现代大学英语精读3lesson1yourcollegeyears市公开课金奖市赛课一等奖课件

Lesson1YourCollegeYearsBOBHARTMAN第1页BackgroundinformationBOBHARTMANhasbeenworkingforovertwelveyearsasaperformancestorytellerforchildren.He'sbeenusinghisdynamicandinteractivestyletoentertainaudiencesonbothsidesoftheAtlantic.第2页

Bob'sprogramcombinestraditionalfolktalesfromaroundtheworld,retoldinhisfresh,inimitablestyle,withhisownstories.Helovestohelpchildren(andadults!)createtheirownstoriesonthespot.Herunspracticalworkshopsforadultswhowanttoimprovetheirstorytellingskills.Whatevertheoccasion,Bob'sstorytellingsessionsarealwaysexciting,engagingand,aboveall,interactive!

第3页InterviewwithBobHartman

Whatdoyoudoforaliving?

'I'vebeenwritingbookssinceIwasachild,andamnowaprofessionalstoryteller,whichmeansthatIvisitschools,festivals,bookshopsallaroundthecountry,puttingonshowsandrunningworkshopsforbothchildrenandadults.Aswellaswriting,I'mapastorofachurch.'

第4页Howdidyoustartwriting?

'Mybrother,Timlovedpuppets.Whenhewas9,heaskedmetowritehimascript.Ijumpedatthechanceandsoonwewereputtingonshowsregularly.IwasusuallythenarratorandTimdidthepuppets.Isoonlearnedfirsthandwhatitwasthatmadeanaudiencelaugh.'第5页ContentsWarm-upWarm-upQuestions

MythsandFactsRegardingCollegeExperienceOnSeasonsinCollege第6页Warm-upQuestions母校就是那个你天天要骂八遍却不允许他人骂她地方。

根叔Whatdoyouthinkofthisidea?Asasophomore,whatisyourgeneralimpressionofcollege?第7页manyopportunitiesforonetoexploretheunknownexperiencingalotmakinglifelongfriendsenjoyingvariouskindsofactivitiesdevelopingone’spersonalinterestsmeetingoutstandingscholarskeepingagoodbalanceandlayingasolidfoundation第8页Haveyouhadanypsychologicalproblemseversinceyouenteredcollege?lonelinessconfusionfrustrationjealousyasenseofinferiorityfeelingpressure…psychologicalproblemsaboundoncampus第9页Lesson1–YourCollegeYears

MythsandFactsRegardingCollegeExperience

Collegeyearsaretimesofsignificanttransitionandchallengeforanindividual.Transitionsimplymeanschange.Higherlevelsofanxietyarealwaysexperiencedbypeoplewhoareinastateoftransitionregardlessofwhetherthechangeisperceivedasgoodorbad.Thefollowingaresomeofthemythsvs.thefactsregardingcollegeexperience.

第10页Lesson1–YourCollegeYears

Myth1:Collegeyearsarethebestyearsofone’slife.Fact1:Whilememorableandenjoyable,alsobeamongthemoststressfulandanxioustimes:facedwithconstantevaluationfromhisprofessors;Personalandparentalexpectations;Financialstress;Careerdecisions,variousrelationshipsandthemovetowardindependence.II.MythsandFactsRegardingCollegeExperience

第11页Myth2:Studentsexperiencingstressoranxietyareunpreparedtohandletherigorsofcollege.

Fact2:Collegeanduniversityenvironmentsaredesignedtobechallengingacademically,personallyandsocially.Stressandanxiety,amongotheremotions,arenaturalby-productsoftheacceleratedpaceoflearningandgrowth.Itisnotamatterofwhetherornotweexperiencetheseunpleasantfeelingsbutrather,amatterofhowwemanagetheseemotions.MythsandFactsRegardingCollegeExperience

第12页Myth3:Iamtheonlyonethatdoesn'thaveitall.

Fact3:Asyouwalkoncampusandobserveotherstudents,itappearsthateveryoneelseissosureofhimself.hasfriends.hasdirection.isconfident.iswithouttroubles.Thismisperceptioniscommonamongcollegestudents. Ithasitsrootsinoneofourmorepowerfulsocialnorms.Weallweara“publicmask”toprotectacertainsocialimage.This“publicmask”communicatesasenseofself-assurednesstothosewithwhomwecomeincontact.Itoftenbeliestheinnerturmoilthatweallexperiencefromtimetotime.

MythsandFactsRegardingCollegeExperience

第13页OnSeasonsinCollegeTherearefourseasonsinayear,whichmakethedaysdistinctiveandexiting.Metaphorically,therearefourseasonsinone’scollegeyearsrepresentingdifferentaspectsofcollegelife,whichmakethedaysrewardingandunforgettable.Doyouagree?Ifso,whatdoyouthinkthefourseasonsrepresent?Shareyouropinions,please.第14页III.OnSeasonsinCollegeSpringistheseasonfornaturetorevive,togrowandtogetreadytoboom.Similarly,incollege,springistheseasonforyoutoacquireknowledge,todevelopyourselfandtolayasolidfoundationforthefuture.It’stheseasonofgrowth.spring第15页III.OnSeasonsinCollegeSummeristheseasonforflowerstobloom,andit’stheseasonforyoutoenjoythegreatestpassioninnature—love,lovefromyourclassmates,fromyourteachersandfromyourromance.Itistheseasonofaffection.summer第16页III.OnSeasonsinCollegeAutumnAutumnisaseasonofharvest

incollege.It’stheseasonforyoutoenjoywhatyouhaveachieved.第17页III.OnSeasonsinCollegewinterWinteristheharshestseasonofthefour,whichpresentssomanydifficultiesandhardships.Likewise,noteverydayincollegeisfullofjoy.Youhavetomeetnewfaces,

getadjusted,makedecisionsforyourself,befinanciallyandpsychologicallydependent,etc.Sowinteristheseasonofchange.Unpleasantasitmayseemtosomestudents,itissimplyinescapableandbeneficialtoone’sgrowthandmaturity.第18页glossary第19页TextunderstandingWhatistheessayabout?Thisisatextaboutwhatstudentswillexperienceintheir“collegeyears”.第20页Couldyouworkouttheoutlineoftheessay?Whatiseachparagraphabout?What’sthemainideaofeachparagraph?第21页Part1(para.1):

Part2(paras.):Part3(para.):Structureofthetext2－910Manykeychangeshappentocollegestudentsduringtheircollegeyears.Thekeychangesinvolvethefollowing:identitycrisis,theindependence/dependencestruggle,establishmentofsexualidentity,affectiongivingandreceiving,internalizationofreligiousfaith,valuesandmorals,developmentofnewwaystoorganizeanduseknowledge,anewunderstandingoftheworldandhimself/herself.Conclusion.第22页PurposeofthisessayTheessayisintendedtostresstheneedtoformacorrectworldoutlookforouryoungcollegestudents.Foreducationafterallisnotjustformakingaliving.Itisabouthowtolive.第23页Whatdoyouthinkoftheorganizationofthisessay?Isthereanythingwecanwelearnfrominouressay-writing?第24页WritingDevices1．AntithesisTheseareexcitingtimesyetfrustratingtimes.(5)第25页2．DevelopingparagraphsbyexamplesAstatementwhichisverygeneralisseldomimpressiveorconvincing.Itisusuallynecessarytogiveexamplestoprove,illustrate,orclarifyageneralstatement.Wemaybetoousedtosaying“forinstance”or“forexample”torealizethatweareusingacertainmethodfordevelopingatopic.第26页DevelopingparagraphsbyexamplesParagraph6Paragraph7Paragraph8Paragraph9第27页提升写作能力提议范文以及模拟练习第28页MethodsoftrainingImitatethesamplestructuresRefinement描红炼句第29页怎样进行描红——以diligence为例1.寻找类似话题（confidence）;2.统计思维过程关键词:

2.1

相同表示

2.2

相反表示

2.3

闪光措辞3.模仿写一篇类似文章

第30页2.1相同表示Brainstorming思绪：

diligence近义表示:hardwork–strivetowork

第31页diligence反义表示:laziness–leavetoday’sworktobedonetomorrow批判对立面（不勤奋者）：

lackofabilityincontrollingthemselves;pleasureseeking立论：

humanbeing’struevalueoflife:learningandcreation,discoveringandchangingtheworld–realhappiness

2.2相反表示第32页2.3闪光措辞whileawayexcusespoil

Thereisnoroomforanyexcuseforlaziness.Diligenceisthemotherofsuccess.闲混时间借口娇宠懒惰没有辩解余地。勤奋是成功之母。第33页描红：Diligence

Whateveronedoes,oneshoulddoitwithconfidence.Ifonehasnoconfidence,thereislittlepossibilitythatonewouldeverachieveanything,especiallywhenoneisfacedwithdrawbacksorhardships.Thistruthseemstobeself-evident.

Whateveronedoes,oneshoulddoitwithdiligence.Ifoneisnotdiligent,thereislittlepossibilitythatonewouldeverachieveanything,especiallywhenoneisdealingwithatoughjob.Thistruthseemstobeself-evident.第34页

However,inrealitywedoseealotofpeoplewhocomplainthattheylacktheabilitytodosomethingorthattheirdifficultiesaretoogreattoovercome.Forsome,thismightbetrue.Butformany,thisonlyshowsthattheyhavelostheart.

However,inrealitywedoseequiteafewpeoplewhowhileawayalotoftimechatting,drinking,orwatchingtelevision,andalwaysleavetoday’sworktobedonetomorrow.Someofthemmaymakeanexcuseforwhattheyhavedone,butthere’snoroomforanyexcuseforlaziness.第35页

Whydopeopleoftenfeelfrustratedeventhoughtheyarequitecapableofdoingsomething?Thereare,amongothers,twomainreasons.First,thesepeopledonothaveacorrectestimateofthemselves.Second,theyoverestimatethedifficulties.

Whydon’tsuchpeoplestrivetowork?Thereare,amongothers,twomainreasons.First,theylackpersistenceincontrollingthemselves.Therearesomanyjoyfulthingsaroundthemthattheyalwaysfeeldifficulttoconcentratethemselvesontheirworkorstudy.Second,theymayprefertoanotherwayofliving–

“eat,drink,andbemerry”.第36页

Itispossibletobuildupfaithinoneselfbyhavingtherightattitudetowardsone'sownabilities.Weshouldneverunderestimateourabilitiesbutshouldbelieveintheproverb:“Wherethereisawill,thereisaway.”Confidenceistheguaranteeoffulfillingatasksuccessfully.

Amaindifferencebetweenhumanbeingsandanimalsistheabilitytolearnandtocreate.Onlythroughlearningandcreationcanonerealizehisownvalue.Butthatmeanshardwork.Weshouldneverspoilourselvesbutshouldbelieveintheproverb:“Diligenceisthemotherofsuccess.”Weshallenjoyrealhappinesswhenweeventuallyachievesomethingindiscoveringandchangingtheworld.第37页Detailedstudyofthetext第38页1.occur事故发生在五点钟。Theaccidentoccurredatfiveo'clock.这种植物不能在这里生存。Suchplantsdon'toccurhere.我想到一个主意。Anideaoccurredtome.第39页

Ifanydifficulties_____,youcancallmeforhelp.A.ariseB.happenC.occurD.takeplace本题是近义词辨析题。【详细解答】arise用于问题、困难、责任、争吵等发生出现;occur,happen,takeplace用于事故、事情、改变等发生、产生。第40页Itoccurstosb.to-inf/that（p1）:itdawnsonsbthat,itstrikessbthat/how/asItneveroccurredtomethatBradPittandJenniferAnistoncouldgetdivorced.Asmartideaoccurredtome.Hisnamesimplydidnotoccurtomymind.Itneveroccurstohimtohelpthepoorandtheold.第41页Dawnon/uponsb(p1):begintoappear;growclear(tothemind);Thechillingtruthbegantodawnonhim.IthasjustdawnedonmethatIcandoitifIbelieveIcan.ItgraduallydawnedonmethatIstillhadtalentandoughttorunagain.第42页PassageofOurLife(p1)fertilizedeggwithDNAcodeembryo胚胎fetus胎儿newborninfant/childTeenager(infml)/adolescent(p1)adult(grown-up,infml)/youth/prime盛年middle-agedpensionerold-aged/elderly/senileseniorcitizen/thestateofinfirmity第43页Gothrough(P2):experience,undergo,sufferDuringthistime,NEWORLEANSisgoingthroughaturmoil.ThegovernmenthasopenedtwomoregiantcentersforvictimsofHurricaneKatrina.第44页Otherusesof‘gothrough’Idon’tthinkthisplanwillgothroughtheSecurityCouncil.(beacceptedby)Wehavegonethroughallthesedocuments.(goovercarefullyfrombeginningtoend)It’stoolatetobackout(收回，停顿不干).Wejusthavetogothroughwithit.(doitbecauseyouhavepromisedorplannedtodoit,eventhoughyouarenolongersureyouwanttodoit）第45页Thedealdidnotgothrough.tobeconcludedLet’sgothroughtheargumentsagain.todiscussindetailThepolicewentthroughthepocketsofthesuspectedthief.tosearchItdidnottakeAlbertverylongtogothroughhisinheritance.

toconsume;useup第46页Afterperformingasuccessfuloperation,thedoctoratlastpulledthepatient_____.A.backB.inC.upD.through第47页pullthrough1)tomakesth.orsb.throughbypullingTheeyeoftheneedleistoosmallandIcan’tpullthethreadthrough.2)tosurviveadifficultordangeroussituationThatnewlyliberatedcountryisgoingtohavearoughtime,butitwillpullthrough.3)torecoverorhelptorecoverfromillnessHewasbadlyinjuredintheaccident,butthedoctorsmadeeveryefforttopullhimthrough.第48页endeavor尝试,试图Heendeavoredaftermorefameandwealth.Theyendeavoredtomakeherhappy,butinvain.名词n.努力,尽力Heisearnestinhisendeavors.他热心努力。Shopassistantsshoulddotheirbestendeavorstogivethecustomerssatisfaction.Cf.strive/makegreatefforts第49页

Apartfromphilosophicalandlegalreasonsforrespectingpatients'wishes,thereareseveralpracticalreasonswhydoctorsshould_____toinvolvepatientsintheirownmedicalcaredecisions.A.enforceB.enhanceC.endeavorD.endow第50页perceiveShehasperceivedthedanger.Ican'tperceiveanydifferencebetweenthesecoinsIperceivedthatIcouldnotmakehimchangehismind.Didyouperceiveanyoneenteringthelaboratory?Soontheboyperceivedthesnaketobeadeadone.第51页

Ican't_____anydifferencebetweenthesetwopictures.A.decisiveB.perceiveC.deceiveD.precise第52页Expectednoisesareusuallymore_____thanunexpectedonesofthelikemagnitude.A.manageableB.controllableC.tolerableD.perceivable第53页PerceiveConceiveReceiveDeceive第54页ErikH.EriksonErikH.Erikson(1902—1994),wasaGerman-bornAmericanpsychoanalystwhosewritingsonsocialpsychology,individualidentity,andtheinteractionsofpsychologywithhistory,politics,andcultureinfluencedprofessionalapproachestopsychosocialproblemsandattractedmuchpopularinterest.HewasmostfamousforhisworkonrefiningandexpandingFreud’stheoryofdevelopmentalstages.第55页ERIKSON'SDEVELOPMENTSTAGES

Infant

TrustvsMistrust

基本信任和不信任心理冲突

Needsmaximumcomfortwithminimaluncertainty

totrusthimself/herself,others,andtheenvironment

Toddler

AutonomyvsShameandDoubt

自主与害羞和怀疑冲突

Workstomasterphysicalenvironmentwhilemaintaining

self-esteem

第56页Preschooler

InitiativevsGuilt

主动对内疚冲突

Beginstoinitiate,notimitate,activities;develops

conscienceandsexualidentity

School-AgeChild

IndustryvsInferiority

勤奋对自卑冲突

Triestodevelopasenseofself-worthbyrefiningskills

第57页Adolescent

IdentityvsRoleConfusion

自我同一性和角色混乱冲突

Triesintegratingmanyroles(child,sibling,student,athlete,worker)intoaself-imageunderrolemodelandpeerpressure

YoungAdult

IntimacyvsIsolation亲密对孤独冲突

Learnstomakepersonalcommitmenttoanotheras

spouse,parentorpartner第58页Middle-AgeAdult

GenerativityvsStagnation生育对自我专注冲突

Seekssatisfactionthroughproductivityincareer,family,andcivicinterests

OlderAdult

IntegrityvsDespair

自我调整与绝望期冲突

Reviewslifeaccomplishments,dealswithloss

andpreparationfordeath

第59页paraphrase…identityisdeterminedbygeneticendowment(whatisinheritedfromparents),shapedbyenvironment,andinfluencedbychanceevents.(2)Chance:accidental

Whoweareisdeterminedbythreethings:first,ourgenes,orwhatourparentshavegivenus,ourlegacy;second,environment,andthird,luckoropportunities.第60页Identityisdeterminedbygeneticendowment,shapedbyenvironment,andinfluencedbychanceevents.(p2)Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.读书能够怡情，能够博彩，能够长才。…andthatgovernmentofthepeople,bythepeople,andforthepeople,shallnotperishfromtheearth.使我们这个民有、民治、民享政府永存于世。第61页inturninsuccessionExample:Thecandidatesweresummonedinturntoseetheexaminer.PutthefollowingsentenceintoEnglish:

理论基础是实践又反过来服务于实践。

Theoryisbasedonpracticeandinturnservespractice.第62页Independentvs.dependentTobeindependentfrom\of(P3)Eg:beindependentofone'sparents

不依赖父母而自立TobedependentonEg：Sheiscompletelydependentonherdaughterformoney.她花钱完全靠从她女儿那里得到。第63页Pursue(p3):toproceedalongPursueacollegeeducation继续深造Pursuefurthereducation/studiesPursueapeacepolicyPursueaplan/topicinpursuitof

追求,寻求第64页Inthepastmostbusdrivershavebeenmen,buttodaythenumberofwomen_____thisfieldisclimbing.A.devotingB.engagingC.registeringD.pursuingpursue此处意为"从事",符合本题题意。engage表示"从事,忙于"时则应与in搭配;devote一词惯用搭配为devoteoneself(sth.)to意为"献身于,致力于";register意为"登记,注册",所以D为正确选项。第65页paraphrase2.Itmaybeheightenedbytheirchoicetopursueacollegeeducation.(3)Iftheychoosetogotocollegetocontinuetheireducation,theywillfaceanevenmoreseriousstrugglebetweenthedesiretobeindependentandtheneedtodependonthefinancialsupportoftheirparents.第66页Counsel:formaluse(p4)Hehadalwaysbeenabletocountonherwisecounsel.(n.advicefml.)劝说；提议Theprimeministerwasrighttocounselcautionaboutmilitaryintervention.(v.advise)Thedoctorcounselshertotakevarioustreatmentsofcancer.(hertaking)Singleton’scounselsaidthathewouldappealafterthetrial.(n.lawyer辩护律师,法律顾问)第67页Iwould_____younottoinvolveinthismatter.A.councilB.counselC.declareD.console本题是形近词辨析题。【详细解答】counsel意为劝说,忠言;而council意为政务会,理事会等,是名词;declare意为宣称,console意为抚慰,安抚。第68页Counselvs.ConsultAfter_____withherdaughterandmanagershedecidedtotakeoverthefactory.（consulting)Heisactingonthebasisofa______.(consultancy)Hewillneedmedicalhelpand___toovercomethetragedy.

(counseling)Myadvisers___mydoingnothing.(counsel)第69页observe

v.a.toseeornotice;watchcarefullyb.tosaybywayofcommentExamples:Theaccusedwasobservedtryingtoforcethelockofthedoor.Somescientistsobservedthatglobalwarmingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtohumanactivities.Theyfaithfullyobservedtherules.说；评述，评论(与on，upon连用)

第70页

Allindividualsarerequiredto____tothelawsmadebytheirgovernments.A.obeyB.conformC.concedeD.observeconform意为“恪守”，后接to；obey亦有“恪守”意思，却无obeyto搭配；concedetosb.意为“向某人让步”；observe意为“恪守”时，为及物动词，不与to搭配。第71页distinctdistinct意思是“分明”、“明了”、“清楚”（well－marked，clearlydefinedoreasilydiscernible）。distinct还可用以表示“截然不一样”、“有区分”意味。ThephotoyoutookinHongKongCulturalCentreisnotdistinctenough.Shehasadistinctpronunciation.Thereisadistinctsmellofsmokeinmyroom.Thispictureisdistinctfromthat.Thetwinshavedistinctpersonalities.第72页distinctivedistinctive意思是“表示差异”、“有特色”、“与众不一样”（markingorshowingadifference）。Canyoufindthedistinctivewatermarksofthisstamp?PupilsinHongKongusuallyhavedistinctivebadgesontheirschooluniforms.在香港，小学生校服上常戴有颇具特色徽章。第73页

Hisspeechwascarefuland____buthiswordsseemedtomakenosense.A.distinctB.distinctiveC.distinguishableD.distinguisheddistinct意为“显著，清楚；清楚”：distinctive意为“有特色”；distinguishable意为“可区分”；distinguished意为“卓越，出色”。第74页handle

v.a.totouch,liftorturnwiththehandsb.tooperatewiththehandsc.tomanage,controlorcopewithd.tobuyandsellExamples:Thisboxcontainsdelicatechina.Pleasehandlewithcare.Thiscomputeriseasytohandle.第75页Wehavetohandletherelationshipbetweenourtwocountriescarefully.Thisshopdoesnothandleimportedgoods.第76页freedomfromanexcessiveneedforapproval,closeness,togetherness,andemotionalsupportinrelationtothemotherandfather(4)freedom/freefromsth:nolongerhavingsthyoudonotwantMoreexamples:Anidealsocietyisonefreefromexploitationandoppression.Themostimportantfreedomourpeopleshouldhaveisthefreedomfromhunger.freefromcare无忧无虑carefreea.无忧无虑

freedomfromtaxationfreedomofpress/speech第77页“Welookforwardtoaworldfoundeduponessentialhumanfreedoms.Thefirstisfreedomofspeechandexpression—everywhereintheworld.ThesecondisfreedomofeverypersontoworshipGodinhisownway—everywhereintheworld.Thethirdisfreedomfromwant…everywhereintheworld.Thefourthisfreedomfromfear…anywhereintheworld.“

—FranklinD.Roosevelt第78页First,thereisfunctionalindependence,whichinvolvesthecapabilityofindividualstotakecareofpracticalandpersonalaffairs,suchashandlingfinances,choosingtheirownwardrobes,anddeterminingtheirdailyagenda.(4)Functionalindependence:independenceinhandlingeverydaylifesituations;theabilitytosolvepracticalproblemsChoosingtheirownwardrobes:choosingtheirownclothesDeterminingtheirdailyagenda:determiningwhattheyaregoingtodoeverydayparaphrase第79页excessivea.muchmorethanisreasonableornecessaryExamples:excessiverainfallexcessivecharges

excessn.anexcessofenthusiasmThatisacitywithapopulationinexcessoftwomillion.第80页Otherpeople'sadvicewouldbe_____valuabletohimwhoisatpresentathiswit'send.A.exceedinglyB.exclusivelyC.extensivelyD.excessively他已一筹莫展,他人提议对他来说极为宝贵。【试题分析】此题考查副词词义。【详细解答】exceedingly意为"尤其,极为",符合本题题意。excessively意为"过分,过分地",常含有贬义;extensively作"广泛地,辽阔地"讲;exclusively意为"唯一地,只"。所以A为正确选项。第81页Alargepartofhumanactivity,particularlyinrelationtotheenvironment,is____conditionsandevents.A.inresponsetoB.infavorofC.incontrasttoD.inexcessof大部分人类活动，尤其是与周围环境相关活动，是对各种情况或事件反应。【难点】inresponseto意为“反应”；infavourof意为“赞成，主张”;incontrastto意为“与…形成对照”;inexcessof意为“超出”。第82页Inhibitionn.(psych.)afeelingofworryorembarrassmentthatstopsyoudoingorsayingwhatyoureallywanttoE.g.Wineweakensaperson’sinhibitions.

inhibitv.tohinder;torestraininhibitsb.fromdoingsth.C.f.refrainfromdoingsth.第83页paraphrase

Fourthisfreedomfrom“excessiveguilt,anxiety,mistrust,responsibility,inhibition,resentment,andangerinrelationtothemotherandfather”.(4)第84页paraphraseChildrenoftenfeelveryguiltyinrelationtotheirparentsbecausetheythinktheyhavedonesomethingwrong;theyarealsoanxiousbecausetheyareeagertopleasetheirparents;theysometimesfeelunhappybecausetheythinkthattheirparentshavenotbeenfairtothem;theyfeelthattheyareresponsibletotheirparentsforeverythingtheydo;theyarealwaysafraidofnotsayingtherightthingornorbehavingproperly;allthesemaymakethemangrywiththeirparentsormakethemfeelresentful.Thesefeelingsreflecttheiremotionaldependenceontheirparents.Whentheygrowup,theyusuallystriveforthefreedomfromthese.第85页Standback1)tostandtotherearThechildstoodbackatthesightoftheferociousdog.2)todistanceoneselfmentallyinordertounderstandorjudgebetterSometimesanadministratormuststandbackfromday-to-daybusinesstograspthewiderpatternofevents.3)towithdraworretreatfrommakingdiscussions,influencingevents,etc.Sheranthefamilyandherhusbandstoodback.Thesevitaldiscussionsfromwhichhecouldn’taffordtostandback.第86页GenderidentityBytheageof2to3years,almosteveryonehasafirmconvictionthat"Iammale"or"Iamfemale."Yetevenifmalenessandfemalenessdevelopnormally,personsmuststilldevelopasenseofmasculinityorfemininity.Genderidentity,accordingtoRobertStoller,"connotespsychologicalaspectsofbehaviorrelatedtomasculinityandfemininity.''Heconsidersgendersocialandsexbiological:"Mostoftenthetwoarerelativelycongruent,thatis,malestendtobemanlyandfemaleswomanly."Butsexandgendermaydevelopinconflictingorevenoppositeways.

第87页Genderidentityresultsfromanalmostinfiniteseriesofcuesderivedfromexperienceswithfamilymembers,teachers,friends,andcoworkersandfromculturalphenomena.Physicalcharacteristicsderivedfromaperson'sbiologicalsex--suchasphysique,bodyshape,andphysicaldimensions--interrelatewithanintricatesystemofstimuli,includingrewardsandpunishmentandparentalgenderlabels,toestablishgenderidentity.第88页Thusformationofgenderidentityarisesfromparentalandculturalattitudes,theinfant'sexternalgenitalia,andageneticinfluence,whichisphysiologicallyactivebythesixthweekoffetallife.Eventhoughfamily,cultural,andbiologicalinfluencesmaycomplicateestablishmentofasenseofmasculinityorfemininity,personsusuallydeveloparelativelysecuresenseofidentificationwiththeirbiologicalsex--astablegenderidentity.第89页project

v.

a.toplanb.tocauseashadow,anoutline,etc.onasurface

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