（京津鲁琼专用）2023版高考英语二轮复习专题一阅读理解第一部分题型分类概述教案

〔京津鲁琼专用〕2022版高考英语二轮复习专题一阅读理解第一局部题型分类概述教案PAGE20-第一板块阅读理解与七选五“阅读理解〞和“七选五〞占据着高考试卷的第一局部。“良好的开端是成功的一半〞，前面这两个题型解答的顺利与否，直接影响着后面其他试题的答题时间和答题心态，准做快做阅读理解类试题，为攻克后面的题目节省时间。第一局部题型分类概述|掌握四种题型选项特征，快速阅读不失分[阅读理解·题型细分类][正误选项·特征巧识别]超重点1正确选项特征【考情调研】在阅读理解的备考过程中，明确阅读理解常设选项的特征是快速准确锁定答案的关键。高考英语阅读理解的正确选项一般通过以下途径设置：关键词直接复现：直接复现类可从问题中找到关键词，以此为线索，运用略读及查阅的技巧迅速定位即可。此类题目较为简单，考查频率不高。对原文关键词进行同义转换、正话反说和细节概括：此类题目需对原文信息进行准确理解并简单推理，观察词义、词性及语态的变化。这是命题人常用的设题方式，复习时应掌握英语的多种表达法。eq\a\vs4\al([特征1])同义转述从近几年的高考题来看，细节理解题不仅数量有所增加，而且难度也稍有加大，主要表现为题目信息与原文信息表达方式不一致。命题人一般会对文章细节加以转述来考查考生准确理解细节的能力。转述的主要方式有以下三种：1．同义词转化：把原文中的一些词换成意义相近的词，设为正确选项。2．词性或语态等的变化：把原文中的词变换一下词性，或者改变原文句子的语态，用另一种表达转述原文信息。3．语言简化概括：把原文中的复杂语言现象进行简化或概括成为正确答案。[典例](2022·全国卷Ⅰ·C片段)Inastudydescribingthetechnology,theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword“touch〞fourtimesusingthesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhowtheytyped,withverylowerrorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardtocommercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive,plastic­likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.30．Whatdotheresearchersexpectofthesmartkeyboard?A．It’llbeenvironment­friendly.B．It’llreachconsumerssoon.C．It’llbemadeofplastics.D．It’llhelpspeeduptyping.[解析]B细节理解题。根据上段中的最后一句“Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.〞可知，该研究团队希望在不久的将来将智能键盘推向市场，应选B。eq\a\vs4\al([特征2])正话反说正话反说是阅读理解题目中的一个难点，通常有以下几个高频考向：1．Itlooks/soundslike/asif类：表示看/听起来好似是，实际上并不是。2．虚拟语气句：用虚拟语气来表述与事实相反的情况，让读者推断事实内容。3．让步论述：先假设作者的观点反面成立，从而引出一系列荒唐的、不合理的结果，倒过来证明作者观点的正确性。4．反问句。[典例](2022·北京卷·C片段)Theproblemofrobocallshasgottensobadthatmanypeoplenowrefusetopickupcallsfromnumberstheydon’tknow.Bynextyear,halfofthecallswereceivewillbescams(欺诈).Wearefinallywakinguptotheseverityoftheproblembysupportinganddevelopingagroupoftools,appsandapproachesintendedtopreventscammersfromgettingthrough.Unfortunately,it’stoolittle,toolate.Bythetimethese“solutions〞(解决方案)becomewidelyavailable,scammerswillhavemovedontocleverermeans.Inthenearfuture,it’snotjustgoingtobethenumberyouseeonyourscreenthatwillbeindoubt.Soonyouwillalsoquestionwhetherthevoiceyou’rehearingisactuallyreal.38．Howdoestheauthorfeelaboutthesolutionstotheproblemofrobocalls?A．Panicked. B．Confused.C．Embarrassed.D．Disappointed.[解析] D推理判断题。根据上段中的“Bythetimethese‘solutions’(解决方案)becomewidelyavailable,scammerswillhavemovedontocleverermeans.〞可知，等到这些“解决方案〞被广泛使用时，不法分子就会转向更聪明的手段；由此可推知作者对自动语音问题的解决方案感到很失望，D项意为“失望的〞，应选D。eq\a\vs4\al([特征3])理解概括阅读理解除了考查考生对细节信息的准确理解外，还要求考生通过思维分析将信息进行归纳概括，使之系统化、条理化。[典例](2022·浙江卷6月·C)Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimatechangeseemstobeamajorfactor(因素)．Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremilesofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttotheSierraNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbigtreeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMcIntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthestudy.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.AggressivewildfirecontrolhasleftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources(资源)．ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001and2022,McIntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidenteveninwildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchersfiguredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparisonwithhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthetimingofsnowmelt(融雪)．Sincethe1930s,McIntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrisingtemperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupplyavailabletotreesduringthedryseason.30．Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．California’sForests:WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?B．CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibitedinCaliforniaSoonC．WhyAretheBigTreesImportanttoCaliforniaForests?D．PatrickMcIntyre:GrowMoreBigTreesinCalifornia[解析]A标题归纳题。根据全文可知，文章主要讲述了美国加州森林中大树数量急剧下降的现象，并分析了其原因。因此A项能很好地概括全文。应选A。超重点2干扰项特征【考情调研】高考英语阅读理解的错误选项就是命题人用以干扰考生思维的陷阱。高考英语中，由于词汇量的限制，挑选的文章不能过难。命题人就在问题和干扰项上做文章，使考生即使能根本读懂文章，也不能轻松做对题目。现在的干扰项不仅语言复杂，而且欺骗性强，两个语言水平相当、对文章理解程度相差不大的考生会因为对干扰项的区分能力不同，而影响答题的准确率。为了提高区分错误和干扰信息的能力，有必要分析干扰项的种种特征，使考生在命题人设置的种种陷阱前，做到胸有成竹。eq\a\vs4\al([特征1])偷梁换柱干扰项用了与文章中某一句话相似的句型结构和单词，却在考生易无视的地方换了几个单词，造成句意的改变。[典例](2022·全国卷Ⅰ·D片段)Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小学),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.Iwasthequeenoftheplayground.Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.32．Whatsortofgirlwastheauthorinherearlyyearsofelementaryschool?A．Unkind. B．Lonely.C．Generous. D．Cool.[解析]C推理判断题。根据上段的第一句“Duringtherosyyearsofelementaryschool(小学),Ienjoyedsharingmydollsandjokes,whichallowedmetokeepmyhighsocialstatus.〞可知，作者在小学时乐于分享。unkind“不友好的〞，lonely“孤独的〞，generous“慷慨的，大方的〞，cool“酷的〞，应选C。[易错分析]该题易误选A项。选项A属于偷梁换柱，由“Thencamemytweensandteens,andmeangirlsandcoolkids.Theyroseintheranksnotbybeingfriendlybutbysmokingcigarettes,breakingrulesandplayingjokesonothers,amongwhomIsoonfoundmyself.〞可知A项是作者青少年时期的情况。eq\a\vs4\al([特征2])张冠李戴干扰项表述的内容在原文里可以找到信息依据，但与题干所问的动作发出者不一致。不注意动作主语的差异，张冠李戴，极易造成误选。[典例](2022·全国卷Ⅲ·A片段)TheAudienceHelenMirrenstarsintheplaybyPeterMorgan,aboutQueenElizabethⅡoftheUKandherprivatemeetingswithtwelvePrimeMinistersinthecourseofsixtyyears.StephenDaldrydirects.AlsostarringDylanBakerandJudithIvey.PreviewsbeginFeb.14.(Schoenfeld,236W．45thSt.212­239­6200.)2．WhoisthedirectorofTheAudience?A．HelenMirren. B．PeterMorgan.C．DylanBaker. D．StephenDaldry.[解析]D细节理解题。题干问的是“谁执导了TheAudience？〞。根据该局部中的“StephenDaldrydirects.〞可知答案。[易错分析]此题容易误选B项。有些考生一看到原文中的“HelenMirrenstarsintheplaybyPeterMorgan〞就贸然下结论，以为这部戏剧的导演是PeterMorgan。eq\a\vs4\al([特征3])绝对化表达干扰项中出现如all,none,everyone,each,everything,impossible等绝对化的表达，一般不符合客观事实和原文信息。[典例](2022·江苏卷·C片段)Evenmoreworryingly,thefascinationwiththeinternetbypeopleinrichcountrieshasmovedtheinternationalcommunitytoworryaboutthe“digitaldivide〞betweentherichcountriesandthepoorcountries.Thishasledcompaniesandindividualstodonatemoneytodevelopingcountriestobuycomputerequipmentandinternetfacilities.Thequestion,however,iswhetherthisiswhatthedevelopingcountriesneedthemost.Perhapsgivingmoneyforthoselessfashionablethingssuchasdiggingwells,extendingelectricitynetworksandmakingmoreaffordablewashingmachineswouldhaveimprovedpeople’slivesmorethangivingeverychildalaptopcomputerorsettingupinternetcentresinruralvillages.Iamnotsayingthatthosethingsarenecessarilymoreimportant,butmanydonatorshaverushedintofancyprogrammeswithoutcarefullyassessingtherelativelong­termcostsandbenefitsofalternativeusesoftheirmoney.62．TheexampleinParagraph4suggeststhatdonatorsshould________．A．takepeople’sessentialneedsintoaccountB．maketheirprogrammesattractivetopeopleC．ensurethateachchildgetsfinancialsupportD．providemoreaffordableinternetfacilities[解析]A推理判断题。根据上段中的“Thequestion，however，iswhetherthisiswhatthedevelopi