国际电信联盟（ITU）：数字世界中的老龄化-从弱势到富有价值 Ageing in a digital world – from vulnerable to valuable

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Ageinginadigitalworld–fromvulnerabletovaluable

Ageinginadigitalworld–

fromvulnerabletovaluable

Acknowledgements

Thereport“Ageinginadigitalworld–fromvulnerabletovaluable”wasdraftedbyMsAnaMaríaCarrillo,COOandfounderofHearColorsandexpertindigitalaccessibilitycertifiedbytheInternationalAssociationofAccessibilityProfessionals(IAAP)undertheguidanceofMsRoxanaWidmer-Iliescu,SeniorCoordinator(DigitalInclusion)andITUTelecommunicationDevelopmentSector(ITU-D)FocalPointforICTAccessibilityandOlderPersons.ThisguidelinereportwaspreparedwithinthescopeofthedigitalinclusionworkonolderpersonsoftheITUTelecommunicationDevelopmentBureau’s(BDT)DigitalSocietyDivision,headedbyMsSylviaPoll.

Disclaimer

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iii

Foreword

Ageinghasbecomeanincreasinglyimportanttopicontheglobalagenda,asthenumberofolderpersonsisgrowingatthefastestpaceinworldhistory.Today,andforthefirsttime,peopleaged60orolderoutnumberchildrenundertheageof5.

Globally,therewereanestimated727millionpeopleaged65yearsorolderin2020.Andthatnumberisprojectedtoreach1.5billionby2050,accordingtothe

UnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocial

AffairsWorldPopulationAgeing2020Highlights

,withallregionsexpectedtoseeanincreaseinthesizeoftheirolderpopulationsbythatsameyear.

Allofushopetohavealong,healthyandhappylife.Thedigitalworldopensawiderangeofexcitingopportunitiestoagewithdignity,andparticipateasproactivecitizenswhocanfullyexerciseourrightsandcontributeourknowledgeandexperiencetoenrichourcommunities.

Fordecades,oldergenerationshavebeenconsideredasavulnerablegroupandevenasaburdenonyoungergenerations.Thesedays,healthyageingstrategiesandparticularlyinformationandcommunicationtechnologies(ICTs)canhelptransformthismisleadingstereotypeintoaconceptionthatolderpersonsarevaluablecontributorsandstrongeconomicdrivers,whengovernments,industries,companiesandentrepreneursunderstandandtakeadvantageofthepotentialofferedbythesilvereconomy.

“Ageinginadigitalworld–fromvulnerabletovaluable”isthefirst-everreporttobeproducedbyITUtoraiseawarenessintheICTsectorontheimportanceofbeingpreparedtorespondtotheneedsandrequirementsofageingpopulations.Thisisessentialtofulfilourpledgeto‘’leavenoonebehind’’,aswestrivetomeetourgoalsinthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.

ICTshaveafundamentalroleincreatingenvironmentsthataresuitabletopromotehealthyconditionsandtacklethechallengesthatcomewithageingbyempoweringoldergenerations.ICTscanbecomeenablersforthesocialinclusionofolderpersons,ifproductsandservicesaredesignedwhiletakingintoconsiderationtheirneedsandrequirements.

ThereportaimstohelpITUmembersandotherstakeholdersunderstandthesedigitalopportunitiesandtakeadvantageofnewpossibilitiesforeconomic,socialandpoliticalgrowthfromincreaseddigitalinclusionandage-friendlydigitalenvironments.Ithighlightstrends,identifiesgoodpracticesandpossiblesolutions,andpresentsconcreteguidelinesthatcanleveragethecontributionsofoldergenerations,reducetheirvulnerabilityandfostersocio-economicdevelopmenttoachievehealthierandwealthierinclusivesocieties.Itfocusesonthe

iv

rolethatICTscanplayinensuringdigitallyinclusivecommunitiesinwhicholderpersonsareactiveparticipants.

ITUisfullycommittedtohelpingallmembersachievethegoalssetforthbytheUnitedNationsinthe

DecadeofHealthyAgeing

,bycontributingtoitsimplementationthroughthisreportandbyensuringthatICTsaretakenintoconsiderationasthemosteffectivetoolsforageingpopulationstobevaluablecontributorstosocio-economicdevelopmentworldwide.

DoreenBogdan-MartinDirector,ITUTelecommunicationDevelopmentBureau

v

Tableofcontents

Acknowledgements

ii

Foreword

iii

1.Demographicglobaltrendsandhealthyageing

1

1.1.Everyoneisageing

4

1.2.Healthyageing

5

1.3.Accessibleandage-friendlyenvironments

7

2.Digitaltransformationbringspowerfulsocio-economicopportunities

10

2.1.TheroleofICTsandbusinessopportunitiesinthecontextofageing

trends

11

2.2.Age-friendlytechnologicalenvironmentstoensurewell-being

13

2.3.KeyelementsfortheadoptionofICTsbyolderpersons:digital

inclusionandICTaccessibility

16

3.ICTsaslivelihoodenablerstotransformthevulnerableinto

valuable:Policyandstrategyrecommendations

21

3.1.Newtechnologiesandusability

21

3.2.Financialwellness

23

3.3.Educationandlifelonglearning

26

3.4.Employmentandworkengagements

29

3.5.Healthylifestyles,wellnessandindependentliving

32

3.6.Healthcareandhealthservicedelivery

34

4.Conclusions

37

4.1.Theroleofthedifferentstakeholders

37

4.2.Summaryofpolicyrecommendations

38

4.3.Resources

40

References

41

vi

Listoffigures

Figure1:GIF-Populationsaregettingolder

1

Figure2:Olderpopulation2015/2050

2

Figure3:GIF-Speedofpopulationageing

2

Figure4:Globalreportonageism

4

Figure5:WorldReportonAgeingandHealth

5

Figure6:DecadeofHealthyAgeing

5

Figure7:MadridInternationalPlanofActiononAgeing,2002

6

Figure8:GIF,spendingyourextrayears

7

Figure9:BriefingPaperonAgeing-relatedPoliciesandPrioritiesinVNRs

(2016-2019)

9

Figure10:Digitaltransformation

10

Figure11:TheLongevityEconomy:Generatingeconomicgrowthandnew

opportunitiesforbusiness

11

Figure12:TheSilverEconomyinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean:Agingas

anOpportunityforInnovation,Entrepreneurship,andInclusion

12

Figure13:UnitedNationsDepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs

releasesnewreportonageing

15

Figure14:Digitalinclusion

16

Figure15:COVID-19:Olderpeople

21

Figure16:TheRoleofDigitalFinancialInclusioninPreparingforOlderAge

andRetirement

23

Figure17:FinancialConsumerProtectionandAgeingPopulations

25

Figure18:ThePotentialofOnlineLearningforadults:Earlylessonsfromthe

COVID-19crisis

27

Figure19:PromotinganAge-InclusiveWorkforce

29

1

Ageinginadigitalworld–fromvulnerabletovaluable

1.Demographicglobaltrendsandhealthyageing

Theworldpopulationisageing.Duetotheglobalincreaseinlifeexpectancyandfallingfertilityrates,boththeproportionandtheabsolutenumberofolderpeoplehasrisendramatically.Accordingto

WorldPopulationProspects2019

,by2050,1in6peopleintheworldwillbeovertheageof65,whilein2019thisratiowasonly1in11.

Figure1:

GIF-Populationsaregetting

older

Disclaimer:ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialonthismapdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofITUandoftheSecretariatofITUconcerningthelegalstatusofthecountry,territory,cityorareaoritsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.

Source:WHOIn2018,lifeexpectancyinEuropewas81years.Actuariespredictthatbabiesbornintheyear2000willhaveanaveragelifespanof100years.

Ageinginadigitalworld–fromvulnerabletovaluable

Figure2:

Olderpopulation2015/2050

Disclaimer:ThedesignationsemployedandthepresentationofmaterialonthismapdonotimplytheexpressionofanyopinionwhatsoeveronthepartofITUandoftheSecretariatofITUconcerningthelegalstatusofthecountry,territory,cityorareaoritsauthorities,orconcerningthedelimitationofitsfrontiersorboundaries.

Source:GlobalAgeWatchIndexThisdemographicshifthasarrivedatamuchfasterpacethaninthepast.WhileFrancehadalmost150yearstoadapttoachangefrom10percentto20percentintheproportionofthepopulationolderthan60years,countriessuchasBrazil,ChinaandIndiawillhaveslightlymorethan20yearstoadapttothesamechange.1Populationageingstartedinhigh-incomecountriesbutisnowbeingexperiencedatahigherrateinlow-andmiddle-incomeones.

Figure3:

GIF-Speedofpopulationageing

Source:WHO

EvenifthesetrendswillhavetobereviewedintheCOVID-19contextasthepandemichashighlightedthesocialandphysicalvulnerabilityofoldergenerations,allsocietieshavebeengoingthroughalongevityrevolutionwhichisalreadyhavingimportantimplicationsforthesocio-economicdevelopmentofcountriesandregionsworldwide.

1Formoreinformationondemographics,visittheWorldHealthOrganization’sageingandhealthwebsite:

/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health#:~:text=Common%20conditions

%20in%20older%20age,conditions%20at%20the%20same%20time

2

3

Ageinginadigitalworld–fromvulnerabletovaluable

Keydemographicfactsandtrends

•In2020,therewereanestimated727millionpeopleaged65yearsorolderintheworld.Thatnumberisprojectedtodoubleto1.5billionby2050.

•Globally,theshareofthepopulationaged65yearsorolderincreasedfrom6percentin1990to9percentin2019.Thatproportionisprojectedtorisefurtherto16percentin2050,whenitisexpectedthat1in6peopleworldwidewillbeaged65yearsorolder.

•Globally,thenumberofpersonsaged80yearsoroldernearlytripledbetween1990and2019,growingfrom54millionto143million;itisprojectedtotripleagainbetween

2019and2050toreach426million.Between2019and2050,thenumberofpersonsaged80yearsoroverisprojectedtoshowthelargestpercentageincreasesinEastandSouth-EastAsiaandinNorthAfricaandWestAsia.

Paceofageing:

•ThepaceofpopulationageinghasbeenfastestinEastandSouth-EastAsiaandinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.Thepercentageofthepopulationaged65yearsoroverhasalmostdoubledinEastandSouth-EastAsia,risingfrom6percentin1990to11percentin2019;andinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,increasingfrom5percentin1990to9percentin2019.Between2019and2050,theolderpopulationisprojectedatleasttodoubleinfourregions:NorthAfricaandWestAsia;CentralandSouthAsia;LatinAmericaandtheCaribbean;andEastandSouth-EastAsia.

Ageingtrends:

•Atthegloballevel,lifeexpectancyatbirthhasreached72.3years,withwomenonaveragelivingfiveyearslongerthanmen—74.7yearsand69.9years,respectively.ThegendergapinlongevityisthelargestinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean,withadifferenceof6.5yearsbetweenwomenandmen,andthesmallestinCentralandSouth-EastAsia,withagapof2.7years.

•Worldwide,itisestimatedthatapersonwhoreached65yearsofagein2015-2020canexpecttolive,onaverage,anadditional17years,reachingtheageof82.By2045-2050,thatfigureisexpectedtoincreaseto19years,reachinganaverageof84.

•Thehighestlifeexpectancyatage65iscurrentlyexperiencedbyolderpersonsfromAustraliaandNewZealand(21yearsforalifeexpectancyof86),followedbyEuropeandNorthernAmerica(19yearsforalifeexpectancyof84).Between2015-2020and2045-2050,lifeexpectancyatage65isprojectedtoincreaseinallregions.Althoughthesurvivalofmenisexpectedtoimprove,itislikelythatwomenwillcontinuetooutlivemenonaverage.Asaresultofthegendergapinlongevity,olderwomencurrentlyoutnumberoldermenacrosstheagerange—inparticular,forthoseaged

80yearsorolder.

•Globallyin2019,therewere81menforevery100womenaged65yearsorolder,yetonly63menforevery100womenaged80yearsorolder.Withthegenderdifferenceinlongevityexpectedtonarrowinfutureyears,in2050itisprojectedthattherewillbe85menper100womenaged65yearsorover,and71menper100womenaged

80andabove.

Source:

WorldPopulationAgeing2019

4

Ageinginadigitalworld–fromvulnerabletovaluable

1.1.Everyoneisageing

Longerlivesareoneofthemostremarkablecollectiveachievements.Nevertheless,amajorchallengeinthisdemographictransitionisthefactthatageinghasoftenbeenunderstoodasaburdenonsocietyentailingchoresrelatedtothegrowingdemandonpensions,healthandlong-termcareservices.TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)hasdescribedthismultifacetedsocialphenomenonasageism:“thestereotypes(howwethink),prejudice(howwefeel)anddiscrimination(howweact)directedtowardsothersoroneselfbasedonage”.

Figure4:

Globalreportonageism

Source:WHO

Weallareageing,anditisinourintereststochangehowweconsideroldergenerations,byfocusingonthepotentialoftheirproactiveparticipationinsociety,andhopefullyourowninthenearfuture.Alongerlifebringswithitopportunitiesnotonlyforolderpeopleandtheirfamilies,butalsoforsocieties,asolderadultsareincreasinglyactiveparticipantsandcontributorstoacountry'sdevelopment.

Nevertheless,WHOhashighlightedthatthesecontributionslargelydependononefactor,whichishealth.Todaythereislittleevidencetosuggestthatolderpeopleareexperiencingtheirlateryearsinbetterhealththantheirparents.Moreover,goodhealthisnotdistributedequallybetweenandwithinpopulations.2Alargenumberofolderadultslivinginmanyregionsarevulnerable.Theyhavelessaccesstosocialsecurity,lowerlevelsofincome,lesschanceoftakingadvantageofnewopportunitiesforentrepreneurshipandemploymentandahigherprevalenceofchronicdiseasesandfunctionaldependence.

2Formoreinformationontheimpactofhealthinageing,visitWHO’sageingandhealthwebsite:

https://www

./news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ageing-and-health#:~:text=Common%20conditions%20in%20older

%20age,conditions%20at%20the%20same%20time

5

Ageinginadigitalworld–fromvulnerabletovaluable

Figure5:

WorldReportonAgeingandHealth

Source:WHO

Itisthereforeimportanttoprioritizeageingasaglobalkeypolicyissue.Allpolicy-makersandstakeholdersincludinggovernments,academia,companies,industries,andentrepreneursneedtoseizethepossibilitiesfordevelopmentthatageingbrings.Improvementsinhealthconditionsallowolderadultstohaveamoreproductivelongevity;moreover,anumberofsocial,economicandbusinessopportunitiesarisefromthisdemographicrevolution.Theworldisunderestimatingthepotentialdevelopmenttracksandfailingtoforeseetheconsequencesifpopulationageingisseenonlyasachallengeandnotasanopportunity.

1.2.Healthyageing

ItisinthiscontextthattheUnitedNationsdeclared2021-2030asthe

DecadeofHealthy

Ageing

,3urginggovernments,civilsociety,internationalagencies,professionals,academia,themediaandtheprivatesectortoconcentratetheircollaborativeeffortstoimprovethelivesofolderpeople,theirfamiliesandthecommunitiesinwhichtheylive.

Figure6:DecadeofHealthyAgeing

Source:WHO

3Formoreinformationonthedecadeofhealthyageing:

/ageing/decade-of-healthy

-ageing

Ageinginadigitalworld–fromvulnerabletovaluable

Inlinewiththe

MadridInternationalPlanofActiononAgeing,20024,

Transformingourworld:

the2030Agendafor

SustainableDevelopment5andthe

Globalstrategyandactionplanon

ageingandhealth2016-2020

6,thestrategyonageingandhealthfocusesonfivestrategicobjectives:

1.Commitmenttoactiononhealthyageingineverycountry.

2.Developingage-friendlyenvironments.

3.Aligninghealthsystemstotheneedsoftheolderpopulation.

4.Developingsustainableandequitablesystemsforprovidinglong-termcare(home,communities,institutions).

5.Improvingmeasurements,monitoringandresearchonhealthyageing.

Figure7:

MadridInternationalPlanofActiononAgeing,2002

Source:UnitedNations,DepartmentofEconomicandSocialAffairs

Healthyageingrefersto“theprocessofdevelopingandmaintainingthefunctionalabilitythatenableswell-beinginolderage.”7Thisincludesaperson’sabilityto:

•meettheirbasicneeds;

•learn,growandmakedecisions;

•maintainmobility;

•buildandmaintainrelationships;and

•contributetosociety.

4/en/events/pastevents/pdfs/Madrid_plan.pdf

5/resources/transforming-our-world-2030-agenda-sustainable-development#:~:text=

Transforming%20our%20World%3A%20The%202030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development

,-Publication%20Date%3A%20September&text=This%20historic%20document%20lays%20out,people%2C

%20and%20protect%20the%20planet.

6/ageing/GSAP-Summary-EN.pdf

7Ageing:healthyageingandfunctionalability:

/news-room/q-a-detail/ageing-healthy

-ageing-and-functional-ability

6