实用医学英语

成者3医篌院

CHENGDUMEDICALCOLLEGE

PRACTICALMEDICALENGLISH

任梦梅王凤鸣王学成

人文信息管理学院外语教研室

Contents

Unit1HumanBody.................................................................................................................................................3

SectionAFormationofMedicalTerminology...................................................................................................3

SectionBHumanBody........................................................................................................................................4

SectionCAnatomicalTerminology.....................................................................................................................8

SectionDPartsofHumanBodyandEnglishIdioms.......................................................................................11

Unit2SkeletalSystem..................................................................................................................................................16

SectionAFormationofMedicalterminology.....................................................................................................16

SectionBListening:ABoneWillNeverSay....................................................................................................17

SectionCTerminology..........................................................................................................................................18

SectionDReadingPassages..................................................................................................................................19

Unit3BrainandNervousSystem...................................................................................................................................25

SectionATerminology.........................................................................................................................................25

SectionBReadingpassages.................................................................................................................................27

SectionCExpressionsofMedicalConditions....................................................................................................34

Unit4EndocrineSystem.................................................................................................................................................37

SectionATerminology.........................................................................................................................................37

SectionBReadingPassages.................................................................................................................................38

Unit5HeartandCirculatorySystem...........................................................................................................................45

SectionATerminology........................................................................................................................................45

SectionBListening...............................................................................................................................................46

SectionCReadingPassages.................................................................................................................................48

Unit6LungsandRespiratorySystem............................................................................................................................52

SectionATerminology........................................................................................................................................52

SectionBDialogue...............................................................................................................................................52

SectionCReadingPassages.................................................................................................................................53

Unit7DigestiveSystem..................................................................................................................................................58

SectionATerminology.........................................................................................................................................58

SectionBDialogue...............................................................................................................................................59

SectionCReadingPassages.................................................................................................................................61

Unit8Miscellanies.....................................................................................................................................................68

SectionAReadingPassages.................................................................................................................................68

SectionBPrescriptionAbbreviations..................................................................................................................71

SectionCVarioushospitals,Hospitaldepartments...........................................................................................71

UnitlHumanBody

SectionAFormationofMedicalTerminology

Howmanymedicalwordsarethereinamedium-sizedmedicaldictionary?Theanswerisaround

100,000,whichisaconservativeestimate.Moreover,likethejargoninallforward-movingfields,

thenumberisexpandingsoconstantlyandquicklythatitdefiesanymemorization!

Therearetools,however,thatcanaidinlearningandrememberingmedicaltermsandevenhelpin

makinginformedguessesastothemeaningofunfamiliarwords.Furthermore,theirnumbersare

limited,about400to500orso（themostactiveones）,butthecombinationsderivedfromare

enormous.Sotolearnhowtousethesetoolsismuchmoreefficientandmeaningfulthantotryto

memorizeeverymedicalterm.

ThetoolsyouaregoingtolearntousearetheseGreekandLatinpartsofwords,whicharecalled

theroot,prefix,suffix,combiningvowelsandcombiningforms.

•Theroot（词根/干）isthefoundationofthewordandallmedicaltermshaveoneormore

roots.

•Theprefix（前缀）isthebeginningoftheword.Notallmedicaltermscontainprefixes,

buttheprefixcanhaveanimportantinfluenceonmeaning.

•Thesuffix（后缀）istheendingofthewordandallmedicaltermshaveasuffix.

•Thecombiningvowel（元音）isthevowelthatlinkstheroottothesuffixortherootto

anotherroot.

•Thecombiningformisthecombinationoftherootandthecombingvowel.

•Forexample,considertheword:endocrinology

•endoistheprefix,meaningwithin/inner

•crinistheroot,meaningsecrete.

•oisthecombingvowelservingasalink.

•crinoisthecombingform.

•logyisthesuffix,meaningthestudyof.

•Sobyanalyzingthepartsoftheword,themeaningofendocrinologyhasbeen

unlocked:itmansthestudyofthehumaninnersecretionformglands（the

hormones）

Vocabulary93J3Ad5^\）壬6为

terminology[ta:mi'nDlodj.]n.thespecialwordsortermsusedinascience,art,businessetc.

jargon[vd5：gon]n.thelanguageofaspecialgrouporprofession.

prefix|*pri:fiks]n.前缀vt.加…作为前缀，置于前面

suffix['sAfiks]n.后缀

vowel[^aual]n.母音，元音

SectionBHumanBody

Previewquestions

Whatdoyouknowabouthumanbody?

Howmanystructurallayerscanhumanbodybedividedinto?

Howmanyorgansystemsarethere?

Whatsubjectshaveyoulearnedwhichdealwithhumanbody?

Part1HumanBody

Inthispassageyouwilllearn:

-Fourbasicstructurallayersofhumanbody

-Classificationoforgansystems

~Structureandfunctionofeachorgansystem

~Associated(相关的)medicalterms

Tounderstandthehumanbody,itisnecessarytounderstandhowitspartsareputtogether

andhowtheyfunction.Thestudyofthebody'sstructureiscalledanatomy;thestudyofthebody's

functionisknownasphysiology.Otherstudiesofhumanbodyincludebiology,cytology,

embryology,histology,endocrinology,hematology,immunology,psychologyetc.

Cells

Cell(biology),basicunitoflife.Cellsarethesmalleststructurescapableofbasiclifeprocesses,

suchastakinginnutrients,expellingwaste,andreproducing.Alllivingthingsarecomposedofcells.

Somemicroscopicorganisms,suchasbacteriaandprotozoa,areunicellular,meaningtheyconsist

ofasinglecell.Plants,animals,andfungiaremulticellular;thatis,theyarecomposedofagreat

manycellsworkinginconcert.Butwhetheritmakesupanentirebacteriumorisjustoneof

trillionsinahumanbeing,thecellisamarvelofdesignandefficiency.Cellscarryoutthousandsof

biochemicalreactionseachminuteandreproducenewcellsthatperpetuatelife.

Inmulticellularorganisms,shapeistypicallytailoredtothecell'sjob.Forexample,flatskincells

packtightlyintoalayerthatprotectstheunderlyingtissuesfrominvasionbybacteria.Long,thin

musclecellscontractreadilytomovebones.Thenumerousextensionsfromanervecellenableitto

connecttoseveralothernervecellsinordertosendandreceivemessagesrapidlyandefficiently.

Therearemanydifferenttypesofcellsinthehumanbody.Noneofthesecellsfunctionwellon

thereown,theyarepartofthelargerorganismthatiscalled-you.

Tissues

Cellsgrouptogetherinthebodytoformtissues-acollectionofsimilarcellsthatgroup

togethertoperformaspecializedfunction.Thereare4primarytissuetypesinthehumanbody:

epithelialtissue,connectivetissue,muscletissueandnervetissue

1.EpithelialTissue

Thecellsofepithelialtissuepacktightlytogetherandformcontinuoussheetsthatserveasliningsin

differentpartsofthebody.Epithelialtissueservesasmembranesliningorgansandhelpingtokeep

thebody'sorgansseparate,inplaceandprotected.Someexamplesofepithelialtissuearetheouter

layeroftheskin,theinsideofthemouthandstomach,andthetissuesurroundingthebody*sorgans.

2.ConnectiveTissue

Therearemanytypesofconnectivetissueinthebody.Generallyspeaking,connectivetissueadds

supportandstructuretothebody.Mosttypesofconnectivetissuecontainfibrousstrandsofthe

proteincollagenthataddstrengthtoconnectivetissue.Someexamplesofconnectivetissue

includetheinnerlayersofskin,tendons（®）,ligaments,cartilage,boneandfattissue.

3.MuscleTissue

Muscletissueisaspecializedtissuethatcancontract.Muscletissuecontainsthespecialized

proteinsactin（肌动蛋白）andmyosin（肌浆球蛋白）thatslidepastoneanotherandallow

movement.Examplesofmuscletissuearecontainedinthemusclesthroughoutyourbody.

4.NerveTissue

Nervetissuecontainstwotypesofcells:neuronsandglialcells.Nervetissuehastheabilityto

generateandconductelectricalsignalsinthebody.Theseelectricalmessagesaremanagedby

nervetissueinthebrainandtransmitted（传递）downthespinalcordtothebody.

Organs

Organsarethenextleveloforganizationinthebody.Anorganisastructurethatcontainsatleast

twodifferenttypesoftissuefunctioningtogetherforacommonpurpose.Therearemanydifferent

organsinthebody:theliver,kidneys,heart,evenyourskinisanorgan.Infact,theskinisthe

largestorganinthehumanbody

OrganSystems

Organsystemsarecomposedoftwoormoredifferentorgansthatworktogethertoprovidea

commonfunction.Anatomistsfinditusefultodividethehumanbodyintotensystems,thatis,

•theskeletalsystem

•themuscularsystem,

•thecirculatorysystem

•therespiratorysystem,

•thedigestivesystem

•theurinarysystem,

•theendocrinesystem

•thenervoussystem,

•thereproductivesystemandtheskin.

Detaileddiscussionsonthebodysystemswillbeprovidedinthefollowinglearningunits.

VocabularyODJ3Adjttfij«0X

classification[klaesifi'keijsn]n.分类，种类,类别

anatomy[QZn«temi]n.解剖学

physiology[fiziniadSJn.生理学

cytology[sai'til。的]n.细胞学

embryology[embri'Dl^dj]n.胚胎学

histology[his'tDl^cl^-]n.Z且织学

endocrinology[endeucri'nDl^ctj]n.内分泌学

hematology[hi:me]n,血液学

immunology[immju:'rOladj.]n.免疫学

psychology[sai'kDlad5_]n.心理学

reproduce[ripre'dju:s]v.繁殖，生殖

microscopic['maikra'skDpik]a,用显微镜的；极微小的

bacteria[baek'tierie]n.细菌

protozoa[preuteu'zsue]n.原虫，原生动物

unicellular[juni'seijule]a,单细胞的

fungi['fAggai]n.(ploffungus)真菌

multicellular[multi'seijule]a.多细胞的

bacterium[b«k'tisriem]n.pl细菌

perpetuate[pa'petjueit]v.继续，保存

epithelial[epi'0i:liel]a.上皮的

collagen['kaeled^n]n.胶原质

ligaments['ligemant]n.韧带

cartilage['ka:tilid^n,软骨

skeletal['skelitl]a.骨骼的

muscular['mskjule]a.肌肉的

neuron['njuerDn]n.神经细月包，神经元

glial['glaiel]adj.神经胶质的

circulatory['se:kjuleteri]a.循环的

respiratory[ris'praierateri]a,呼吸的

digestive[dai'd5stiv]a.消化的，消化道的

urinary['juerinori]a.泌尿的

endocrine['endeukrain]n.内分泌a•内分泌的,激素的

reproductive[ripre'dAktiv]a.生殖的，生殖系统的

Exercise

I.Discussthefollowingquestions

1.Whatfunctionscancellperform?

2.Canyounamesomecelltypes?

3.Whatarethefunctionsofthe4maintissuetypes?

4.Whatarethemainfunctionsofbodysystems?

ILAnalyzethefollowingsentences

1.Tounderstandthehumanbody,itisnecessarytounderstandhowitspartsareputtogetherand

howtheyfunction.

2.Cellsarethesmalleststructurescapableofbasiclifeprocesses,suchas...

3.Theyarecomposedofagreatmanycellsworkinginconcert.

4.Epithelialtissueservesasmembranesliningorgansandhelpingtokeepthebody'sorgans

separate.

III.Makestenteceswiththephrasesgivenbelow

makeupbemadeofconsistofbecomposedofconstitute

Part2LifeProcess

Alllivingorganismshavecertaincharacteristicsthatdistinguishthem

fromnon-livingforms.Thebasicprocessesoflifeincludeorganization,

metabolism,responsiveness,movements,andreproduction.Inhumans,

whorepresentthemostcomplexformoflife,thereareadditional

requirementssuchasgrowth,differentiation,respiration,digestion,and

excretion.Alloftheseprocessesareinterrelated.Nopartofthebody,

fromthesmallestcelltoacompletebodysystem,worksinisolation.All

functiontogether,infine-tunedbalance,forthewellbeingofthe

individualandtomaintainlife.Diseasesuchascanceranddeath

representadisruptionofthebalanceintheseprocesses.Thefollowingisa

briefdescriptionofthelifeprocess:

Organization

Atalllevelsoftheorganizationalscheme,thereisadivisionoflabor.Eachcomponenthasitsown

jobtoperformincooperationwithothers.Evenasinglecell,ifitlosesitsintegrityororganization,

willdie.

Metabolism

Metabolismisabroadtermthatincludesallthechemicalreactionsthatoccurinthebody.One

phaseofmetabolismiscatabolisminwhichcomplexsubstancesarebrokendownintosimpler

buildingblocksandenergyisreleased.

Responsiveness

Responsivenessorirritabilityisconcernedwithdetectingchangesintheinternalorexternal

environmentsandreactingtothatchange.Itistheactofsensingastimulusandrespondingtoit.

Movement

Therearemanytypesofmovementwithinthebody.Onthecellularlevel,moleculesmovefrom

oneplacetoanother.Bloodmovesfromonepartofthebodytoanother.Thediaphragmmoveswith

everybreath.Theabilityofmusclefiberstoshortenandthustoproducemovementiscalled

contractility.

Reproduction

Formostpeople,reproductionreferstotheformationofanewperson,thebirthofababy.Inthis

way,lifeistransmittedfromonegenerationtothenextthroughreproductionoftheorganism.Ina

broadersense,reproductionalsoreferstotheformationofnewcellsforthereplacementandrepair

ofoldcellsaswellasforgrowth.Thisiscellularreproduction.Bothareessentialtothesurvivalof

thehumanrace.

Growth

Growthreferstoanincreaseinsizeeitherthroughanincreaseinthenumberofcellsorthroughan

increaseinthesizeofeachindividualcell.Inorderforgrowthtooccur,anabolicprocessesmust

occuratafasterratethancatabolicprocesses.

Differentiation

Differentiationisadevelopmentalprocessbywhichunspecializedcellschangeintospecialized

cellswithdistinctivestructuralandfunctionalcharacteristics.Throughdifferentiation,cellsdevelop

intotissuesandorgans.

Respiration

Respirationreferstoalltheprocessesinvolvedintheexchangeofoxygenandcarbondioxide

betweenthecellsandtheexternalenvironment.Itincludesventilation,thediffusionofoxygenand

carbondioxide,andthetransportofthegasesintheblood.Cellularrespirationdealswiththecelfs

utilizationofoxygenandreleaseofcarbondioxideinitsmetabolism.

Digestion

Digestionistheprocessofbreakingdowncomplexingestedfoodsintosimplemoleculesthatcan

beabsorbedintothebloodandutilizedbythebody.

Excretion

Excretionistheprocessthatremovesthewasteproductsofdigestionandmetabolismfromthebody.

Itgetsridofby-productsthatthebodyisunabletouse,manyofwhicharetoxicandincompatible

withlife.

Thetenlifeprocessesdescribedabovearenotenoughtoensurethesurvivaloftheindividual.In

additiontotheseprocesses,lifedependsoncertainphysicalfactorsfromtheenvironment.These

includewater,oxygen,nutrients,heat,andpressure.

SectionCAnatomicalTerminology

Beforewegetintothefollowinglearningunits,whichwillprovidemoredetaileddiscussionof

topicsondifferenthumanbodysystems,itisnecessarytolearnsomeusefultermsfordescribing

bodystructure.Knowingthesetermswillmakeitmucheasierforustounderstandthecontentof

thefollowinglearningunits.Threegroupsoftermsareintroducedhere:directionalterms,terms

describingplanesofthebody,andtermsdescribingbodycavities.

DirectionalTerms

Directionaltermsdescribethepositionsofstructuresrelativetootherstructuresorlocationsinthe

body.

Superiororcranial

towardtheheadendofthebody;upper(example,thehandispartofthesuperiorextremity).

Inferiororcaudal

awayfromthehead;lower(example,thefootispartoftheinferiorextremity).

Anteriororventral

front(example,thekneecapislocatedontheanteriorsideoftheleg).

Posteriorordorsal

back(example,theshoulderbladesarelocatedontheposteriorsideofthebody).

Medial

towardthemidlineofthebody(example,themiddletoeislocatedatthemedialsideofthefoot).

Lateral

awayfromthemidlineofthebody(example,thelittletoeislocatedatthelateralsideofthefoot).

Proximal

towardornearestthetrunkorthepointoforiginofapart(example,theproximalendofthefemur

joinswiththepelvicbone).

Distal

awayfromorfarthestfromthetrunkorthepointororiginofapart(example,thehandislocatedat

thedistalendoftheforearm).

PlanesoftheBodyMedicalprofessionalsoftenrefertosectionsofthebodyintermsofanatomical

planes(flatsurfaces).Theseplanesareimaginarylines-verticalorhorizontal-drawnthroughan

uprightbody.Thetermsareusedtodescribeaspecificbodypart.

CoronalPlane(FrontalPlane)

SagittalPlane

Averticalplanerunningfromsidetoside;

CoronalPlane

dividesthebodyoranyofitspartsintoanterior

andposteriorportions.

TransversePlaneSagittalPlane(LateralPlane)

Averticalplanerunningfromfronttoback;

dividesthebodyoranyofitspartsintoright

andleftsides.

AxialPlane(TransversePlane)

Ahorizontalplane;dividesthebodyoranyof

itspartsintoupperandlowerparts.

BodyPlanesMedianplane

Sagittalplanethroughthemidlineofthebody;

dividesthebodyoranyofitspartsintoright

andlefthalves

BodyCavities

Thecavities,orspaces,ofthebodycontain

theinternalorgans,orviscera.Thetwo

maincavitiesarecalledtheventraland

dorsalcavities.Theventralisthelarger

cavityandissubdividedintotwoparts

(thoracicandabdominopelviccavities)by

thediaphragm,adome-shapedrespiratory

muscle.

Thoraciccavity

Theupperventral,thoracic,orchestcavity

containstheheart,lungs,trachea,esophagus,

largebloodvessels,andnerves.The

thoraciccavityisboundlaterallybytheribs

(coveredbycostalpleura)andthe

diaphragmcaudally(coveredby

diaphragmaticpleura).

Abdominalandpelviccavity

Thelowerpartoftheventral

(abdominopelvic)cavitycanbefurtherdividedintotwoportions:abdominalportionandpelvic

portion.Theabdominalcavitycontainsmostofthegastrointestinaltractaswellasthekidneysand

adrenalglands.Theabdominalcavityisboundcraniallybythediaphragm,laterallybythebody

wall,andcaudallybythepelviccavity.Thepelviccavitycontainsmostoftheurogenitalsystemas

wellastherectum.Thepelviccavityisboundedcraniallybytheabdominalcavity,dorsallybythe

sacrum,andlaterallybythepelvis.

Dorsalcavity

Thesmallerofthetwomaincavitiesiscalledthedorsalcavity.Asitsnameimplies,itcontains

organslyingmoreposteriorinthebody.Thedorsalcavity,again,canbedividedintotwoportions.

Theupperportion,orthecranialcavity,housesthebrain,andthelowerportion,orvertebralcanal

housesthespinalcord.

SectionDPartsofHumanBodyandEnglishIdioms

l.Head

Theheadisthoughttobethemostimportantpartofthehumanbody.Soaleaderisoftencompared

toahead（首脑）.ThuswehaveHeadofStateortheheadofadelegation.

Theheadiswherethebrainislocated.Itisnaturallyassociatedwithideasandintelligence.Very

often,weneedotherpeople'sideasandopinionswhenwewanttodosomethingwell.Theis

becausetwoheadsarebetterthanone（三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮）.

2.Eye

Theeyesareextremelyprecioustous.Thatiswhywesay"Mindyoureye（当心'）!whenwe

remindingsomeonetobecareful.Notonlyhumanbeingsandanimalshaveeyes,manythingsalso

have"eyes'】theeyesofaship,theeyeofaneedle,theeyeofatyphoon,andsoon.

3.Ear

Theearistheorganofhearing.Apieceoflightmusiciseasyontheear.（悦耳动听）.Weare

usuallyallears（专心聆听）forbitnews.

Whentheythinksomebodyisoverhearing,Englishpeopleuseeitherofthetwoproverbs:Walls

haveears（隔墙有耳）andPitchershaveears（壶罐有耳）.Theyalsothinkthatlittlepitchershave

bigears（小孩子耳朵尖）.Niceboysandgirlsrespectotherpeople.Theywillnotsecretlylistento

others1privateconversations.

4.Nose

TheEnglishphrase"facetoface（面对面）“anditsChinesecounterpart（对应）areexactlythesame.

ButEnglishpeople,toexpressthesameidea,cansaynosetonoseinstead.Thereisnosuch

substituteinChinese.

Thewordnoseappearsinmanyidioms.HerearetwowhicharequitesimilartotheirChinese

equivalents:leadsomebodybythenose（牵着某人的鼻子走）andturnupone*snoseatsomebody

orsomething（对某人或某物港之一鼻）・

Englishpeoplecansayasplainasthenoseinone'sface（一清二楚）tomean"veryobvious".May

betothem,thenoseisthemostconspicuouspartoftheface.

5.Lip

Wehavetwolips:theupperlipandthelowerlip.Ifone'stwolipsareclosed,onecannotspeak.So

itgoeswithoutsayingthat"don'topenyourlips（不要开口）"means”don*tspeak*1.

Hislipsaresealed.Arehislipsreallystucktogetherbywaxorglue?No,hislipsaresealedwhen

askedaboutsomethingthathemustkeepsecret.Sosometimesatopsecretisbetrayedbecauseit

hasescapedsomeone'slips（脱口而出）.Thentheincidentmaybecomeapieceofnewsthatison

everybody'slips（众□相传）.

6.Tongue

Weallknowwecannotspeakwithoutthetongue.Sothetongueiscloselyrelatedtospeech.Tohold

one'stongue（保持沉默）means"tokeepsilent".Apersonwhohastoomuchtongue（太多嘴）is

dislikedbyall,forheistootalkative.Mothertongueisnotthetongueofamother:itisaperson's

nativelanguage.

"Don'tyouhaveamothbelowyournose（你鼻子底下不是有张嘴吗）?"TheChinesesaysoto

blameapersonwhodidnotsaywhatheshouldhavesaid.Butthisnottherightwaytoexpressthe

ideainEnglish.Englishpeoplewouldsay,"Youhaveatongueinyourhead,haven,tyou?"

7.Face

FacehastodowiththeideaofrespectanddignitybothinChineseandEnglish.Youloseyourface

（丢面子）ifyoufoilagainandagain,butadecisivevictorywillsaveyourface（挽回面子）afterall

yourfailures.