersdidnothavedirectcontactwiththefood,foodpoisoningfromleadwasnotpossible.However,accordingtothelecture,theorderforthecannedfoodwasrushed,sotheworkerswhowereprocessingthefoodmightbecarelessandsloppyinhandlingthefood.Asaresult,asignificantportionoftheexpedition’scannedfoodmighthavebeencontaminatedbyleadinthecanningprocess.Second,thereadingpointsoutthattherewerenoleadpoisoningreportsofcrewmembers.Thisindicatesthatleadpoisoningwasnottherealcause.However,thelecturerarguesthatthelackofsuchreportsmaybeduetothesimilaritybetweensymptomsofleadpoisoningandsymptomsofothernormalseasicknesses.Forexample,ifacrewmembersuffersheadachecausedbyleadpoisoning,itmaywellbeviewedasacommonsymptomofseasickness.Finally,thereadingindicatesanotherpotentialsourceofleadpoisoning-theship’sfreshwatersystemwhichusedleadpipes.Thelecturerdoesnotagreewiththisexnationeither.Hesaysthatthiswatersystemwasusednotfordrinkingandcooking.Itwasusedforproviding topropeltheship’sengine.Thecrewhadanotherseparatesystemfordrinkingwater,sothefreshwatersystemthatthereadingmentionedcouldnothavebeenthecauseofleadpoisoning.1【新型灯泡CFL】文章说推行新型灯泡（CFL)替换老灯泡的政策不好.给了3点理由1太贵.2有污染.3光对眼睛不好对眼睛好了.2【REDRAINKerala2redrain的三个原因阅读文章要点：1.volcaniceruption;2.meteoricexplosion;3.sporesoflichens;1redrain,redrain因为和一般的雨差不多，而且雨水成分中没有火山喷发物；3【TheHohokam】人类的原因里面的物种，而这些动物呢又是人依赖生存的meat，于是人类没东西吃；：再说在那以前1000年他们一直用得好好的，咋就一下没了？3乏明确，有工事不等于有，也许只是预防而己；再说没有其他关于的遗迹留下。ThetopicisaboutthereasontheHohokampeoplewentextinctandvanished.Thecontentofbothmaterialsinreadingandlisteningaredifferent.Thefirstpointisaboutfoodscarcityproblem.Fromthereading,theirrigationtheHohokampeopleusedcausealkalinequalityofthewaterthatleadstoinfertilizationonthelandHowever,thelisteningcontentindicatesthatfallow,themethodofleavinglandunseeded,allowedthelandto efertileagainbyrainwaterwashingawaythesaltywater.Besides,theHohokampeoplehadbeenusingsucharablemethodforthousandsofyears.Thiswasacommonpractice,sothelandwouldnot eunabletofarminashortperiodoftime.Secondly,accordingtothespeaker,thetreementionedwasabletogrowfastwiththenurtureoftheMotherNature.Iftheywereonlyusedformaterialsofsettingupfiresorbuildinghouses,theywouldnotbeusedupeasily.Thislikewiserefutestheauthorfromthepassageinthattheychoppeddowntoomanytreesthattheir“meatsource”,livedon.Inotherwords,whenthoseanimalsdiedout,theHohokampeoplewerecutoffthefood.Atlastfromthereading,Navajogroups,theinvasivepeoplehassuccessfullyoccupiedthecetheHohokampeoplelived.Thusthereweresomefortificationsleftasevidence.Fromthelistening,however,mightnotbeemployedforwars.Maybetheywerejustusedfordefendingagainstinvadingpeopleandtheyneverusedit.Ontopofthat,therewerenothingelseleftexpectthosefences.Thereshouldbemoreevidenceleftiftherewerewars.Allpointsmentionedabove,thespeakerandtheauthorholddifferentviewsonthisissueforhowtheHohokampeoplevanished.4【甲壳虫】阅读：AmericanBuryingbeetles大量减少的三个可能的原因/理论2beetle的生活模式需要完整的habitat，人为的环境改造，使得环境破碎，fragmentationofhabitatorDiscontinuity造成其是竞争不过scavengerm 1从pesticide的使用时间来看，根本就不是杀虫剂引起这个问题的。的northeasternpesticide之前就有beetle'slossMiddleWest，2有些跟其生活模式差不多的beetle没有，他们同样受到fragmentationof3reading忽略了这种beetle另外一种特性，他可以在发现食物之后释放一种气味chemicalsmell，防止（block)其他动物对食物的探寻，他具有这样的优势，不可能竞争不过那些scavengers。ThetopicisabouthowtheAmericanburyingbeetlesgoesextinctinawidescale.Thereadingandlisteningpointsofviewaredifferentinstoit.Tobeginwith,fromthereading,itsaysthatpoisonouspesticide,suchasDDTmadealarge-scalewipeoutinthebeetlealongwithothercreaturesthatarefoodtoAmericanburyingbeetles.Fromthelistening,however,priortotheusageofDDT,therewereunknownreasonsofbeetlelossalready.Inaddition,DDThasbeenusedinseveralpartsoftheUS,especiallyintheMiddleWest,formorethantwentyyears,anditdidnotbringanyextinctiontoothersimilarbeetlesandwhyonlysuchkindofAmericanburyingbeetles?Thus,thereisnodirectcorrelationlinkedbetweenthispesticideandthebeetleextinction.Secondly,duetothereadingmaterial,thefragmentationofhabitatledtotheextinctionofthebeetles.However,othersimilarbeetlesandcreatureswerealsoencounteringsuchfragmentationofhabitatbyhumanbehavior.Theyarealsolivinginthesamenature,yettheywerestillstableinnumbers.Inotherwords,suchhumaninterruptionasfragmentationofhabitatisnotthecause.ThereisnoreasontojustsingleoutAmericanburyingbeetlesandwipethemout.Thirdly,theolfactorysensitivityofAmericanburyingbeetlesissuperiorthatitcansmellthefoodasfarastwoaway.However,theauthorindicatesthatotherscavengerstookprevalenceovertheminlocatingfoodbetter,leadingtothescantyoffoodsource.Thismaybesomewhattrue,howeverthereisanotheradvantageforthisspecialbeetle—chemicalweapon-,whichmeansitwillsecretastrongodorthatcanpreventotherscavengersfrom“stealing”it.SuchstrongaciditymakesAmericanburyingbeetlesfeedontheirfoodexclusively.13brokenintopieces2物还是什么的碎片，然后它们可以datingbacktoXXX年以前，并且，speech说没有250-millionold这么老。第二碎片只在那三个国家被发现过，如果冲击力那么ThereadingpassagepresentsthreepiecesofevidencetosupportthetheorythatthePermian–TriassicmassextinctionwastriggeredbyameteoriteimpactingEarth.However,thelecturerrejectsthistheorybypointingoutitsThefirstevidenceistherecentdiscoveryofmeteoritefragmentscontainingmineralgrainswhichdatedto250millionyearsago,thesametimewhentheextinctionoccurred.However,thelecturerrejectsthistheoryasunconvincing,arguingthatanyysubstancewouldbetransformed 250millionyearsofychemicalprocess,sothemineralsnowp inthefragmentsmusthavebeenformedquiterecently.Thesecondevidenceisthescatteredmeteoritefragmentsin,and[],indicatingthemagnitudeofadisastrousmeteoriteimpactthatcouldwipeoutalmosttheentirespeciesonEarth.Yetaccordingtothelecture,thefactthatthefragmentswereonlyfoundinthreecountries,andnotintherestoftheworldsuchasEurope,wasactuallyproofthatthemeteoritecollisionwasnotstrongenoughtocausesuchamassiveextinction.ThethirdevidenceisalargecraterfoundoffthecoastofAustralia.Itssizematchesthatofameteorite,indicatingthatitwasanimpactsiteforameteoritecollision.Nevertheless,thelecturerproposesadifferenttheory.HeexinsthatthiscratermayhavebeencausedbyEarth’sinternalssuchasvolcanicactivities.3阅读：GM 有好【1】可以导入抗虫，少用杀虫剂，有利于保护环境【2】可以耐干旱，在非洲种可以提高农民收入【3】可以让大米里含更生素a，防止维a缺乏。部分认为gm的好处被夸大了，【1】这种如果扩散到野草里，那野草也该疯长了，一样破坏生态平【2】农民往往用去年的播种，用gm的话就得年年买新，多花的钱【3agm大米高，为什么不建议人们吃Thereadingpassageintroducestothereadersthebenefitsofgeneticallymodifiedcrops,whilethelecturetriestoconvinceusthatthesebenefitsareoverThefirstbenefitisthatGMcropsaregoodfortheenvironmentbecausetheypossesspestresistantgeneswhichcanreducetheneedtousepesticide.However,thelecturerarguesthatifthesegenesspreadtowildcrops,theywillgrowoutofcontrolwhichmaybringmoredamagetotheenvironment.ThesecondbenefitisthatGMcropscanincreasefarmers’profitsbecauseGMcropscanproducegoodyieldsevenindryseasons.However,thelecturerpointstothefactthatfarmersofGMcropshavetopayaheavysumofmoneytoGMseedcompanies,andtheyhavetodoitannually.ThisbringsupthecostofgrowingGMcropssignificantly.ThethirdbenefitisthatGMntcanaddimportantnutrientslikevitaminAtothedietofpeoplewholackthosenutrients.However,accordingtothelecture,thenutrientsintroducedthroughGMcropsarefarfromenough.Thecorrectandmoreeffectivewaytodealwithnutrientdeficiencyistoencouragepeopletoeatmorevegetableslikesweetpotatoes.4bee200millionyears1没化石。没花没食物。化石结构可能不是beespeaker反驳1，没有化石是因为那时候没树，无法preserve化石。beefeedonpinetreeThereadingpassageandthelecturepresentcontrastingviewsregardingthehypothesisthatbeesexistedpriorto200millionyearsago.Accordingtothereading,allfossilrecordsofbees,includingtheearliestonefoundinthestateofArizona,datetheexistenceofbeestonomorethan200millionyearsago.However,thelecturerexinsthatthisisbecausetreesdidnotexistuntilaboutthattime,soonlyafterthenwasitpossiblefortreeresinstopreserveafossilizedbee.Clearly,thisdoesnotruleoutthepossibilitythatbeesmayhavepredatedtheexistenceoftree(andtreeresin)andsohaveanancestrylongerthan200millionyears.Furthermore,thereadingpresentsasimilarargument,sayingthatflowersandfloweringntsdidnotexistuntil200millionyearsago,sopollen-dependentbeescouldnothaveexistedbeforethen.However,thelecturerarguesthattheearliestbeesdidnotnecessarilyfeedonflowers.Theycouldhavefedonnon-floweringntssuchaspinetreesorferns,andonlygraduallyevolvedtodependonfloweringnts.Finally,thereadingcautionsthatthefossilnestmightnotbethatofbeesbecausethereisacruciallackofspiralingstructureinthebeechambersthatisprevalentinmodernbeenests.However,thelecturerpointstothesamewater-proofsubstancefoundinboththefossilizedchamberandmodernbeechambers,arguingthatthemakersofthefossilnestwereindeedbees.5Harappancivilizationdecline个是受到游牧民族nomadictribe。第二个是气候变化导致农业垮了，没第一个是当时H文明的地盘很大largescale游牧民族虽然打了他几个地区但是还不至于导致他decline。surplus的food。所H也不可能因为气候decline。第三个是H人都是出色ThereadingpassageputsforwardthreehypothesestoexinthedeclineoftheHarappancivilization.However,thelecturerchallengesthesehypothesesandusesevidencetoprovethatallofthemarebasedonflawedspeculations.ThefirsthypothesisisthatthedeclineofHarappancivilizationwascausedbyinvasionfromanomadictribe.However,thelecturearguesthattheHarappanculturecoveredahugeexpanseofterritory,soevenifthenomadpeopleinvadedHarappanland,suchinvasionwasconfinedtoasmallnumberofHarappancitiesonly,soit’sunlikelytohaveledtothetotaldestructionoftheHarappanculture.ThesecondhypothesisisthatclimatechangehadledtothecollapseofHarappanagriculture.Withnofoodavailable,theHarappanpeoplehadtoabandontheirhome.Reasonableasitmaysound,thereareflawsinthisargumenttoo,because,asthelectureindicates,theEgyptiancivilization,acontemporaryoftheHarappancivilization,wasabletomakeadjustmenttoitsagricultureandmanagedtocopedwiththesameunhospitableclimatechanges.ThereisnoreasonwhytheHarappanpeoplecouldnothavealsoadaptedsuccessfullytoclimatechange.Thethirdhypothesisputstheblameonwatercontamination,ingthatawater-bornediseasehaddtheHarappanpeopletomigratetootherlocations,leadingtothedeclineoftheentirecivilization.Thistheoryisnotvalidaccordingtothelecture.Theprofessorex insthatHarappanpeoplewereexcellentengineerswhohadcreatedadvancedc systemsthatshouldbecapableofpreventingthetransmissionofdiseasethroughwater.6阅读：讲要meetthedemandofenergy.—个国家应该采用核能发电，但是有些批评(1).Safety,说如果coreoverheat的话会辐射外泄造成对环境生态及人类的危害；和coal;(3).有othertechnology，比如风力发电持normaltemperature，不会有； unprecedentednotreliable，因此需要其他的发电废当backup，所以还不如用nuclear呢。Thetopicisaboutwhetherornotthenuclearpowerisabetterpowersourceamongotheralternatives.Thereadingandlisteningmaterialholdadifferentviewpointstowardthisdebatedissue.Tobeginwith,thereadingindicatesthattheoverheatingofthenuclearreactorwillreleaseradioactivityinleakagethatdoesgreatharmtonotjusthumanbeings,butthewholeenvironment.However,thespeakerrefutesandsaysthatwiththeadvancedtechnology-PebbleBedReactor--,theproblemcanbesolved.Whenthereactorisabouttooverheat,itwillautomaticallybesloweddowninspeedandtheheatingproblemcanbetackled.Inthesecondce,speakersaysthatnuclearpowerisnotexpensivebasedonthelongterm.However,theauthorclaimsthatthecostofbuildingtheunclearntiswaytoomuchandoilorcoalntisthebetterchoice.Forthispoint,thelisteningindicatesthattheconstructionofunclearntisindeedmoreexpensive,yetthefuel,Uranium,isverycheapincomparisonofthefueltotheoilorcoalnt.thelongrun,unclearntsareabetterchoicetothisenergygenerationThirdly,windpowerseemsagreatalternativeenergysinceitisrenewable.Nevertheless,thespeakerindicatesthatwindpowergeneratedfromwindturbineisfromournatureandthusisnotreliableandstable.Usually,countriesusingsuchpowerallhaveabackuppowernt,whichiswaytootroublesome.Nuclearreactorscangenerateasteadyamountofpowerwithoutanylimitations.Thus,viewedfromtheabovereasons,thereadingandthelisteningare7阅读：naturalgasThisarticletalksaboutwhetherornottheextractionofnaturalgascanbereducedsinceitiscontroversialforeitherbringingmorebenefitstohumanbeingsorleadingtomoredisasters,thespeakerandtheauthorholddifferenttowardthisissue.Tobeginwith,thereadingsaysthatthenaturalgasisnotacleanenergybecauseitreleasesgreenhousegasesandweshoulddevelopcleanerenergyinstead.Yet,fromthespeaker,duetotheutilizationofenergyinourmodemsociety,thosecleanerenergies,suchaswindpowerorsolarpowerhasdifficultysatisfyingtheneeds;additionally,thegreenhousegasesemittedfromthenaturalgasisonlyhalfasmuchasthatreleasedbyburningcoal.Secondly,thespeaker,modemtechnologycantransportedwastewaterintoa