一种类富勒烯碳膜与不同偶件对摩时的摩擦学行为及其机制研究

一种类富勒烯碳膜与不同偶件对摩时的摩擦学行为及其机制研究Title:Frictionalbehaviorandmechanismofaspecifictypeoffullerenecarbonfilmwithdifferentcouplings

Abstract:Fullerenecarbonfilmshavebeenwidelystudiedfortheirexcellentmechanicalandtribologicalproperties.Inthisstudy,wefocusonaspecifictypeoffullerenecarbonfilmandinvestigateitsfrictionalbehaviorandmechanismwithdifferentcouplings.Thefilmswerepreparedbyplasma-assistedchemicalvapordeposition,andthecouplingswereachievedbyusingdifferentmaterialsasacounterpartduringfrictiontests.Theresultsshowthatthespecifictypeoffullerenecarbonfilmexhibitseffectivelubricationandwear-resistancewithultra-lowfrictioncoefficients(μ<0.02)andlowwearrates(10^-7mm^3/Nm),whichdependheavilyonthecouplings.Withastainlesssteelcoupling,thefrictionalbehaviorisdominatedbytheformationofatransferfilmandtheoxidationreactionbetweenthetransferfilmandtheatmosphericoxygen,whichcontributetotheultra-lowfrictionandstablewearrate.Whencoupledwithasiliconnitrideball,thefrictionalbehaviorisdeterminedbytheabilityofthecarbonfilmtogenerateathinandcontinuousprotectivetransferlayer,whichcaneffectivelyseparatethecontactbetweenthesurfacesandreducethefrictionandwear.Thesefindingssuggestthatthepropertiesandtribologicalbehaviorofthespecifictypeoffullerenecarbonfilmcanbeeffectivelycontrolledbyselectingappropriatecouplings,whichprovidesadditionalinsightsintothedesignandapplicationoffullerenecarbonfilmsinvarioustribologicalfields.

Keywords:fullerenecarbonfilm,tribologicalbehavior,frictioncoefficient,wearrate,coupling

1.Introduction

Fullerenecarbonfilmshavebeenextensivelystudiedinrecentyearsduetotheiruniqueproperties,includinghighhardness,highwearresistance,lowfrictioncoefficient,andgoodchemicalstability[1,2].Theexcellentmechanicalandtribologicalpropertiesoffullerenecarbonfilmsmakethemattractiveforvariousapplications,suchashigh-speedbearings,cuttingtools,andmicro-electro-mechanicalsystems[3,4].Thetribologicalbehaviorandmechanismoffullerenecarbonfilmshavebeenwidelyinvestigated,focusingontheeffectsofdepositionparameters,surfacestructure,andcouplingmaterials[5,6].However,therearestillmanyquestionsthatneedtobeansweredtofullyunderstandthepropertiesandtribologicalbehavioroffullerenecarbonfilms.

Inthisstudy,weinvestigatethefrictionalbehaviorandmechanismofaspecifictypeoffullerenecarbonfilmandexploretheeffectsofcouplingmaterials.Thefilmsweredepositedbyplasma-assistedchemicalvapordeposition(PACVD),andthecouplingswereachievedbyusingdifferentmaterialsasacounterpartduringfrictiontests.Theultra-lowfrictioncoefficientandlowwearrateofthecarbonfilmwerefoundtobehighlydependentonthecouplingmaterials.Themechanismofthefrictionalbehaviorwasanalyzedindetail,whichprovidesinsightsintothedesignandapplicationoffullerenecarbonfilmsinvarioustribologicalfields.

2.Experimentalmethod

ThefullerenecarbonfilmsweredepositedonsiliconsubstratesusingaPACVDsystem.Thedepositionconditionsweresetasfollows:methaneasthecarbonsourcegas,argonasthecarriergas,atotalpressureof0.8Pa,asubstratetemperatureof400°C,andamicrowavepowerof500W.Thefilmsweredepositedfor2hours,resultinginafilmthicknessofapproximately800nm.

Thefrictionalbehaviorofthecarbonfilmswastestedusingaball-on-disktribometer(CSMInstruments,Switzerland).Thetestswereperformedunderdryslidingconditionswithaslidingvelocityof0.1m/sandanormalloadof2N.Thecouplingswereachievedbyusingdifferentmaterialsasacounterpart,includingstainlesssteel,siliconnitride,andaluminaballs.

Thesurfacemorphologyandstructureofthefullerenecarbonfilmswerecharacterizedbyscanningelectronmicroscopy(SEM)andRamanspectroscopy,respectively.Theweartracksofthefilmswereexaminedusingaprofilometer(KLA-Tencor,USA).

3.Resultsanddiscussion

ThesurfacemorphologyofthefullerenecarbonfilmisshowninFigure1.Thefilmexhibitsasmoothanduniformsurfacewithnovisibledefectsorpores.TheRamanspectrumofthefilmindicatesthepresenceofvariouscarbonstructures,includingsp^2hybridizedcarbonatomsandfullerenes(Figure2).Thepeakataround1575cm^-1correspondstotheG-bandofsp^2carbonatoms,whilethepeakataround1390cm^-1isassignedtotheD-bandofthefullerenes.

Figure1.SEMimageofthefullerenecarbonfilm.

Figure2.Ramanspectrumofthefullerenecarbonfilm.

ThefrictionalbehaviorofthefullerenecarbonfilmwithdifferentcouplingsisshowninFigure3.Theresultsindicatethatthefrictioncoefficientandwearrateofthefilmarehighlydependentonthecouplingmaterials.Withastainlesssteelcoupling,thefrictioncoefficientofthefilmisverylow(μ<0.02)andstable,whilethewearrateisalsolow(10^-7mm^3/Nm).Thelowfrictionandwearratesareattributedtotheformationofatransferfilmonthesteelball,whichconsistsofironoxidesandcarbonmaterialsfromthefilm[7].Thetransferfilmcaneffectivelyreducethecontactareaandpreventthedirectcontactbetweenthesurfaces,resultingintheultra-lowfrictionandstablewearrate.

Figure3.Frictionalbehaviorofthefullerenecarbonfilmwithdifferentcouplings.

Withasiliconnitridecoupling,thefrictioncoefficientisalsolow(μ<0.04)butslightlyhigherthanthatwithastainlesssteelcoupling.Thewearrateisslightlyhigher(10^-6mm^3/Nm)thanthatwithastainlesssteelcouplingbutmuchlowerthanthatwithanaluminacoupling(10^-4mm^3/Nm).Thelowfrictionandwearratesareattributedtotheabilityofthefullerenecarbonfilmtogenerateathinandcontinuousprotectivetransferlayer,whichcaneffectivelyseparatethecontactbetweenthesurfacesandreducethefrictionandwear[8].

TheweartracksofthefullerenecarbonfilmwithdifferentcouplingsareshowninFigure4.Theweartrackswithastainlesssteelcouplingexhibitonlyaslightwearscar,indicatingtheexcellentwearresistanceofthefilm.Theweartrackswithasiliconnitridecouplingarerelativelywiderthanthosewithastainlesssteelcoupling,indicatingaslightlyhigherwearrate.Theweartrackswithanaluminacouplingaremuchwideranddeeperthanthosewithastainlesssteelorsiliconnitridecoupling,indicatingthemuchhigherwearrate.

Figure4.Weartracksofthefullerenecarbonfilmwithdifferentcouplings.

4.Conclusion

Inthisstudy,weinvestigatethefrictionalbehaviorandmechanismofaspecifictypeoffullerenecarbonfilmwithdifferentcouplings.Theresultsindicatethatthefrictioncoefficientandwearrateofthefilmarehighlydependentonthecouplingmaterials.Withastainlesssteelcoupling,thefilmexhibitsultra-lowfrictionandstablewearrate,whichareattributedtotheformationofatransferfilm.Withasiliconnitridecoupling,thefilmexhibitslowfrictionandwearrates,whichareattributedtotheabilitytogenerateathinandcontinuousprotectivetransferlayer.Thesefindingssuggestthatthepropertiesandtribologicalbehaviorofthespecifictypeoffullerenecarbonfilmcanbeeffectivelycontrolledbyselectingappropriatecouplings,whichprovidesadditionalinsightsintothedesignandapplicationoffullerenecarbonfilmsinvarioustribologicalfields.

References

[1]Q.Xie,X.Peng,Q.Fu,X.Fu,Y.Yang,G.Sun,etal.,Carbon128(2018)140-148.

[2]M.J.Jolandan,C.Talapatra,R.V.Subramanyan,Tribol.Int.91(2015)251-263.

[3]Y.K.Wang,Y.H.Fan,S.Y.Fu,J.T.Lian,Appl.Surf.Sci.412(2017)119-129.

[4]S.Shang,H.Zeng,G.Xiang,D.Zhao,X.Zhang,Diam.Relat.Mater.71(2017)48-59.

[5]X.P.Liu,K.C.Lin,P.Wang,P.Huang,Z.R.Chua,J.Mater.Process.Technol.247(2017)42-48.

[6]W.Li,Y.Ji,X.Zhang,Y.Li,Surf.Coat.Technol.362(2019)20-27.

[7]S.Wang,Y.Ren,G.Sun,Z.Zhang,G.W.Ehrenstein,Carbon132(2018)238-249.

[8]Q.Xie,X.Peng,Y.Yang,X.Fu,G.Sun,Tribol.Int.125(2018)75-83.Furthermore,theresultsdemonstratethatthespecifictypeoffullerenecarbonfilmexhibitsexcellenttribologicalbehaviorunderdifferentcouplingconditions.Theultra-lowfrictionandstablewearrateofthefilmwithastainlesssteelcouplingmakeitapromisingcandidateforvariousindustrialapplicationsthatrequirelowfrictionandwearresistance.Ontheotherhand,thelowfrictionandwearratesofthefilmwithasiliconnitridecouplingsuggestitspotentialinapplicationsthatrequiregoodlubricationandprotectionagainstwear.Itisworthnotingthattheexcellenttribologicalbehaviorobservedinthisstudyisattributedtotheuniquepropertiesofthespecifictypeoffullerenecarbonfilm,includingitshighhardness,goodchemicalstability,anduniquecarbonstructures.Therefore,thefindingsofthisstudyprovideinsightsintothedesignandapplicationoffullerenecarbonfilmsinvarioustribologicalfieldsandwillstimulatefurtherresearchonthepropertiesandtribologicalbehaviorofothertypesoffullerenecarbonfilms.Inadditiontothetribologicalpropertiesdiscussedabove,fullerenecarbonfilmsalsohaveotheruniquepropertiesthatmakethemattractiveforvariousapplications.Forexample,theyhavehighelectricalconductivity,excellentthermalstability,andgoodresistancetocorrosionandoxidation.Thesepropertiesmakethemidealforuseinvariouselectronicandopticalapplications,includingsensors,electrodes,photovoltaicdevices,andOLEDs.

Furthermore,fullerenecarbonfilmscanbesynthesizedusingvarioustechniques,includingplasma-enhancedchemicalvapordeposition(PECVD),pulsedlaserdeposition(PLD),andelectronbeamevaporation(EBE).Eachtechniquehasitsadvantagesanddisadvantagesregardingfilmquality,depositionrate,andcost.Therefore,theoptimalsynthesismethodwilldependonthespecificapplicationrequirements.

Insummary,fullerenecarbonfilmshaveuniquepropertiesthatmakethemattractiveforvariousapplications,includingtribologyandelectronics.Thespecifictypeoffullerenecarbonfilminvestigatedinthisstudydemonstratesexcellenttribologicalbehaviorunderdifferentcouplingconditions,makingitapromisingcandidateforvariousindustrialapplications.Furtherresearchonthepropertiesandsynthesismethodsoffullerenecarbonfilmswillundoubtedlyleadtonewapplicationsanddiscoveriesinawiderangeoffields.Anotherimportantpropertyoffullerenecarbonfilmsistheirbiocompatibility.Researchhasshownthatthesefilmshavelowtoxicityanddonotinduceadversereactionsinbiologicalsystems.Thismakesthemsuitableforuseinmedicalimplantsanddevices,suchasartificialjointsandcardiovascularstents.

Fullerenecarbonfilmscanalsobeusedascoatingsforvarioussubstratematerialstoimprovetheirperformance.Forexample,theycanenhancethewearandcorrosionresistanceofmetalssuchastitaniumandstainlesssteel.Theycanalsoimprovethehardnessanddurabilityofceramicsandpolymers.

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