考研英语一及答案复习

2022年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语真题

SectionIListeningComprehension

(略)

SectionIIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorD

onANSWERSHEETI.(10points)

©Teachersneedtobeawareoftheemotional,intellectual,andphysicalchangesthatyoung

adultsexperience.②Andtheyalsoneedtogiveserious21tohowtheycanbest22

suchchanges.©Growingbodiesneedmovementand23butnotjustinwaysthat

emphasizecompetition.④24theyareadjustingtotheirnewbodiesandawholehostofnew

intellectualandemotionalchallenges,teenagersareespeciallyself-consciousandneedthe25

thatcomesfromachievingsuccessandknowingthattheiraccomplishmentsare26byothers.

⑤However,thetypicalteenagelifestyleisalreadyfilledwithsomuchcompetitionthatitwould

be27toplanactivitiesinwhichtherearemorewinnersthanlosers,28,publishing

newsletterswithmanystudent-writtenbookreviews,29studentartwork,andsponsoring

bookdiscussionclubs.@Avarietyofsmallclubscanprovide30opportunitiesfor

leadership,aswellasforpracticeinsuccessful31dynamics.©Makingfriendsis

extremelyimportanttoteenagers,andmanyshystudentsneedthe32ofsomekindof

organizationwithasupportiveadult33visibleinthebackground.

@Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthattheyoungteenshave34attention

spans.②Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveas

longastheywantandthengoonto36elsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingthe

otherparticipants37.③Thisdoesnotmeanthatadultsmustacceptirresponsibility.(4)

38__,theycanhelpstudentsacquireasenseofcommitmentby39forrolesthatarewithin

their40andtheirattentionspansandbyhavingclearlystatedrules.1294words)

21.AthoughtBideaCopinionDadvice

22.AstrengthenBaccommodateCstimulateDenhance

23.AcareBnutritionCexerciseDleisure

24.AlfBAlthoughCWhereasDBecause

25.AassistanceBguidanceCconfidenceDtolerance

26.AclaimedBadmiredCignored□surpassed

27.AimproperBriskyCfairDwise

28.AineffectBasaresultCforexampleDinasense

29.AdisplayingBdescribingCcreating□exchanging

30.AdurableBexcessiveCsurplus□multiple

31.AgroupBindividualCpersonnelDcoiporation

32.AconsentBinsuranceCadmissionDsecurity

33.AparticularlyBbarelyCdefinitelyDrarely

34.AsimilarBlongCdifferentDshort

35.AifonlyBnowthatCsothatDevenif

36.AeverythingBanythingCnothing□something

37.AoffBdownCoutDalone

38.AOnthecontraryBOntheaverage

COnthewholeDOntheotherhand

39.AmakingBstandingCplanningDtaking

40.AcapabilitiesBresponsibilitiesCproficiencyDefficiency

SectionlllReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.

MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETI.(40points)

Text1

©WildBillDonovanwouldhavelovedtheInternet.②TheAmericanspymasterwhobuilt

theOfficeofStrategicServicesintheWorldWarIIandlaterlaidtherootsfortheCIAwas

fascinatedwithinformation.©Donovanbelievedinusingwhatevertoolscametohandinthe

“greatgame"ofespionage—spyingasa“profession〃.©ThesedaystheNet,whichhas

alreadyre-madesucheverydaypastimesasbuyingbooksandsendingmail,isreshaping

Donovan\vocationaswell.

©Thelastrevolutionisn'tsimplyamatterofgentlemenreadingothergentlemen'se-mail.

②Thalkindofelectronicspyinghasbeengoingonfordecades.③Inthepastthreeorfouryears,

theWorldWideWebhasgivenbirthtoawholeindustryofpoint-and-clickspying.@Thespooks

callit“opensourceintelligence”,andastheNetgrows,itisbecomingincreasinglyinfluential.

⑤In1995theCIAheldacontesttoseewhocouldcompilethemostdataaboutBurundi.@The

winner,byalargemargin,wasatinyVirginiacompanycalledOpen-SourceSolutions,whose

clearadvantagewasitsmasteryoftheelectronicworld.

©AmongthefirmsmakingthebiggestsplashinthenewworldisStraitford,Inc.,aprivate

intelligence-analysisfirmbasedinAustin,Texas.②Straitfordmakesmoneybysellingtheresults

ofspying(coveringnationsfromChiletoRussia)tocorporationslikeenergy-servicesfirm

McDermottInternational.③Manyofitspredictionsareavailableonlineatstraitford.

(DStraifordpresidentGeorgeFriedmansaysheseestheonlineworldasakindofmutually

reinforcingtoolfbrbothinformationcollectionanddistribution,aspymaster'sdream.②Last

weekhisfirmwasbusyvacuumingupdatabitsfromthefarcomersoftheworldandpredictinga

crisisinUkraine.③“Assoonasthatreportruns,we'llsuddenlyget500newinternetsign-ups

fromUkraine,“saysFriedman,aformerpoliticalscienceprofessor.④“Andwe'llhearback

fromsomeofthem."⑤Open-sourcespyingdoeshaveitsrisks,ofcourse,sinceitcanbe

difficulttotellgoodinformationfrombad.⑥That'swhereStraitfordearnsitskeep.

①Friedmanreliesonaleanstaffof20inAustin.©Severalofhisstaffmembershave

military-intelligencebackgrounds.③Heseesthefirm'soutsiderstatusasthekeytoitssuccess.

④Straitfdrd'sbriefsdon'tsoundliketheusualWashingtonback-and-fbrthing,wherebyagencies

avoiddramaticdeclarationsonthechancetheymightbewrong.©Straitford,saysFriedman,

takesprideinitsindependentvoice.

41.TheemergenceoftheNethas.

AreceivedsupportfromfanslikeDonovan

Bremoldedtheintelligenceservices

Crestoredmanycommonpastimes

□revivedspyingasaprofession

42.Donovan'sstoryismentionedinthetextto.

Aintroducethetopicofonlinespying

BshowhowhefoughtfortheUS

Cgiveanepisodeoftheinformationwar

DhonorhisuniqueservicestotheCIA

43.Thephrase"makingthebiggestsplash〃(Line1,Paragraph3)mostprobably

means.

Acausingthebiggesttrouble

Bexertingthegreatesteffort

Cachievingthegreatestsuccess

Denjoyingthewidestpopularity

44.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraph4that.

AStraitfbrd^predictionaboutUkrainehasprovedtrue

BStraitfbrdguaranteesthetruthfulnessofitsinformation

CStraitford^businessischaracterizedbyunpredictability

DStraitfordisabletoprovidefairlyreliableinformation

45.Straitfbrdismostproudofits.

AofficialstatusBnonconfbrmistimage

CefficientstaffDmilitarybackground

Text2

①Toparaphrase18th-centurystatesmanEdmundBurke,t€allthatisneededforthetriumph

ofamisguidedcauseisthatgoodpeopledonothing.”②Onesuchcausenowseekstoend

biomedicalresearchbecauseofthetheorythatanimalshaverightsrulingouttheiruseinresearch.

©Scientistsneedtorespondforcefullytoanimalrightsadvocates,whoseargumentsareconfusing

thepublicandtherebythreateningadvancesinhealthknowledgeandcare.©Leadersofthe

animalrightsmovementtargetbiomedicalresearchbecauseitdependsonpublicfunding,andfew

peopleunderstandtheprocessofhealthcareresearch.©Hearingallegationsofcrueltytoanimals

inresearchsettings,manyareperplexedthatanyonewoulddeliberatelyharmananimal.

①Forexample,agrandmotherlywomanstaffingananimalrightsboothatarecentstreetfair

wasdistributingabrochurethatencouragedreadersnottouseanythingthatcomesfromoris

testedinanimal—nomeat,nofur,nomedicines.②Askedifsheopposedimmunizations,she

wantedtoknowifvaccinescomefromanimalresearch.③Whenassuredthattheydo,shereplied,

“ThenIwouldhavetosayyes//©Askedwhatwillhappenwhenepidemicsreturn,shesaid,

“Don'tworry,scientistswillfindsomewayofusingcomputers."⑤Suchwell-meaningpeople

justdon'tunderstand.

①Scientistsmustcommunicatetheirmessagetothepublicinacompassionate,

understandableway-inhumanterms,notinthelanguageofmolecularbiology.②Weneedto

makecleartheconnectionbetweenanimalresearchandagrandmother'shipreplacement,a

father^bypassoperation,ababy'svaccinations,andevenapet'sshots.③Tothosewhoare

unawarethatanimalresearchwasneededtoproducethesetreatments,aswellasnewtreatments

andvaccines,animalresearchseemswastefulatbestandcruelatworst.

①Muchcanbedone.©Scientistscould“adopt"middleschoolclassesandpresenttheir

ownresearch.③Theyshouldbequicktorespondtoletterstotheeditor,lestanimalrights

misinformationgounchallengedandacquireadeceptiveappearanceoftruth.@Research

institutionscouldbeopenedtotours,toshowthatlaboratoryanimalsreceivehumanecare.⑤

Finally,becausetheultimatestakeholdersarepatients,thehealthresearchcommunityshould

activelyrecruittoitscausenotonlywell-knownpersonalitiessuchasStephenCooper,whohas

madecourageousstatementsaboutthevalueofanimalresearch,butallwhoreceivemedical

treatment.©Ifgoodpeopledonothingthereisarealpossibilitythatanuninformedcitizenrywill

extinguishthepreciousembersofmedicalprogress.

46.TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithEdmundBurke'swordsto.

Acallonscientiststotakesomeactions

Bcriticizethemisguidedcauseofanimalrights

Cwamofthedoomofbiomedicalresearch

Dshowthetriumphoftheanimalrightsmovement

47.Misledpeopletendtothinkthatusingananimalinresearchis.

AcruelbutnaturalBinhumanandunacceptable

CinevitablebutviciousDpointlessandwasteful

48.Theexampleofthegrandmotherlywomanisusedtoshowthepublic's.

AdiscontentwithanimalresearchBignoranceaboutmedicalscience

CindifferencetoepidemicsDanxietyaboutanimalrights

49.Theauthorbelievesthat,infaceofthechallengefromanimalrightsadvocates,scientists

should.

Acommunicatemorewiththepublic

Bemployhi-techmeansinresearch

Cfeelnoshamefortheircause

Dstrivetodevelopnewcures

50.FromthetextwelearnthatStephenCooperis.

Aawell-knownhumanist

Bamedicalpractitioner

Canenthusiastinanimalrights

Dasupporterofanimalresearch

Text3

①Inrecentyears,railroadshavebeencombiningwitheachother,mergingintosupersystems,

causingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.②Asrecentlyas1995,thetopfourrailroads

accountedforunder70percentofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.③Nextyear,afteraseriesof

mergersiscompleted,justfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90percentofallthefreightmoved

bymajorrailcarriers.

©Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowfbrsubstantial

costreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.②Anythreatofmonopoly,theyargue,isremoved

byfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.③Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulk

commoditiestravelinglongdistances,suchascoal,chemicals,andgrain,truckingistoocostly

andtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat.

@Thevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonly

onerailcompany.©Railroadstypicallychargesuch“captive"shippers20to30percentmore

thantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.©Shipperswhofeeltheyare

beingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment'sSurfaceTransportation

Boardforraterelief,buttheprocessisexpensive,timeconsuming,andwillworkonlyintruly

extremecases.

①Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainstcaptiveshippersonthegroundsthatinthe

longrunitreduceseveryone'scost.②Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaveragerate,

theyargue,shipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportation

woulddoso,leavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.③It's

theorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribe,butinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsintheposition

ofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail.④“Dowereallywantrailroads

tobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace“asksMartinBercovici,a

Washingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshippei;

①Manycaptiveshippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.

②Therailroadindustryasawhole,despiteitsbrighteningfortunes,stilldoesnotearnenoughto

coverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.③Yetrailroads

continuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanother,withWallStreetcheeringthemon.©Consider

the$10.2billionbidbyNorfolkSouthemandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.(§)ConraiFsnet

railwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427million,lessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthe

transaction.⑥Who'sgoingtopayfortherestofthebill©Manycaptiveshippersfearthatthey

will,asNorfolkSouthemandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket.

51.Accordingtothosewhosupportmergers,railwaymonopolyisunlikelybecause.

Acostreductionisbasedoncompetition

Bservicescallforcross-tradecoordination

CoutsidecompeXswillcontinuetoexist

Dshipperswillhavetherailwaybythethroat

52.Whatismanycaptiveshippers9attitudetowardstheconsolidationintherailindustry

Alndifferent.BSupportive.CIndignant.DApprehensive.

53.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that.

Ashipperswillbechargedlesswithoutarivalrailroad

Btherewillsoonbeonlyonerailroadcompanynationwide

Coverchargedshippersareunlikelytoappealforraterelief

Dagovernmentboardensuresfairplayinrailwaybusiness

54.Theword“arbiters”(Line7,Paragraph4)mostprobablyreferstothose.

AwhoworkascoordinatorsBwhofunctionasjudges

CwhosupervisetransactionsDwhodeterminetheprice

55.Accordingtothetext,thecostincreaseintherailindustryismainlycausedby.

AthecontinuingacquisitionBthegrowingtraffic

CthecheeringWallStreetDtheshrinkingmarket

Text4

©ItissaidthatinEnglanddeathispressing,inCanadainevitableandinCaliforniaoptional.

②Smallwonder.③Americans'lifeexpectancyhasnearlydoubledoverthepastcentury.④

Failinghipscanbereplaced,clinicaldepressioncontrolled,cataractsremovedina30-minute

surgicalprocedure.⑤Suchadvancesoffertheagingpopulationaqualityoflifethatwas

unimaginablewhenIenteredmedicine50yearsago.⑥Butnotevenagreathealth-caresystem

cancuredeath-andourfailuretoconfrontthatrealitynowthreatensthisgreatnessofours.

①Deathisnormal;wearegeneticallyprogrammedtodisintegrateandperish,evenunder

idealconditions.②Weallunderstandthatatsomelevel,yetasmedicalconsumerswetreatdeath

asaproblemtobesolved.©Shieldedbythird-partypayersfromthecostofourcare,wedemand

everythingthatcanpossiblybedonefbrus,evenifit'suseless.④Themostobviousexampleis

late-stagecancercare.©Physicians-frustratedbytheirinabilitytocurethediseaseandfearing

lossofhopeinthepatient-toooftenofferaggressivetreatmentfarbeyondwhatisscientifically

justified.

①In1950,theUSspent$12.7billiononhealthcare.②In2022,thecostwillbe$1540

billion.©Anyonecanseethistrendisunsustainable.④Yetfewseemwillingtotrytoreverseit.

⑤Somescholarsconcludethatagovernmentwithfiniteresourcesshouldsimplystoppayingfor

medicalcarethatsustainslifebeyondacertainage-say83orso.©FormerColoradogovernor

RichardLammhasbeenquotedassayingthattheoldandinfirm“haveadutytodieandgetoutof

theway”,sothatyounger,healthierpeoplecanrealizetheirpotential.

①Iwouldnotgothatfar.©Energeticpeoplenowroutinelyworkthroughtheir60sand

beyond,andremaindazzlinglyproductive.③At78,ViacomchairmanSumnerRedstonejokingly

claimstobe53.©SupremeCourtJusticeSandraDayO'Connorisinher70s,andformer

surgeongeneralC.EverettKoopchairsanInternetstart-upinhis80s.©Theseleadersareliving

proofthatpreventionworksandthatwecanmanagethehealthproblemsthatcomenaturallywith

age.©Asamere68-year-old,Iwishtoageasproductivelyastheyhave.

①Yettherearelimitstowhatasocietycanspendinthispursuit.②Asaphysician,Iknow

themostcostlyanddramaticmeasuresmaybeineffectiveandpainful.③Ialsoknowthatpeople

inJapanandSweden,countriesthatspendfarlessonmedicalcare,haveachievedlonger,

healthierlivesthanwehave.@Asanation,wemaybeover-fundingthequestforunlikelycures

whileunder-fundingresearchonhumblertherapiesthatcouldimprovepeople'slives.

56.Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence

AAmericansarebetterpreparedfordeaththanotherpeople

BAmericansenjoyahigherlifequalitythaneverbefore

CAmericansareover-confidentoftheirmedicaltechnology

DAmericanstakeavainprideintheirlonglifeexpectancy

57.Theauthorusestheexampleofcancerpatientstoshowthat.

Amedicalresourcesareoftenwasted

Bdoctorsarehelplessagainstfataldiseases

Csometreatmentsaretooaggressive

Dmedicalcostsarebecomingunaffordable

58.Theauthor'sattitudetowardRichardLamm'sremarkisoneof.

AstrongdisapprovalBreservedconsent

CslightcontemptDenthusiasticsupport

59.IncontrasttotheUS,JapanandSwedenarefundingtheirmedicalcare.

AmoreflexiblyBmoreextravagantly

CmorecautiouslyDmorereasonably

60.Thetextintendstoexpresstheideathat.

Amedicinewillfurtherprolongpeople'slives

Blifebeyondacertainlimitisnotworthliving

Cdeathshouldbeacceptedasafactoflife

□excessivedemandsincreasethecostofhealthcare

PartB

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Your

translationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

Humanbeingsinalltimesandplacesthinkabouttheirworldandwonderattheirplaceinit.

Humansarethoughtfulandcreative,possessedofinsatiablecuriosity.(61)Furthermore,humans

havetheabililytomodifyIheenvironmentinwhichIheylive,Ihussubjectingallotherlifeforms

totheirownpeculiarideasandfancies.Therefore,itisimportanttostudyhumansinalltheir

richnessanddiversityinacalmandsystematicmanner,withthehopethattheknowledge

resultingfromsuchstudiescanleadhumanstoamoreharmoniouswayoflivingwiththemselves

andwithallotherlifeformsonthisplanetEarth.

''Anthropology"derivesfromtheGreekwordsanthropos"human"andlogosuthestudy0fH.

Byitsveryname,anthropologyencompassesthestudyofallhumankind.

Anthropologyisoneofthesocialsciences.(62)Socialscienceisthatbranchofintellectual

enquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandIheirendeavorsinIhesamereasoned,orderly,

systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnatural

phenomena.

Socialsciencedisciplinesincludegeography,economics,politicalscience,psychology,and

sociology.Eachofthesesocialscienceshasasubfieldorspecializationwhichliesparticularly

closetoanthropology.

Allthesocialsciencesfocusuponthestudyofhumanity.Anthropologyisafield-study

orienteddisciplinewhichmakesextensiveuseofthecomparativemethodinanalysis.(63)The

emphasisondatagatheredfirst-hand,combinedwithacross-culturalperspectivebroughttothe

analysisofculturespastandpresent,makesthisstudyauniqueanddistinctlyimportanlsocial

science.

Anthropologicalanalysesrestheavilyupontheconceptofculture.SirEdwardTylor's

formulationoftheconceptofculturewasoneofthegreatintellectualachievementsof19th

centuryscience.(64)Tylordefinedcultureas"...thatcomplexwholewhichincludesbelief,art,

morals,law,custom,andanyothercapabilitiesandhabitsacquiredbymanasamemberof

society.”Thisinsight,soprofoundinitssimplicity,openedupanentirelynewwayofperceiving

andunderstandinghumanlife.ImplicitwithinTylofsdefinitionistheconceptthatcultureis

learned,shared,andpatternedbehavior.

(65)Thus,Iheanthropologicalconceptof"culture"，likeIheconceplof“sei"inmalhimatics,

isanabstractconceptwhichmakespossibleimmenseamounlsofconcreteresearchand

understanding.

SectionIVWriting

Directions:

Studythefollowingsetofdrawingscarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould

1)describethesetofdrawings,interpretitsmeaning,and

2)pointoutitsimplicationsinourlife.

Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.(20points)

SectionIListeningComprehension(20points)

(略)

SectioIIUseofEnglish(10points)

21.A22.B23.C24.D25.C26.B27.D28.C29.A30.D