语法专题7-被动语态和虚拟语气

语法专题复习----被动语态----（ThePassivevoice)语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第1页!英语的两大语态：主动语态和被动语态A.主动语态中主语是谓语动词的发出者。宾语是谓语动词的对象。B.被动语态中主语是谓语动词的承受者(动作的对象)。

(把主动语态改为被动语态也就是把主动句中的宾语改为被动句的主语，这是最关键的着眼点，同时谓语动词作相应的变化。)被动语态的谓语构成:助动词be＋动词过去分词什么时候要用被动语态呢？在下列三种情况之一要用被动语态：①不知道动作的执行者是谁，用被动语态。②没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者，用被动语态。③需要强调动作的承受者时，用被动语态。语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第2页!主动句中谓语动词的发出者由by引出，作为by的宾语，也可以省略。请看以下主动语态和被动语态结构的转换：主动语态:主语＋谓语＋宾语被动语态:例：We

clean

ourclassroomeveryday.（主动）

[注意]①把主动语态改为被动语态时，句子的时态不能变。如上例，所给的主动句子是一般现在时，改为被动语态时，也要用一般现在时。②如果主动句中的主语是人称代词，改为被动句时作介词by的宾语，要用宾格。如上例中的主语we改为us。主语＋＋by+宾语be+过去分词Ourclassroomiscleanedbyuseveryday（被动）语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第3页!被动语态的构成:“助动词be+及物动词的过去分词”被动语态中be在各时态中的具体形式：

1.一般现在时中被动语态的构成,am,is,are+PP(过去分词)。

注:助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化。3.一般将来时中被动语态的构成，willbe+PP或begoingtobe。例句:I/She/WewillbetaughtJapanesenextterm.2.一般过去时中被动语态的构成，was,were+PP.

例句:I/shewascriticizedbytheheadteacher..Wewere

criticizedbytheheadteacher例句:SilkisproducedinSuzhouandHangzhou.BicyclesarewidelyusedinChina.语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第4页!7.现在完成时中被动语态的构成:have/hasbeen+pp.8.过去完成时态中被动语态的构成:hadbeen+pp.WhenIgothome,thefishhadbeeneatenupbythecat.例句:Theworkhasbeenfinished.Alotofrivershavebeenpolluted9.含有情态动词的被动语态的构成:

can/may/must/should+be+done+（bysb）例句：Theclassroommustbecleanedrightnow.

Cantheworkbedoneintwodays.Don’tplaywiththeknife.Yourfingersmaybehurt.语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第5页!8.BytheendoflastJuly,Ihadfinishedallthehomework.

---BytheendoflastJuly,allthehomeworkhadbeenfinished.Youmustdesigntheposterbeforelunch.

---Thepostermustbedesignedbeforelunch.10.Allofusshouldprotecttheenvironment.

---Theenvironmentshouldbeprotectedbyusall.11.Wecan’tlearnEnglishwellinsuchashorttime.

----Englishcan’tbelearntwellinsuchashorttime.12.I’mnotsuretheymightaskTomtospeakatthemeeting.

----I’mnotsureTommightbeaskedtospeakatthemeeting.语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第6页!I使役动词和感观动词主被动语态对照表主动语态被动语态使役动词makesbdosthsbbemadetodosthhavesbdosthsbbehadtodosthletsbdosthsbbelettodosth感观动词seesbdosthsbbeseentodosthwatchsbdosthsbbewatchedtodosthhearsbdosthsbbeheardtodosthnoticesbdosthsbbenoticedtodosthgo语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第7页!3.有些动词短语也没有有被动语态因为它们也相当于一个不及物动词，常见的有belongtotakeplaceeoutgeton/offeabout(发生）breakout(爆发)showup(露面）如：Thisbookwasbelongedtome.（wrong)

---Thisbookbelongstome.(right)

GreatchangeshavebeentakenplaceinChina.(wrong)

---GreatchangeshavetakenplaceinChina.(right)

语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第8页!IV:带有双宾语的被动结构在句中的使用。

有些动词可以带两个宾语，即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语。可以将其中一个宾语提到前面做主语，另一个留在后面。如①Herparentsboughtheranewputeryesterday.---Shewasboughtanewputeryesterday.----Anewputerwasbought

forheryesterday.②Theyhavegivenmesomegoodadvice.---Ihavebeengivensomegoodadvice.---Somegoodadvicehasbeengiven

tome.③ShewillwritealonglettertoDavidSmith.---DavidSmithwillbewrittenalongletter.---AlongletterwillbewrittentoDavidSmith.buysthforsbgivesthtosb语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第9页!A:动词need.require.want.beworth.

后加v+ing的主动结构常表示被动含义e.g.:1）Mywatchcan’twork,itneedsrepairing.

=（…needstoberepaired)2)Thesechildrenrequirelookingafter.

=(….Requiredtobelookedafter.)2）Thisfilmisreallyworthseeing.

=(….worthytobeseen)V:一些特殊的情况B:当动词wash,write,sell,buy,等表示主语的某种属性时，通常用主动形式表示被动意义。如：1)Thiskindofclothwasheseasily.2)Thispenwriteswell.3)Thiskindofbookssellsquickly.

语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第10页!虚拟语气

SUBJUNCTIVEMOODGRAMMER

语法3/2/2023语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第11页!虚拟语气的概念

虚拟语气主要用于虚拟条件句

,它表示与事实相反,或实现可能性极小的一种猜测,假设和愿望.Ifwehadwings,wecouldfly.Iftherewereheavysnowoutsidetoday,wecould/mightplaywithsnowafterclass..虚拟条件句表示条件是无法实现或几乎无法实现的,采用虚拟语气.

语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第12页!1.表示与现在事实相反的假设.

IfJayChoucameherenow,whatwouldyoudo?IfI

were

you,Iwouldtrytogethisautograph.Imaginewhatwouldhappenifthesunwentdim.时态:if条件句:did(were)主句:would(should,could,might)do(be)

be动词在虚拟语气中从句中一般用were,很少用was.PRACTICE1语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第13页!2.表示与过去事实相反的假设.Ifhehadeyesterday,hewouldhavegonewithus.(Hedidn'teyesterday,sohedidn'tgowithus.)Ifyouhadbeenmorecarefulinthe1stmonthlyexam,youwouldnothavemadesuchamistake.Ifithadnotbeenfortheterrorists,thetwintowerwouldnothavebeendestroyed.时态:条件从句:haddone(been)主句:would(should,could,might)havedone(been)

语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第14页!IwishIrememberedtheaddress.1.我要是现在记得地址就好了。（真可惜我忘了）Iwishhehadnotleft.2.要是他没有离开这里就好了。（他已离开）IwishIcouldspeakEnglishaswellastheEnglishnativespeakers..3.要是我英语讲得像英国人那样好就好了。（说话人觉得自己不可能讲得像英国人一样好）wish+thatclausedid/were..haddonewould/might/could虚拟语气在wish后面的宾语从句中的使用语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第15页!Weallsuggestthathe(should)finishhishomeworkfirst.Thecaptainorderedthatallthesailors

(should)continuetoworkatonce.虚拟语气在suggest,demand,order等动词后的宾语从句中的使用，表示建议；要求；命令Thebossdemandedthattheworkers(should)work15hoursaday.语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第16页!各种时态的主动语态和被动语态谓语结构对照表时态主动语态被动语态1一般现在时do/doesam/is/are+过去分词2一般过去时didwas/were+过去分词3一般将来时will/begoingto+动词原形will/begoingto+be+过去分词4过去将来时would+动词原形would+be+过去分词5现在进行时am/is/are+现在分词am/is/are+being+过去分词6过去进行时was/were+现在分词was/were+being+过去分词7现在完成时have/has+过去分词have/has+been+过去分词8过去完成时had+过去分词had+been+过去分词9含情态动词情态动词+动词原形情态动词+be+过去分词语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第17页!5.现在进行时态中被动语态的构成:

is/am/arebeing+pp.例句:Newbridgeisbeingbuiltnearourschool.

6.过去进行时态中被动语态的构成:was/werebeing+pp.Thisroadwasbeingbuiltthistimelastyear.4.过去将来时态中被动语态的构成：

wouldbe+pp或was/weregoingtobe+ppThemanagersaidtheprojectwouldbepletedsoon.=Themanagersaidtheproject

wasgoingtobepletedsoon.语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第18页!Practice1--Turnthefollowingsentencesintopassivevoice:PeoplegrowriceinSouthChina.

----RiceisgrowninSouthChina.2.Helenbroketheglassyesterday.

---TheglasswasbrokenbyHelenyesterday.3.DoctorSmithiscarryingoutmedicalresearchnow.

----MedicalresearchisbeingcarriedoutbyDoctorSmith.Workerswerebuildingthisroadthistimelastyear.

---Thisroadwasbeingbuiltthistimelastyearbyworkers.5.TheywillsendLilytostudyabroadnextterm.

---Lilywillbesenttostudyabroadnextterm.6.Thebosssaidhewoulddealwiththeproblemrightaway.

---Thebosssaidtheproblemwouldbedealtwithrightaway.7.Peoplehavetranslated“HarryPorter”intomanylanguages.

---”HarryPorter”hasbeentranslatedintomanylanguages.语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第19页!在学习被动语态中要注意的问题

在上面我们已经初步了解了被动语态的构成和主动变被动的方法。下面我们接着学习在被动语态中要注意的问题。

I:

一些使役动词(let,have,make等)或感观动词(see,hear,watch,notice等)在主动语态中后面接的动词不定式不带to，但改为被动语态时，要补上to。如：Thebossmakestheworkerswork18hoursaday.---Theworkersaremadetowork18hoursadaybytheboss.Isawhimenterthehouse.---Hewasseentoenterthehouse（byme）.Theteacherletthemleavetheclassroomafterclass.---Theywerelettoleavetheclassroombytheteacherafterclass.Wehearhersingintheroomeveryday.---Sheisheardtosingintheroomeveryday.[注意]当使用see/hear/watch/noticesbdoingsth的句式变为被动语态时，doing保持不变。如：Isawhimrunningontheplayground.(主动)---Hewasseenrunningontheplayground.(被动)语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第20页!

II：有的动词没有被动语态结构。

1）不及物动词没有被动语态一般来说，只有及物动词才有被动语态，因为只有及物动词才有承受者。常见的不及物动词有：die,last(持续),rise,happen,sit,stand,lie,bee,appear,等等，所以你们平时说：Hewasdied2yearsago.是完全错误的。应该去掉was.

2)连系动词或者说是五觉动词没有被动语态

因为连系动词或者说是五觉动词属于不及物动词如：look,sound,smell,feel,taste这些动词Thisappleistastednice.是错误的。正确的是：Thisappletastesnice.

语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第21页!III:要保持动词短语在被动语态中的完整性

极大多数动词短语相当于及物动词都可以有被动语态如：

takecareof、payattentionto、makeuseof但它们是不可分割的整体，在变被动语态时，不可丢掉构成动词短语的副词或介词。

如：1）OurschoolwillputofftheTeachers’Sportsmeeting---TheTeachers’Sportsmeetingwillbeputoff.2）Youshouldpaymoreattentiontoyourstudythisyear.---Yourstudyshouldbepaidmoreattentiontothisyear.

带有介词或副词的动词短语，在改为被动语态时，不能把介词或副词拆开。语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第22页!带双宾语的动词主要有以下几个：give,buy,sell,take,bring,make,hand,pass,keep,send等带双宾语的动词，改为被动语态，当用直接宾语作主语时，要根据动词的习惯配搭、要在间接宾语前补上介词to或for.它们的句型主要有以下几个：①givesthtosb=givesbsth ②buysthforsb=buysbsth③sellsthtosb=sellsbsth ④takesthtosb=takesbsth⑤bringsthtosb=bringsbsth ⑥makesthforsb=makesbsth⑦handsthtosb=handsbsth ⑧passsthtosb=passsbsth⑨keepsthforsb=keepsbsth ⑩sendsthtosb=sendsbsth例：①Hepassedmesomepaper.(主动)

Somepaperwaspassedtomebyhim.（被动）②Youmustkeepsomefruitforhim.(主动)

Somefruitmustbekeptforhim.（被动）语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第23页!还有几个特殊的句型也必须用被动语态如：

It’ssaidthat…..(据说。。。）It’sreportedthat…..（据报道。。。）It’sthoughtthat….（据认为。。。）It’shopedthat…It’sknownthat…..语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第24页!语气的分类陈述语气

Iwenttothetheatreyesterday.

Jackhadn’tebackhomeyet.祁使语气

Let’sgo.

Don’ttouchanythingonthetableuntilthebellrings.虚拟语气

IfIwereyou,Iwouldnotleaveheralone.

IfIhad20millionpoundsnow,Iwouldgivehalfofittothecharity.语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第25页!IFSentenceStructure‘IF’虚拟条件句的结构IF虚拟条件句根据条件所处时态分为三类.

a.表示与现在事实相反

的假设.

b.表示与过去事实相反

的假设.

c.表示与将来事实相反

的假设.Note:表示与将来事实相反

的假设,暂时不作要求语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第26页!PRACTICE1:Fillintheblanks.

a.Ifthey

(be)here,they

(take)youradvice.b.Iftheworld-war

(break)outagain,

what

(happen)topeopleonearth?c.Ifthepoliceman

(benot)ondutyeveryday,it

(be)verydangerous.IfI

(be)you,I

(ask)teacherforhelp.KEYswerewouldbrokewouldhappenWerenotwouldbewerewouldask语法专题7—被动语态和虚拟语气共30页，您现在浏览的是第27页!PRACTICE2:Fillinthebla