普通生态学-2014lecture群落、生态系统生物圈

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Airtemperature:HeatislandinurbanPollution-relatedGlobalclimatePDF文件使用"pdfFactoryPro"试用版本创建 Conditions(条件AconditionisasanabioticenvironmentalfactorthatinfluencesthefunctioningoflivingrelativetheconcentrationofPDF文件使用"pdfFactoryPro"试用版本创建 Resources(资源 AccordingtoTilman(1982),allthingsconsumedbyanorganismareresourcesforit.Butconsumeddoesnotsimplymean‘eaten’.MadelessavailableorunavailabletootherSolarInorganicmaterials-CO2,water,oxygen,mineralnutrients(macro-,micronutrients)PDF文件使用"pdfFactoryPro"试用版本创建 Conditionsmaybealtered–butnotOrganismsmaycompeteforPDF文件使用"pdfFactoryPro"试用版本创建 PDF文件使用"pdfFactoryPro"试用版本创建 EffectsofForeachspecies,thereissomelevel//intensityofafactoratwhichitdoesbest-optimumforthatOptimumconditionsresultinindividualswiththehighestfitnessHigherorlowerlevelsofafactorresultinreducedfitnessornon-survivalPDF文件使用"pdfFactoryPro"试用版本创建 Responsecurvesillustratingtheeffectsofarangeofenvironmentalconditionsonindividualsurvival(S),growth(G)andreproductionExtremeconditionsarelethal;lessextremeconditionspreventgrowth;optimalconditionsallowreproduction(e.g.,temperature,Theconditionislethalonlyathighintensities;thereproduction–growth–survivalsequencestillapplies(e.g.,mosttoxins,radioactiveemissionsandchemicalpollutants)Similarto(b),buttheconditionisrequiredbyorganisms,asaresource,atconcentrations(e.g.,NaCl,Cu,Zn,PDF文件使用"pdfFactoryPro"试用版本创建 TemperatureandResponsetoTemperatureandspeciesPDF文件使用"pdfFactoryPro"试用版本创建 TemperatureandHomeotherms(恒温动物maintainconstantbodytemp.asenvironmentaltemp.variesPoikilotherms（变温动物）bodytempvarieswithenvironmentaltemp.Endotherms（内温动物）regulatebodytempbyinternalheatproductionEctoderms（外温动物）dependonexternalheatPDF文件使用"pdfFactoryPro"试用版本创建 Schematicdiagramoftheavenuesofheatexchangebetweenanectothermandavarietyofphysicalaspectsofitsenvironment.(AfterTracy,1976;fromHainsworth,1981.)PDF文件使用"pdfFactoryPro"试用版本创建 EvolutionaryresponsetoAllen’sEndothermsincoldclimateshaveshorterthoseinwarmBergmann’s lswithwidedistributionarelargerincolderclimates-lesssurfaceareaperunitvolume.PDF文件使用"pdfFactoryPro"试用版本创建 全球变暖与物种的分PDF文件使用"pdfFactoryPro"试用版本创建

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