高考英语一轮复习写作专题三第课概要写作学案新人教版

PAGEPAGE15第2课概要写作概要写作，要求考生根据所提供的材料写一篇60词左右的内容概要。其中所提供的短文词数在350以内，所选材料的题材和体裁没有限制，常规逻辑上，体裁以说明文、议论文为主，辅以记叙文等文体。题材则是以考生熟悉的话题为主，段落相对较清晰。这一题型主要考查考生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查考生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。具体来讲涉及三项核心能力：1.提取文本的关键信息(即要点)；2.用自己的语言对关键信息重新措辞；3.清晰、有逻辑地、连贯地呈现要点。一、理清写作思路，打造高分作文1．获取主旨大意，寻找支持信息主旨大意是文章或段落主题的主要内容或作者在该主题上的观点或主张。把握主旨大意有助于把握语篇或段落要义，为下一步区分主次信息、提出细节信息做好铺垫。议论文和说明文常常含有概括全文或全段主要内容的段落主旨句，它大多出现在段首。但有时候，段落第一句或前几句只是起到导入话题或过渡衔接的作用，而不是统领全文或全段的主旨句。少数主旨句也可能出现在段中或段尾。有时候，段落主旨句需要根据段落内容予以归纳和概括。归纳段落主旨大意时既要考虑“本段的主题是什么”，又要回答“就该主题作者写了什么”。为了让读者更好地理解段落主旨句所表达的含义，作者会提供信息支持主旨句，我们称之为支持句。其中多个表达同一意思的支持句组成一个支持句群。在阅读中我们可以根据衔接词判断支持句所表达的意思。归纳全文主旨大意时，要理清段与段之间的关系，尤其注意段落之间的连接词和过渡句，以便更好地抓住贯穿全文的中心思想。有时候，第一段或前几段只是起到导入话题的作用，不能直接反映全文的主旨。[例1]StrangethingswerehappeninginthecountrysideofnortheastHebei.(主旨句)Forthreedaysthewaterinthevillagewellsroseandfell,roseandfell.Farmersnoticedthatthewellwallshaddeepcracksinthem.Asmellygascameoutofthecracks.(支持句1)Inthefarmyards,thechickensandeventhepigsweretoonervoustoeat.Miceranoutofthefieldslookingforplacestohide.Fishjumpedoutoftheirbowlsandponds.(支持句2)Atabout3：00amonJuly28,1976,somepeoplesawbrightlightsinthesky.ThesoundofplanescouldbeheardoutsidethecityofTangshanevenwhennoplaneswereinthesky.(支持句3)Inthecity,thewaterpipesinsomebuildingscrackedandburst.(支持句4)Buttheonemillionpeopleofthecity,whothoughtlittleoftheseevents,wereasleepasusualthatnight.[分析]本段的第一句为段落主旨句，后面的句子组成了支持句群，详细说明了“Strangethings”的具体内容。[例2]①WhatisstandardEnglish？(引题句1)②IsitspokeninBritain,theUS,Canada,Australia,IndiaandNewZealand？(引题句2)③Believeitornot,thereisnosuchthingasstandardEnglish.(主旨句)④ManypeoplebelievetheEnglishspokenonTVandtheradioisstandardEnglish.(支持句1)⑤Thisisbecauseintheearlydaysofradio,thosewhoreportedthenewswereexpectedtospeakexcellentEnglish.(支持句2)⑥However,onTVandtheradioyouwillheardifferencesinthewaypeoplespeak.(支持句3)[分析]本段的第①句和第②句为引题句，而第③句中的“thereisnosuchthingasstandardEnglish”为段落主旨句，而第④⑤⑥句为支持句。[例3]IstherewaterontheplanetMars?IstherelifeonMars?WasthereeverlifeonMars?ScientistsfromNASAwantedtoknowtheanswertothesequestions.TheybuiltaspacecraftcalledtheMarsClimateOrbitertotravelaroundMarsandgetinformation.[分析]本段没有主旨句，通过阅读，我们可以提取关键词ScientistsfromNASA,built,theMarsClimateOrbiter,travelaroundMars和getinformation，然后把关键词进行整合，连词成句得出这段话的主旨：ScientistsfromNASAbuilttheMarsClimateOrbitertotravelaroundMarsandgetinformation.。2．立足文章结构，筛选主要信息把握文章结构有助于迅速抓住文章主要信息。说明文和议论文常采用总分式、递进式或并列式的结构。总分式结构通常分为总分、总分总和分总三类。在这种结构的文章中，全文主旨大意是第一级信息，各段落主旨大意是第二级信息，支持句是第三级信息。其中，第一、二级信息必须作为主要信息写入概要，而第三级信息可在筛选后根据实际需要写入概要。在采用递进式或并列式结构的文章中，各段落的主旨大意并列作为第一级信息，各段落大意的支持句为第二级信息，它们作为主要信息必须写入概要。[例4]Gettingridofdirt,intheopinionofmostpeople,isagoodthing.However,thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.(总主旨句)Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease,(段落主旨句)asmedicalopinionhaditthatwashingoffdirtwithhotwatercouldopenuptheskinandletillsin.Aparticulardangerwasthoughttolieinpublicbaths.By1538,theFrenchkinghadclosedthebathhousesinhiskingdom.SodidthekingofEnglandin1546.ThusbeganalongtimewhentherichandthepoorinEuropelivedwithdirtinafriendlyway.HenryIV,KingofFrance,wasfamouslydirty.Uponlearningthatanoblemanhadtakenabath,thekingorderedthat,toavoidtheattackofdisease,thenoblemanshouldnotgoout.Thoughthebeliefinthemeritofdirtwaslong­lived,dirthasnolongerbeenregardedasaniceneighboreversincethe18thcentury.Scientificallyspeaking,cleaningawaydirtisgoodtohealth.(段落主旨句)Cleanwatersupplyandhandwashingarepracticalmeansofpreventingdisease.Yet,itseemsthatstandardsofcleanlinesshavemovedbeyondsciencesinceWorldWarⅡ.Advertisementsrepeatedlyselltheidea:clothesneedtobewhiterthanwhite,clothseversofter,surfacestoshine.Hasthehatefordirt,however,gonetoofar?Attitudestodirtstilldifferhugelynowadays.Manyfirst­timeparentsnervouslytrytowarntheirchildrenofftouchingdirt,whichmightberesponsibleforthespreadofdisease.Onthecontrary,MaryRuebush,anAmericanimmunologist(免疫学家),encourageschildrentoplayinthedirttobuildupastrongimmunesystem.(段落主旨句)Andthelatter(后者)positionisgainingsomeground.[分析]文章共四个自然段，为总分结构。文章按时间发展的顺序讨论了在不同的历史时期，人们对“除去皮肤上的污物”的看法。将文章主旨句、各段的主旨句和主要信息以及第二段的支持句融合在一起即可作为本文的概要。3．分析句子关系，提取关键词关键词是与文章主旨关系最密切的词语，它们通常为实词，包括名词(短语)、动词(短语)和形容词(短语)。这些词可能以原词、代词、同义词、近义词或反义词的形式重复出现，在提取关键词时不能重复。提取关键词的技巧如下：(1)在简单句中，关键词通常在主谓宾部分，而不是在定语、状语和其他补充说明的部分。(2)在并列句中，连接两个简单句的并列连词是判断关键词的关键。并列连词but,however和so等连接的并列句的关键词在它们之后，而and和or连接的并列句的关键词前后都有。(3)在复合句中，关键词通常在主句部分，而不在从句部分。但在宾语从句中，关键词在宾语从句中。(4)在相对重要的句子中提取关键词时，不要在表达相同或相近含义的句子中重复提取。[例5]Weshouldn'tjudgeapersonbyhisorherappearancebutwedo.Infact,theexpertssaythatwhenwemeetsomeoneforthefirsttime,wemakeadecisionaboutwhatthatpersonislikeinthreeseconds.Butwhatdowelookat?Oneofthemostimportantthingsisclothes,butitisn'tthebrandofclothesthatpeoplewearthatisimportant.Theimportantthingistoweartherightclothesfortheoccasion.Schoolshavealwaysunderstoodthisandalotofthemasktheirstudentstowearauniform.Why?Alotofteachersthinkauniformmakesstudentsfeelthattheyarepartoftheirschoolandthattheiruniformhelpsthemtobeseriousabouttheirstudies.Teacherssaythatuniformscanhelpinotherwaystoo.Ifallthestudentswearuniforms,theycan'tjudgeeachotherbecauseoftheirclothes.Italsoavoidsargumentsaboutwhoorwhatisfashionable.However,itisnotonlyschoolsthatwantpeopletodressinacertainway.Weallhavefixedideasaboutwhatthepeopleinacertainprofessionshouldwear.Ifwevisitadoctor,weexpecttoseerespectableclothesunderthedoctor'swhitecoat.Whenwegointoabank,weexpectthestafftowearsuitsordresses.Policeofficerswearuniformstodetercrimebyestablishingavisiblepresencewhileonpatrol,tomakethemselveseasilyidentifiabletonon­policeofficersortheircolleagueswhorequireassistance,andtoquicklyidentifyeachotheratcrimescenesforeaseofcoordination.Infact,alotofcompanieshavedresscodesfortheirstaffbecausetheyknowthatthecustomersexpecttoseethemdressedincertaintypesofclothes.Butcanourclothesreallytellpeoplewhatwearelike?Maybenot,buttheycanshowourattitudetowhatwearedoingatthemoment.Whenpeopleseeusintherightclothes,theythinkweareseriousaboutwhatwearedoing.Furthermore,ifweareclean,smartandpolite,peoplewillhaveconfidenceinus.[分析]先通读文章；再分析句子之间关系，提取关键词或高频词；最后连词成句、连句成篇。段落关键词段落概要第一段：clothes；importantthing；wear；rightclothesWearingproperclothesisimportantforpeople'sfirstimpressions.第二段：ask；students；wearauniform；partoftheirschool；helps；serious；studiesForexample,schoolsaskstudentstowearauniformbecauseitbenefitstheminvariousways.续表段落关键词段落概要第三段：profession；doctor；bank；Policeofficers；identifiable；identify；foreaseofcoordination；companies；staffBesidesschools,otherplaces,likehospitals,banks,policestationsandsomecompaniesalsowanttheirstafftodressinuniformsbecauseofconvenienceandseriousness.第四段：show；attitude；rightclothes；serious；haveconfidenceInconclusion,ourclothescanshowourattitudeandwinconfidencefromothers.4.依据逻辑关系，合并相关信息合并信息前首先对信息进行分类、整合，理清它们之间的逻辑关系，再将联系密切的信息合并到一起。在合并信息时，同一层级的主旨句一般不作合并，但如果关系密切且没有支持句，也可以考虑融合到一起。另外，段落中与主旨句关系密切的支持句，也要以恰当的手段进行合并，写入概要。常用的合并信息的手段有以下几种：(1)运用同位语：对人物、事物、地点作出的解释可放于名词后作同位语。(2)运用非谓语动词：对状语从句、定语从句和并列复合句进行改写以合并信息。(3)运用并列连词：将关系密切的信息进行合并。(4)运用主从复合句：根据实际情况选用定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句将多处信息进行合并。[例6]ThenIreadanarticle.Itsaidhealthistoahappylifewhatwateristofish.→ThenIreadanarticleanditsaidhealthistoahappylifewhatwateristofish.(用并列复合句合并信息)→ThenIreadanarticlethatsaidhealthistoahappylifewhatwateristofish.(用定语从句合并信息)→ThenIreadanarticlesayinghealthistoahappylifewhatwateristofish.(用非谓语动词合并信息)[例7]Takingpartinsportseventsisfun.Itisnotalwayseasy.However,ithelpschildrenlearnhowtodealwithstress.Everyonemustlearntofacestressinlife.→Takingpartinsportseventsisfunbutnotalwayseasy,butithelpschildrenlearnhowtodealwithstress,somethingthateveryonemustlearntofaceinlife.(综合使用多种手段合并信息)5．忠于原文思想，变换表达方式认真阅读原文，准确理解文意，用自己所熟悉的词汇、句型等表达手段简要表达原文的意思，常用方法如下：(1)改变词序：在不改变原句含义的基础上，调整概要要点表达中各成分的先后次序。[例8]Thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.→Attitudestowardsdirtarevariousindifferenttime.(2)转化词性：词形有变化，但单词内容不发生实质性变化。[例9]Attitudestodirtstilldifferhugelynowadays.→People'sattitudestodirtarestilllargelydifferentnow.→Nowadaysthereexistsgreatdifferencesaboutpeople'sattitudestodirt.(3)同义词替换：用词性相同的同义词、近义词或同义词组对原句的某些成分进行相应的替代，而句子意思保持不变。同义替换包含同义词替换，同义短语替换和同意句替换。[例10]Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtthatdirtontheskinwasameanstoblockoutdisease.→Intheearly16thcentury,peoplethoughtdirtontheskindefendedtheirbodiesagainsttheattackofdisease.→Intheearly16thcentury,peopleregardeddirtontheskinasabarrieragainstdisease.(4)反义表达：把肯定形式改成否定形式，否定形式改成肯定形式，正话反说，反话正说，从而实现语言的正反转换。[例11]Thereisnothingfixedaboutattitudestodirt.→People'sattitudestodirthavebeenchangingallthetime.(5)改变句子结构：运用最基本、最简明、最典型的句子结构来表达与原句相同的句意。常用的策略有：改变语态、句式变换、从句变短语、从句变分词、简单句变复句。[例12]Researcherswhouseanimalsinexperimentsshouldtrytheirbesttoprotectanimalsfromunnecessarysufferings.→Whatishighlyrecommendedisthatresearchersusinganimalsshouldtrytheirbesttoavoidcausinganimalsunnecessarydiscomfort.[例13]Itseemedasifthecitywasatanend.Everywheretheylookednearlyeverythingwasdestroyed.→Immediately,thewholecitywasinruins.6．运用衔接手段，确保行文连贯为了使上下文表达连贯，我们可以合理地运用一些有效的衔接手段。(1)词汇衔接：运用原词、近义词、反义词、同根词复现等方法使语义表达更加紧凑。[例14]Gettingupearlyisagoodhabitandweshouldtryourbesttokeepit.Ifwesticktorisingearlyeveryday,wewillcertainlybenefitalotfromit.(2)逻辑衔接：根据句子之间的内在逻辑关系，选用合理的过渡词实现上下文之间的连接。[例15]Oneofthemostimportantthingsisclothes,butitisn'tthebrandofclothesthatpeoplewearthatisimportant.(3)语法衔接：利用代词替代、省略等方法简化句子，使上下文连接更加紧密。[例16]Weshouldn'tjudgeapersonbyhisappearancebutwedo.[例17]Theimportantthingistoweartherightclothesfortheoccasion.Schoolshavealwaysunderstoodthisandalotofthemasktheirstudentstowearauniform.二、避免四个误区，写作三步成文(一)力避四个误区(1)不能准确抓住要点概要写作的重点是能概括出要点，如果要点弄错了，那么就失去了目标。如果不能抓住要点，句子写得再好，也不能得分。因此，抓住要点是关键。抓准要点，除了读懂文章的主旨、了解文章的结构，还要特别注意高频词。(2)随意打乱文章的结构概要写作一般会提供结构比较清楚的文章。而写概要的时候，一般都是按照文章的结构去概括要点。不要轻易打乱文章的结构。(3)各个要点的独立性不够考试说明对要点的独立性有明确的要求。因此，我们对要点的陈述也要有相对的独立性，一般不要把几个要点放到一个句子当中。(4)照抄原文中的句子概要写作的独立性除了各个要点的独立之外，其实还要求用自己的语言去概括文章，不能直接抄原文的句子。因此，切记要用自己的语言，而不是原文中的句子来概括要点。【典型例题1】阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。It'sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanallstarttolookandsoundthesame.Nothingwillgiveyouthesenseofwhatitwillactuallybeliketoliveonacollegecampus(校园)likevisitingandseeingforyourselfthedorms,classroomsandathleticequipmentand,ofcourse,thestudents.Itseemsalittlecrazyoncesenioryearhitstofindthetimetovisitcollegecampuses,anditcanalsobepriceyiftheschoolsyouareapplyingtohappentobemorethanacarrideaway.Butkeepinmindthatyouaremakingadecisionaboutthenextfouryearsofyourlife,anddoalltheresearchyoucantomakesureyouaremakingtherightone.There'snoexcusenottovisittheschoolsinyourlocalarea.Infact,alotofcollegeapplicationsevenaskifyouhavevisitedcampus,andobviously,ifyouliveacrossthecountrythatwon'tbeasmuchofapossibility,butifyoulivenearby,gocheckitout!Ifcampusvisitsaren'tgoingtohappenbeforeyouapply,attheveryleastyoushouldfindsometimebetweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstovisittheschoolsyou'dliketoattend.Itcansaveyoualotofheartacheifyouruleoutnowthethingsthatyoudon'tlikeaboutcertaincampuses,thingsthatyouwouldn'tknowunlessyouactuallyvisit.Now,iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible,thencheckouttheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLive.It'sachancetochatonlinewithadmissionsofficers,students,andcollegecounselors(顾问),anditwon'tcostyouapenny!Youcanregisterforitsonlinecollegefairat.Whilevisitinganonlinecollegefaircan'ttaketheplaceofanactualcampusvisit,itcanbeaveryusefultoolthatalongwithallyourotherresearchwillhelpyoumakeaninformeddecisionaboutwhichcollegesoruniversitiesyou'dliketoattend.[阅读点拨]本文采用了总分结构，每一段的第一句都是主旨句。eq\x(总分)eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(第一段：在你申请之前参观一下大学是个好主意。,第二段：没有理由不去参观你所在地区的学校。,第三段：你应该在申请和得到录取通知书之间找到一些时间来参观学校。,第四段：如果无法亲自参观的话，可以登录网站了解相关的信息。))[写作流程]1．获取主旨大意，寻找支持信息(1)文章主旨句It'sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanallstarttolookandsoundthesame.(2)段落主旨句Paragraph2There'snoexcusenottovisittheschoolsinyourlocalarea.Paragraph3...youshouldfindsometimebetweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstovisittheschools...Paragraph4...checkouttheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLive.(3)支持句第四段中的“...itcanbeaveryusefultoolthatalongwithallyourotherresearchwillhelpyoumakeaninformeddecisionaboutwhichcollegesoruniversitiesyou'dliketoattend.”可以看作是对段落主旨句的进一步解释和说明。2．立足文章结构，筛选主要信息本文为议论文，文章采用了总分结构，全文主旨大意是第一级信息，各段落主旨大意是第二级信息，它们必须作为主要信息写入概要。根据本文实际，段落支持信息不再写入概要。3．分析句子关系，提炼关键词本文为议论文，visitcolleges、visittheschools、checkouttheonlinecollegefairs等词语为关键词，它们是概要写作的基础和核心。4．依据逻辑关系，整合相关信息(1)可利用同位语将文章主旨句和第二段的主旨句进行整合：It'sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapply,especiallytheonesinyourlocalarea.(2)可利用定语从句将最后一段的段落主旨句和支持句进行整合：CheckouttheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLivethatwillhelpyoumakeaninformeddecision.5．忠于原文思想，变换表达方式It'sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapply,especiallytheonesinyourlocalarea.→It'swiseofyoutovisitcollegesbeforeyouapply,especiallytheonesclosetoyou.6．运用衔接手段，确保行文连贯Itiswiseofyoutopayapersonalvisittocolleges,especiallytheonesclosetoyou.(使用副词especially增强了上下文之间的连贯性)[范文1]Itiswiseofyoutopayapersonalvisittothecollegeyouareapplyingto,especiallytheonesclosetoyou.(要点1)Inordertoavoidmakingawrongchoice,youshouldatleastvisitthecollegesbeforegettingyouracceptanceletters.(要点2)Ifyoufinditdifficulttogetenoughtimeandmoney,itwillbehelpfultogototheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLiveandthereyoucangetthenecessaryinformation.(要点3)[范文2]Itisawisechoiceforyoutovisitthecollegesyouareapplyingtoinperson,especiallytheonesthatareclosetoyou.(要点1)Inordertoavoidbeingregretful,youshouldatleastvisitthecollegesbeforegettingyouracceptanceletters.(要点2)Iftimeandmoneyareyourproblems,itwillbeofgreatbenefittogototheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLivewhereyoucangetthenecessaryinformation.(要点3)(二)写作三步成文第一步读懂原文，归纳全文大意和段落大意第一步是概要写作的最基本也是最重要的要求，如果不能正确理解原文，不能正确把握文章大意和段落大意，那么概要写作就会下笔千言，离题万里。语言再地道优美也是无用的。第二步定位主题句，提取关键词，恰当合并信息概要写作涉及的文体主要有两种：议论文和说明文。针对不同的文体，应采用不同的方法定位主题句，并提取关键信息。第三步组织语言，转换表达转换表达注意遵循两个原则：1．不增不减不曲：客观精准地表述原文要点。用自己的语言表达与所给材料一致的信息，不增添不属于原材料的信息或删减原材料关键信息或改变原材料所表达的意思。2．不繁：在正确理解原文的前提下，用简洁的语言表达与所给材料一致的信息。【典型例题2】(2019·浙江高考)阅读下面短文，根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。Parentseverywherepraisetheirkids.JennBerman,authorofTheAtoZGuidetoRaisingHappyandConfidentKids,says,“We'vegonetotheoppositeextremeofafewdecadesagowhenparentstendedtobemorestrict.”Bygivingkidsalotofpraise,parentsthinkthey'rebuildingtheirchildren'sconfidence,when,infact,itmaybejusttheopposite.Toomuchpraisecanbackfireand,whengiveninawaythat'sinsincere,makekidsafraidtotrynewthingsortakeariskforfearofnotbeingabletostayontopwheretheirparents'praisehasputthem.(段落主题句)Still,don'tgotoofarintheotherdirection.(段落主题句)Notgivingenoughpraisecanbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch.Kidswillfeellikethey'renotgoodenoughorthatyoudon'tcareand,asaresult,mayseenopointintryinghardfortheiraccomplishments.Sowhatistherightamountofpraise?Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity.Ifpraiseissincereandfocusedontheeffortnottheoutcome,youcangiveitasoftenasyourchilddoessomethingthatdeservesaverbalreward.(段落主题句)“Weshouldespeciallyrecognizeourchildren'seffortstopushthemselvesandworkhardtoachieveagoal，”saysDonahue,authorofParentingWithoutFear:LettingGoofWorryandFocusingonWhatReallyMatters.“Onethingtorememberisthatit'stheprocessnottheendproductthatmatters.”Yoursonmaynotbethebestbasketballplayeronhisteam.Butifhe'soutthereeverydayandplayinghard,youshouldpraisehiseffortregardlessofwhetherhisteamwinsorloses.Praisingtheeffortandnottheoutcomecanalsomeanrecognizingyourchildwhenshehasworkedhardtocleantheyard,cookdinner,orfinishabookreport.Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase­by­casebasisandbeproportionate(相称的)totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.(段落主题句)[解题演示]第一步读懂原文，归纳全文和段落大意本文是议论文，提出当前父母对孩子进行过度赞扬和不表扬是同样有害的，正确的做法是找到其闪光点进行适度的表扬，以培养其自信乐观的心态。eq\b\lc\{(\a\vs4\al\co1(第一段：指出过度表扬不利于孩子的成长。,第二段：不表扬孩子也不好。,第三段：表扬的核心——要关注过程而非结果。,第四段：表扬孩子的努力，不必太过关注结果。))第二步定位主题句，提炼关键词关键词主题句theoppositeextreme；stayontopwheretheirparents'praisehasputthemToomuchpraisecanbackfireand,whengiveninawaythat'sinsincere,makekidsafraidtotrynewthingsortakeariskforfearofnotbeingabletostayontopwheretheirparents'praisehas