电力专业英语第三讲

电力系统专业英语山东交通学院电气系张建军词汇off-linea.离线，解列commit[kəˈmɪt]v.调拔犯罪，做错事;把…托付给;保证;承诺，使…承担义务;

commitcrimesdispatch[dɪˈspætʃ]v.调度派遣;（迅速地）发出;迅速处理，迅速了结;处决;relay[ˈri:leɪ]v.继电保护n.继电器;传递;接替人员，替班;接力赛;blackoutn.停电灯火管制;灯火熄灭;暂时失去知觉cascading[kæs'keɪdɪŋ]a.级联,串联;cascade倾泻;小瀑布，瀑布状物;outage[ˈaʊtɪdʒ]n.停机（尤指电力的）断供期，断供;lump[lʌmp]v.集中n.肿块;块，团;许多，大量;笨拙的人;contingency[kənˈtɪndʒənsi]n.偶然（意外）事故可能性，偶然性;[审计]意外开支;telemeterv.遥测tapn.转换开关,轻声走;跳踢踏舞;supervisory[ˌsju:pə'vaɪzərɪ]a.监控的,管理的;shift[ʃɪft]n.转换vt.换挡;去掉;摆脱掉;overloadn.过载shedtheload甩负荷bereferredtoas称做，称为betermed称为被看作,被定义为课文内容PartBPowerSystemSecurityUpuntilnowwehavebeenmainlyconcernedwithminimizingthecostofoperatingapowersystem.Anoverridingfactorintheoperationofapowersystemisthedesiretomaintainsystemsecurity.minimizingthecost成本最小化Anoverridingfactor压倒一切的因素

maintainsystemsecurity维护系统安全Systemsecurityinvolvespracticesdesignedtokeepthesystemoperatingwhencomponentsfail.Forexample,ageneratingunitmayhavetobetakenoff-linebecauseofauxiliaryequipmentfailure.practicesdesigned应急预案takenoff-line离线auxiliaryequipmentfailure辅助设备故障Bymaintainingproperamountsofspinningreserve,theremainingunitsonthesystemcanmakeupthedeficitwithouttoolowafrequencydroporneedtoshedanyload.Similarly,peramountsofspinningreserve适当的备用发电量theremainingunits剩余的发电机组makeupthedeficit弥补供电量的不足shedanyload甩负荷takenoutbyautomaticrelaying由自动断路器断开Ifincommittinganddispatchinggenerationproperregardfortransmissionflowsismaintained,mittinganddispatchinggenerationproper正确地调度和调拨电量regardfortransmissionflowsismaintained考虑到保持传输功率stillremainwithinlimi仍然没有超出额定值Becausethespecifictimesatwhichinitiatingeventsthatcausecomponentstofailareunpredictable,thesystemmustbeoperatedatalltimesinsuchawaythatthesystemwillnotbeleftindangerousconditionshouldanycredibleinitiatingeventoccur.initiatingevents引发事件，诱发事件thesystemwillnotbeleftindangerouscondition电力系统不能处于危险境地shouldanycredibleinitiatingeventoccur如果任何可能的引发事件出现Sincepowersystemequipmentisdesignedtobeoperatedwithincertainlimits,mostpiecesofequipmentareprotectedbyautomaticdevicesthatcancauseequipmenttobeswitchedoutofthesystemiftheselimitsareviolated.withincertainlimits在某一限定值beswitchedoutof切除iftheselimitsareviolated如果超出这些限定值Ifanyeventoccursonasystemthatleavesitoperatingwithlimitsviolated,theeventmaybefollowedbyaseriesoffurtheractionsthatswitchotherequipmentoutofservice.Ifthisprocesscontinues,theentiresystemorlargepartsofitmaycompletelycollapse.Thisisusuallyreferredtoasasystemblackout.withlimitsviolated超出允许值switchotherequipmentoutofservice切除其它设备completelycollapse彻底崩溃systemblackout系统停电Anexampleofthetypeofeventsequencethatcancauseablackoutmightstartwithasinglelinebeingopenedduetoaninsulationfailure;theremainingtransmissioncircuitsinthesystemwilltakeuptheflowthatwasflowingonthenowopenedline.asinglelinebeingopened某一条线路被断开duetoaninsulationfailure由于绝缘故障takeuptheflowonthenowopenedline承担这个现在被断开线路的电流lfoneoftheremaininglinesisnowtooheavilyloaded,itmayopenduetorelayaction,therebycausingevenmoreloadontheremaininglines.Thistypeofprocessisoftentermedacascadingoutage.tooheavilyloaded严重过负荷relayaction继电器动作isoftentermedacascadingoutage经常被称作连锁（级联）停电Mostpowersystemsareoperatedsuchthatanysingleinitialfailureeventwillnotleaveothercomponentsoverloaded,specificallytoavoidcascadingfailures.大多数的电力系统都是这样运行的，即：任何的引发故障都不会使其它设备过载，尤其是避免连锁故障。Mostlargepowersystemsinstallequipmenttoallowoperationspersonneltomonitorandoperatethesysteminareliablemanner.Wewilllumptheseunderthecommonlyusedtitlesystemsecurity.operationspersonnel运行操作人员monitorandoperatethesysteminareliablemanner以可靠的方式监控电力系统的运行lumpthese把这些放在一起title标题;头衔;[体]冠军;[影视]字幕Systemsecuritycanbebrokendownintothreemajorfunctionsthatarecarriedoutinanoperationscontrolcenter.SystemMonitoringSystemmonitoringprovidestheoperatorsofthepowersystemwithpertinentup-to-dateinformationontheconditionsonthepowersystem.SystemMonitoring系统监控pertinentup-to-dateinformation相关的实时信息conditionsonthepowersystem电力系统状况Generallyspeakingitisthemostimportantfunctionofthethree.Fromthetimethatutilitieswentbeyondsystemsofoneunitsupplyingagroupofloads，effectiveoperationofthesystemrequiredthatcriticalquantitiesbemeasuredandthevaluesofthemeasurementsbetransmittedtoacentrallocation.Generallyspeaking一般而言;概括地说；总而言之;utilities公用工程;公共事业设备;此处指电力行业effectiveoperationofthesystem电力系统的有效运行criticalquantities关键数据acentrallocation运控中心Suchsystemsofmeasurementanddatatransmission，calledtelemetrysystems,haveevolvedtoschemesthatcanmonitorvoltages,currents,powerflows,andthestatusofcircuitbreakersandswitchesineverysubstationinapowersystemtransmissionnetwork.telemetrysystems遥测系统powerflows功率流statusofcircuitbreakersandswitches断路器和隔离开关的状态ineverysubstationinapowersystemtransmissionnetwork.电网中的每一个变电站Inaddition,othercriticalinformationsuchasfrequency,generatorunitoutputsandtransformertappositionscanalsobetelemetered.Withsomuchinformationtelemeteredsimultaneously,nohumanoperatorcouldhopetocheckallofitinareasonabletimeframe.generatorunitoutputs发电机组的输出功率transformertappositions变压器抽头的位置betelemetered被遥测Simultaneously[saɪməlˈtenɪəslɪ]同时地inareasonabletimeframe在合理的时间范围内Forthisreason,digitalcomputersareusuallyinstalledinoperationscontrolcenterstogatherthetelemetereddata,processthem,andplacetheminadatabasefromwhichoperatorscandisplayinformationonlargedisplaymonitors.Moreimportantly,thecomputercancheckincominginformationagainstprestoredlimitsandalarmtheoperatorsintheeventofanoverloadorout-of-limitvoltage.displayinformationonlargedisplaymonitors在大的监控屏幕上显示信息checkincominginformationagainstprestoredlimits检查实时信息并与预存的允许值对照intheeventof万一...的话；如果是...的话，有虚拟的意思。Stateestimationisoftenusedinsuchsystemstocombinetelemeteredsystemdatawithsystemmodelstoproducethebestestimate(inastatisticalsense)ofthecurrentpowersystemconditionsor“state”.Stateestimation状态评价，状态预测combinetelemeteredsystemdatawithsystemmodels把遥测的系统数据与系统模型相结合inastatisticalsense从统计学的角度currentpowersystemconditionsor“state当前电力系统的状况或状态Suchsystemsareusuallycombinedwithsupervisorycontrolsystemsthatallowoperatorstocontrolcircuitbreakersanddisconnectswitchesandtransformertapsremotely.Together,thesesystemsareoftenreferredtoasSCADAsystems,standingforsupervisorycontrolanddataacquisitionsystem.usuallycombinedwithsupervisorycontrolsystems通常与监控系统相结合circuitbreakersanddisconnectswitches断路器和分段开关SCADAsystems数据采集与监视控制系统standingfor代表，表示acquisition收购;获得;购置物;获得物;TheSCADAsystemallowsafewoperatorstomonitorthegenerationandhighvoltagetransmissionsystemsandtotakeactiontocorrectoverloadsorout-of-limitvoltages.out-of-limitvoltages.电压超限ContingencyAnalysisThesecondmajorsecurityfunctioniscontingencyanalysis.Theresultsofthistypeofanalysisallowsystemstobeoperateddefensively.ContingencyAnalysis意外事件分析tobeoperateddefensively采取防御性的措施Manyoftheproblemsthatoccuronapowersystemcancauseserioustroublewithinsuchaquicktimeperiodthattheoperatorcouldnottakeactionfastenough.Thisisoftenthecasewithcascadingfailures.causeserioustroublewithinsuchaquicktimeperiod在这样一个非常短的时间里导致严重的后果theoperatorcouldnottakeactionfastenough操作人员来不及采取措施Becauseofthisaspectofsystemoperation,modernoperationscomputersareequippedwithcontingencyanalysisprogramsthatmodelpossiblesystemtroublesbeforetheyarise.Theseprogramsarebasedonamodelofthepowersystemandareusedtostudyoutageeventsandalarmtheoperatorstoanypotentialoverloadsorout-of-limitvoltages.Becauseofthisaspectofsystemoperation由于系统运行这方面的原因（来不及采取措施）modelpossiblesystemtroublesbeforetheyarise在问题变得严重之前模拟可能出现的故障outageevents停电故障Forexample,thesimplestformofcontingencyanalysiscanbeputtogetherwithastandardload-flowprogramsuchasdescribedabove,togetherwithprocedurestosetuptheload-flowdataforeachoutagetobestudiedbytheload-flowprogram.Thispermitsthesystemoperatorstoestablishdefensiveoperatingstateswherenosinglecontingencyevent(i.e.,asinglefailure)willcauseoverloadsand/orout-of-limitvoltages.load-flowprogram潮流程序theload-flowdata潮流数据establishdefensiveoperatingstates建立预防性的运行状态i.e.即forexample课堂翻译练习Thisanalysiseffectivelydevelopsoperatingcons