考研英语阅读真题

1996

Passage1

Tight-lippedeldersusedtosay,"It'snotwhatyouwantinthisworld,butwhatyouget.''Psych­

ologyteachesthatyoudogetwhatyouwantifyouknowwhatyouwantandwanttherightthings.

Youcanmakeamentalblueprintofadesireasyouwouldmakeablueprintofahouse,andeach

ofusiscontinuallymakingtheseblueprintsinthegeneralroutineofeverydayliving.Ifweintend

tohavefriendstodinner,weplanthemenu,makeashoppinglist,decidewhichfoodtocookfirst,

andsuchplanningisanessentialforanytypeofmealtobeserved.

Likewise,Ifyouwanttofindajob,takeasheetofpaper,andwriteabriefaccountofyourself.In

makingablueprintforajob,beginwithyourself,forwhenyouknowexactlywhatyouhaveto

offer,youcanintelligentlyplanwheretosellyourservices.

ThisaccountofyourselfisactuaLlyasketchofyourworkinglifeandshouldincludealucation,

experienceandreferences.Suchanaccountisvaluable.Itcanbereferredtoinfillingoutstandard

applicationblanksandisextremelyhelpfulinpersonalinterviews.Whiletalkingtoyou,your

could-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryour"wares”andabilitiesmustbedisplayedinanorderly

andreasonablyconnectedmanner.

Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesomething

tangibletosell.Thenyouarereadytohuntforajob.Getallthepossibleinformationaboutyour

could-bejob.Makeinquiriesastothedetailsregardingthejobandthefirm.Keepyoureyesand

earsopen,anduseyourownjudgement.Spendacertainamountoftimeeachdayseekingthe

employmentyouwishfor,andkeepinmind:Securingajobisyourjobnow.

51.Whatdotheeldersmeanwhentheysay,"Itrsnotwhatyauwantinthisworld,butwhat

youget."?

(A)Youllcertainlygetwhatyouwant.

(B)It*snousedreaming.

(C)Youshouldbedissatisfiedwithwhatyouhave.

(D)Ifsessentialtosetagoalforyourself.

52.Ablueprintmadebeforeinvitingafriendtodinnerisusedinthispassageas—.

(A)anillustrationofhowtowriteanapplicationforajob

(B)anindicationofhowtosecureagoodjob

(C)aguidelinefbrjobdescription

(D)aprincipleforjobevaluation

53.Accordingtothepassage,onemustwriteanaccountofhimselfbeforestartingtofindajob

because_.

(A)thatisthefirststeptopleasetheemployer

(B)thatistherequirementoftheemployer

(C)itenableshimtoknowwhentosellhisservices

(D)itforceshimtobecomeclearlyawareofhimself

54.Whenyouhavecarefullypreparedablueprintofyourabilitiesanddesires,youhavesome-

thing_.

(A)definitetooffer(B)imaginarytoprovide

(C)practicaltosupply(D)desirabletopresent

Passage2

WiththestartofBBCWorldServiceTelevision,millionsofviewersinAsiaandAmericacannow

watchtheCorporation'snewscoverage,aswellaslistentoit.AndofcourseinBritainlisteners

andviewerscantuneintotwoBBCtelevisionchannels,fiveBBCnationalradioservicesand

dozensoflocalradiostation.Theyarebroughtsport,comedy,drama,music,newsandcurrent

affairs,education,religion,parliamentarycoverage,children'spragrammesandfilmsforan

annuallicencefeeof83poundsperhousehold.

Itisaremarkablerecord,stretchingbackover70years—yettheBBCsfutureisnowindoubt.The

Corporationwillsurviveasapublicly-fundedbroadcastingorganization,atleastforthetimebeing,

butitsrole,itssizeanditsprogrammesarenowthesubjectofanation-widedebateinBritain.

ThedebatewaslaunchedbytheGovernment,whichinvitedanyonewithanopinionofthe

BBC-includingordinarylistenersandviewers-tosaywhatwasgoodorbadabouttheCorporation,

andevenwhethertheythoughtitwasworthkeeping.ThereasonforitsinquiryisthattheBBC*s

royalcharterrunsoutin1996anditmustdecidewhethertokeeptheorganizationasitis,orto

makechanges.

DefendersoftheCorporation-ofwhomtherearemany-arefondofquotingtheAmericanslogan

"Ifitain'tbroke,don'tfixit."TheBBC,'ain,tbroke'1,theysay,bywhichtheymeanitisnot

broken(asdistinctfromtheword'broke',meaninghavingnomoney),sowhybothertochangeit?

YettheBBCwillhavetochange,becausethebroadcastingworldarounditischanging.The

commercialTVchannels-TVandChannel4-wererequiredbytheThatcherGovernment's

BroadcastingActtobecomemorecommercial,competingwitheachotherforadvertisers,and

cuttingcostsandjobs.Butitistheanivalofnewsatellitechannels-fundedpartlybyadvertising

andpartlybyviewers*subscriptions-whichwillbringaboutthebiggestchangesinthelongterm.

55.TheworldfamousBBCnowfaces_.

(A)theproblemofnewcoverage(B)anuncertainprospect

(C)inquiriesbythegeneralpublic(D)shrinkageofaudience

56.Inthepassage,whichofthefollowingabouttheBBCisnotmentionedasthekeyissue?

(A)ExtensionofitsTVservicetoFarEast.

(B)Programmesasthesubjectofanation-widedebate.

(C)Potentialsforfurtherinternationalco-operations.

(D)Itsexistenceasabroadcastingorganization.

57.TheBBC'snroyalcharter'1(Line4,Paragraph3)standsfor_

(A)thefinancialsupportfromtherovalfamily(B)theprivilegesgrantedbytheQueen

(C)acontractwiththeQueen(D)auniquerelationshipwiththeroyalfamily

58.TheforemostreasonwhytheBBChastoreadjustitselfisnootherthan—

(A)theemergenceofcommercialTVchannels

(B)theenforcementofBroadcastingActbythegovernment

(C)theurgentnecessitytoreducecostsandjobs

(D)thechallengeofnewsatellitechannels

Passage3

Inthelasthalfofthenineteenthcentury"capital"and"labour"wereenlargingandperfectingtheir

rivalorganizationsonmodernlines.Manyanoldfirmwasreplacedbyalimitedliabilitycompany

withabureaucracyofsalariedmanagers.Thechangemetthetechnicalrequirementsofthenew

agebyengagingalargeprofessionalelementandpreventedthedeclineinefficiencythatso

commonlyspoiledthefortunesoffamilyfirmsinthesecondandthirdgenerationafterthe

energeticfounders.Itwasmoreoverastepawayfromindividualinitiative,towardscollectivism

andmunicipalandstate-ownedbusiness.Therailwaycompanies,thoughstillprivatebusiness

managedforthebenefitofshareholders,wereveryunlikeoldfamilybusiness.Atthesametime

thegreatmunicipalitieswentintobusinesstosupplylighting,tramsandotherservicestothe

taxpayers.

Thegrowthofthelimitedliabilitycompanyandmunicipalbusinesshadimportantconsequences.

Suchlarge,impersonalmanipulationofcapitalandindustrygreatlyincreasedthenumbersand

importanceofshareholdersasaclass,anelementinnationalliferepresentingirresponsible

wealthdetachedfromthelandandthedutiesofthelandowners;andalmostequallydetachedfrom

theresponsiblemanagementofbusiness.Allthroughthenineteenthcentury,America,Africa,India,

AustraliaandpartsofEuropewerebeingdevelopedbyBritishcapital,andBritishshareholders

werethusenrichedbytheworld,smovementtowardsindustrialisation.TownslikeBournemouth

andEastbournespranguptohouselarge.°comfonable"classeswhohadretiredontheirincomes,

andwhohadnorelationtotherestofthecommunityexceptthatofdrawingdividendsand

occasionallyattendingashareholders1meetingtodictatetheirorderstothemanagement.Onthe

otherhand''shareholding'1meantleisureandfreedomwhichwasusedbymanyof

thelaterVictoriansforthehighestpurposeofagreatcivilisation.

The"shareholders"assuchhadnoknowledgeofthelives,thoughtsorneedsoftheworkmen

employedbythecompanyinwhichheheldshares,andhisinfluenceontherelationsofcapital

andlabourwasnotgood.Thepaidmanageractingforthecompanywasinmoredirectrelation

withthemenandtheirdemands,butevenhehadseldomthatfamiliarpersonalknowledgeofthe

workmenwhichtheemployerhadoftenhadunderthemorepatriarchalsystemoftheoldfamily

businessnowpassingaway.Indeedthemeresizeofoperationsandthenumbersofworkmen

involvedrenderedsuchpersonalrelationsimpossible.Fortunately,however,theincreasingpower

andorganizationofthetradeunions,atleastinallskilledtrades,enabLedtheworkmentomeeton

equaltermsthemanagersofthecompanieswhoemployedthem.Thecrueldisciplineofthestrike

andlockouttaughtthetwopartiestorespecteachother'sstrengthandunderstandthevalueoffair

negotiation.

59.It'strueoftheoldfamilyfinnsthat—.

(A)theywerespoiledbytheyoungergenerations(B)theyfailedforlackofindividualinitiative

(C)theylackedefficiencycomparedwithmodemcompanies

(D)theycouldsupplyadequateservicestothetaxpayers

60.Thegrowthoflimitedliabilitycompaniesresultedin—.

(A)theseparationofcapitalfrommanagement

(B)theownershipofcapitalbymanagers(C)theemergenceofcapitalandlabourastwoclasses

(D)theparticipationofshareholdersinmunicipalbusiness

61.Accordingtothepassage,allofthefollowingaretrueexceptthat—.

(A)theshareholderswereunawareoftheneedsoftheworkers

(B)theoldfirmownershandabetterunderstandingoftheirworkers

(C)thelimitedliabilityQompaniesweretoolargetorunsmoothly

(D)thetradeunionsseemedtoplayapositiverole

62.Theauthorismostcriticalof__.

(A)familyfilmowners(B)landowners(C)managers(D)shareholders

Passage4

WhataccountsforthegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmerica-breakthroughssuchas

thetelegraph,thesteamboatandtheweavingmachine?

Amongthemanyshapingfactors,Iwouldsingleoutthecountry'sexcellentelementaryschools;

alaborforcethatwelcomedthenewtechnology;thepracticeofgivingpremiumstoinventors;

andabovealltheAmericangeniusfornonverbal,"spatiafthinkingaboutthingstechnological.

Whymentiontheelementaryschools?Becausethankstotheseschoolsourearly

mechanics,especiallyintheNewEnglandandMiddleAtlanticstates,weregenerallyliterateand

athomeinarithmeticandinsomeaspectsofgeometryandtrigonometry.

AcuteforeignobserversrelatedAmericanadaptivenessandinventivenesstothiseducational

advantage.AsamemberofaBritishcommissionvisitingherein1853reported,uWithamind

preparedbythoroughschooldiscipline,theAmericanboydevelopsrapidlyintotheskilled

workman."

Afurtherstimulustoinventioncamefromthe"premium"system,whichprecededourpatent

systemandforyearsranparallelwithit."fhisapproach,originatedabroad,offeredinventors

medals,cashprizesandotherincentives.

IntheUnitedStates,multitudesofpremiumsfornewdeviceswereawardedatcountryfairsandat

theindustrialfairsinmajorcities.Americansflockedtothessfairstoadmirethenewmachines

andthustorenewtheirfaithinthebeneficenceoftechnologicaladvance.

Giventhisoptimisticapproachtotechnologicalinnovation,theAmericanworkertookreadilyto

thatspecialkindofnonverbalthinkingrequiredinmechanicaltechnology.AsEugeneFerguson

haspointedout,"Atechnologistthinksaboutobjectsthatcannotbereducedtounambiguous

verbaldescriptions;theyaredealtwithinhismindbyavisual,nonverbalprocess…Thedesigner

andtheinventor...areabletoassembleandmanipulateintheirmindsdevicesthatasyetdonot

exist.n

Thisnonverbal"spatial"thinkingcanbejustascreativeaspaintingandwriting.RobertFulton

oncewrote,"Themechanicshouldsitdownamonglevers,screws,wedges,wheels,etc.,likea

poetamongthelettersofthealphabet,consideringthemasanexhibitionofhisthoughts,inwhich

anewarrangementtransmitsanewidea."

Whenalltheseshapingforces-schools,openattitudes,thepremiumsystem,ageniusforspatial

thinking—interactedwithoneanotherontherichU.S.mainland,theyproducedthatAmerican

characteristic,emulation.Todaythatwordimpliesmereimitation.Butinearliertimesitmeanta

friendlybutcompetitivestrivingforfameandexcellence.

63.Accordingtotheauthor,thegreatoutburstofmajorinventionsinearlyAmericawasina

largepartdueto一

(A)elemental'yschools(B)enthusiasticworkers

(C)theattractivepremiumsystem(D)aspecialwayofthinking

64.ItisimpliedthatadaptivenessandinventivenessoftheearlyAmericanmechanics一

(A)benefitedalotfromtheirmathematicalknowledge

(B)shedlightondisciplinedschoolmanagement

(C)wasbroughtaboutbyprivilegedhometraining

(D)owedalottothetechnologicaldevelopment

65.Atechnologistcanbecomparedtoanartistbecause_

(A)theyarebothwinnersofawards

(B)theyarebothexpertsinspatialthinking

(C)theybothabandonverbaldescription

(D)theybothusevariousinstruments

66.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe一

(A)InventiveMind(B)EffectiveSchooling

(B)WaysofThinking(D)OutpouringofInventions

Passage5

Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisher1spipelines.A

fewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoften

unenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginand

evolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmology,geology,andbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistent,

unified,andconstantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened."Scientific"creationism,whichis

beingpushedbysomefor"equaltime"intheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsof

evolutionareeivel,isbasedonreligion,notscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityof

nonfundamentalistreligiousleadershavecometoregard"scientific'1creationismasbadscience

andbadreligion.

ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher'sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atap­

propriateplaces,heintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelast

threechapters,hetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheir

programmesandtactics,and,forthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationists,theextentoftheir

deceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.Whentheirbasicmotivationis

religious,onemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior.

Kitcherisaphilosopher,andthismayaccount,inpart,fortheclarityandeffectivenessof

hisarguments.Thenon-specialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataand

argumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchapteronthecreationistswillbeextremely

cleartoall.Onthedustjacketofthisfinebook,StephenJayGouldsays:"Thisbookstandsfor

reasonitself.uAndsoitdoes-andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreation­

ism/evolutiondebate.

67."Creationism11inthepassagerefersto__

(A)evolutioninitstruesenseastotheoriginoftheuniverse

(B)anotionofthecreationofreligion

(C)thescientificexplanationoftheearthformation

(D)thedeceptivetheoryabouttheoriginoftheuniverse

68.Kitcher'sbookisintendedto—.

(A)recommendtheviewsoftheevolutionists

(B)exposethetruefeaturesofcreationists

(C)cursebitterlyatthisopponents

(D)launchasurpriseattackoncreationists

69Fromthepassagewecaninferthat—

(A)reasoninghasplayedadecisiveroleinthedebate

(B)creationistsdonotbasetheirargumentonreasoning

(C)evolutionarytheoryistoodifficultfornon-specialists

(D)creationismissupportedbyscientificfindings

70.Thispassageappearstobeadigestof_

(A)abookreview(B)ascientificpaper

(C)amagazinefeature(D)anewspapereditorial

1997

Passage1

Itwas3:45inthemorningwhenthevotewasfinallytaken.Aftersixmonthsofarguingandfinal

16hoursofhotparliamentarydebates,Australia'sNorthernTerritorybecamethefirstlegal

authorityintheworldtoallowdoctorstotakethelivesofincurablyillpatientswhowishtodie.

Themeasurepassedbytheconvincingvoteof15to10.Almostimmediatelywordflashedonthe

Internetandwaspickedup,halfaworldaway,byJohnHofsess,executivedirectoroftheRightto

DieSocietyofCanada.Hesentitonviathegroup'sonlineservice,DeathNET.SaysHofsess:

“Wepostedbulletinsalldaylong,becauseofcoursethisisn'tjustsomethingthathappenedin

Australia.It*sworldhistory.^^

Thefullimportmaytakeawhiletosinkin.TheNTRightsoftheTerminallyIIIlawhasleft

physiciansandcitizensaliketryingtodealwithitsmoralandpracticalimplications.Somehave

breathedsighsofrelief,others,includingchurches,righttolifegroupsandtheAustralianMedical

Association,bitterlyattackedthebillandthehasteofitspassage.Butthetideisunlikelytoturn

back.InAustralia—whereanagingpopulation,lifeextendingtechnologyandchanging

communityattitudeshaveallplayedtheirpart—otherstatesaregoingtoconsidermakinga

similarlawtodealwitheuthanasia.IntheUSandCanada,wheretherighttodiemovementis

gatheringstrength,observersarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling.

UnderthenewNorthernTerritorylaw,anadultpatientcanrequestdeath—probablybyadeadly

injectionorpill—toputanendtosuffering.Thepatientmustbediagnosedasterminallyillby

twodoctors.Aftera“coolingofF'periodofsevendays,thepatientcansignacertificateofrequest.

After48hoursthewishfordeathcanbemet.ForLloydNickson,a54yearoldDarwinresident

sufferingfromlungcancer,theNTRightsofTerminallyIIIlawmeanshecangetonwithliving

withoutthehauntingfearofhissuffering:aterrifyingdeathfromhisbreathingcondition."I'mnot

afraidofdyingfromaspiritualpointofview,butwhatIwasafraidofwashowI'dgo,because

I'vewatchedpeopledieinthehospitalfightingforoxygenandclawingattheirmasks,“hesays.

Fromthesecondparagraphwelearnthat.

A)theobjectiontoeuthanasiaisslowtocomeinothercountries

B)physiciansandcitizenssharethesameviewoneuthanasia

Qchangingtechnologyischieflyresponsibleforthehastypassageofthelaw

D)ittakestimetorealizethesignificanceofthelaw'spassage

Whentheauthorsaysthatobserversarewaitingforthedominoestostartfalling,hemeans.

A)observersaretakingawaitandseeattitudetowardsthefutureofeuthanasia

B)similarbillsarelikelytobepassedintheUS,Canadaandothercountries

C)observersarewaitingtoseetheresultofthegameofdominoes

D)theeffecttakingprocessofthepassedbillmayfinallycometoastop

WhenLloydNicksondies,hewill.

A)facehisdeathwithcalmcharacteristicofeuthanasia

B)experiencethesufferingofalungcancerpatient

C)haveanintensefearofterriblesuffering

D)undergoacoolingoffperiodofsevendays

Theauthor'sattitudetowardseuthanasiaseemstobethatof.

A)opposition

B)suspicion

C)approval

D)indifference

Passage2

AreportconsistentlybroughtbackbyvisitorstotheUSishowfriendly,courteous,andhelpful

mostAmericansweretothem.Tobefair,thisobservationisalsofrequentlymadeofCanadaand

Canadians,andshouldbestbeconsideredNorthAmerican.Thereare,ofcourse,exceptions.Small

mindedofficials,rudewaiters,andillmanneredtaxidriversarehardlyunknownintheUSYetit

isanobservationmadesofrequentlythatitdeservescomment.

Foralongperiodoftimeandinmanypartsofthecountry,atravelerwasawelcomebreakinan

otherwisedullexistence.Dullnessandlonelinesswerecommonproblemsofthefamilieswho

generallyliveddistantfromoneanother.Strangersandtravelerswerewelcomesourcesof

diversion,andbroughtnewsoftheoutsideworld.

Theharshrealitiesofthefrontieralsoshapedthistraditionofhospitality.Someonetravelingalone,

ifhungry,injured,orill,oftenhadnowheretotumexcepttothenearestcabinorsettlement.Itwas

notamatterofchoiceforthetravelerormerelyacharitableimpulseonthepartofthesettlers.It

reflectedtheharshnessofdailylife:ifyoudidn*ttakeinthestrangerandtakecareofhim,there

wasnooneelsewhowould.Andsomeday,remember,youmightbeinthesamesituation.

Todaytherearemanycharitableorganizationswhichspecializeinhelpingthewearytraveler.Yet,

theoldtraditionofhospitalitytostrangersisstillverystrongintheUS,especiallyinthesmaller

citiesandtownsawayfromthebusytouristtrails.*1wasjusttravelingthrough,gottalkingwith

thisAmerican,andprettysoonheinvitedmehomefordinner—amazing."Suchobservations

reportedbyvisitorstotheUSarenotuncommon,butarenotalwaysunderstoodproperly.The

casualfriendlinessofmanyAmericansshouldbeinterpretedneitherassuperficialnorasartificial,

butastheresultofahistoricallydevelopedculturaltradition.

Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptions,and

conventionsunderliesallsocialinterrelationships.And,ofcourse,speakingalanguagedoesnot

necessarilymeantthatsomeoneunderstandssocialandculturalpatterns.Visitorswhofailto

“translate“culturalmeaningsproperlyoftendrawwrongconclusions.Forexample,whenan

Americanusestheword“friend"，theculturalimplicationsofthewordmaybequitedifferent

fromthoseithasinthevisitor'slanguageandculture.Ittakesmorethanabriefencounteronabus

todistinguishbetweencourteousconventionandindividualinterest.Yet,beingfriendlyisavirtue

thatmanyAmericanvaluehighlyandexpectfrombothneighborsandstrangers.

Intheeyesofvisitorsfromtheoutsideworld,.

A)rudetaxidriversarerarelyseenintheUS

B)smallmindedofficialsdeserveaseriouscomment

C)Canadiansarenotsofriendlyastheirneighbors

D)mostAmericansarereadytoofferhelp

Itcouldbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat.

A)cultureexercisesaninfluenceoversocialinterrelationship

B)courteousconventionandindividualinterestareinterrelated

Qvariousvirtuesmanifestthemselvesexclusivelyamongfriends

D)socialinterrelationshipsequalthecomplexsetofculturalconventions

Familiesinfrontiersettlementsusedtoentertainstrangers.

A)toimprovetheirhardlife

B)inviewoftheirlongdistancetravel

C)toaddsomeflavortotheirowndailylife

D)outofacharitableimpulse

Thetraditionofhospitalitytostrangers.

A)tendstobesuperficialandartificial

B)isgenerallywellkeptupintheUnitedStates

Qisalwaysunderstoodproperly

D)wassomethingtodowiththebusytouristtrails

Passage3

Technically,anysubstanceotherthanfoodthataltersourbodilyormentalfunctioningisadrug.

Manypeoplemistakenlybelievethetermdrugrefersonlytosomesortofmedicineoranillegal

chemicaltakenbydrugaddicts.Theydon*trealizethatfamiliarsubstancessuchasalcoholand

tobaccoarealsodrugs.Thisiswhythemoreneutraltermsubstanceisnowusedbymany

physiciansandpsychologists.Thephrase“substanceabuse“isoftenusedinsteadof“drugabuse”

tomakeclearthatsubstancessuchasalcoholandtobaccocanbejustasharmfullymisusedas

heroinandcocaine.

Weliveasocietyinwhichthemedicinalandsocialuseofsubstances(drugs)ispervasive:an

aspirintoquietaheadache,somewinetobesociable,coffeetogetgoinginthemorning,a

cigarettefbrthenerves.Whendothesesociallyacceptableandapparentlyconstructiveusesofa

substancebecomemisuses?Firstofall,mostsubstancestakeninexcesswillproducenegative

effectssuchaspoisoningorintenseperceptualdistortions.Repeateduseofasubstancecanalso

leadtophysicaladdictionorsubstancedependence.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreased

tolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenby

theappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdiscontinued.

Drugs(substances)thataffectthecentralnervoussystemandalterperception,mood,andbehavior

areknownaspsychoactivesubstances.Psychoactivesubstancesarecommonlygroupedaccording

towhethertheyarestimulants,depressants,orhallucinogens.Stimulantsinitiallyspeedupor

activatethecentralnervoussystem,whereasdepressantsslowitdown.Hallucinogenshavetheir

primaryeffectonperception,distortingandalteringitinavarietyofwaysincludingproducing

hallucinations.Thesearethesubstancesoftencalledpsychedelic(fromtheGreekwordmeaning

“mindmanifesting^becausetheyseemedtoradicallyalteronesstateofconsciousness.

“Substanceabuse"(Line5,Paragraph1)ispreferableto“drugabuse“inthat.

A)substancescanalterourbodilyormentalfunctioningifillegallyused

B)4idrugabuse“isonlyrelatedtoalimitednumberofdrugtakers

C)alcoholandtobaccoareasfatalasheroinandcocaine

D)manysubstancesotherthanheroinorcocainecanalsobepoisonous

Theword“pervasive”(Line1,Paragraph2)mightmean.

A)widespread

B)overwhelming

C)piercing

D)fashionable

Physicaldependenceoncertainsubstancesresultsfrom.

A)uncontrolledconsumptionofthemoverlongperiodsoftime

B)exclusiveuseofthemforsocialpurposes

C)quantitativeapplicationofthemtothetreatmentofdiseases

D)carelessemploymentofthemforunpleasantsymptoms

Fromthelastparagraphwecaninferthat.

A)stimu]antsfunctionpositivelyonthemind

B)hallucinogensareinthemselvesharmfultohealth

C)depressantsaretheworsttypeofpsychoactivesubstances

D)thethreetypesofpsychoactivesubstancesarecommonlyusedingroups

Passage4

Nocompanylikestobetolditiscontributingtothemoraldeclineofanation.t4Isthiswhatyou

intendedtoaccomplishwithyourcareers?"SenatorRobertDoleaskedTimeWarnerexecutives

lastweek.<4Youhavesoldyoursouls,butmustyoucorruptournationandthreatenourchildrenas

well?”AtTimeWarner,however,suchquestionsaresimplythelatestmanifestationofthesoul

searchingthathasinvolvedthecompanyeversincethecompanywasbomin1990.It'sa

selfexaminationthathas,atvarioustimes,involvedissuesofresponsibility,creativefreedom

andthecorporatebottomline.

AtthecoreofthisdebateischairmanGeraldLevin,56,whotookoverfbrthelateSteveRossin

1992.Onthefinancialfront,Levinisunderpressuretoraisethestockpriceandreducethe

company'smountainousdebt,whichwillincreaseto17.3biUionafterUvonewcabledealsctose.

Hehaspromisedtoselloffsomeofthepropertyandrestructurethec