跨文化交际实训讲义

跨文化交际实训讲义

Chapter2

VerbalCommunication

LearningObjectivesInthischapter,youshouldbeableto

UnderstandsomecommonlyobserveddifferencesbetweenEnglishandChineseverbalcommunication.Learntomakecross-culturalcomparisonsandanalysisinthefollowingaspects:•Culturaldifferencesonlexicalsemanticslevel•CulturaldifferencesonpragmaticlevelLearntocarryoutoralcommunication.Learntocarryoutwrittencommunication.Howdopeoplecarryouttheircommunication?Whatisverbalcommunication?Whatdoplumblossom,orchid,bamboo,andchrysanthemumstandforinChinese?DotheyhavethesamemeaningsinEnglish?HowmanytermsdoyouknowwhenyouexpressthanksinChinese?WhattopicsdoyouthinkisappropriatewhenyoufirstmeetaforeignerfromAmerica?Warm-upI.VerbalCommunication言语交际Languageandculture语言和文化I.VerbalCommunication言语交际High-contextandLow-contextlanguage高语境和低语境语言

HighContextLessverballyexplicitcommunication,lesswritten/formalinformationMoreinternalizedunderstandingsofwhatiscommunicatedMultiplecross-cuttingtiesandintersectionswithothersLongtermrelationshipsStrongboundaries-whoisacceptedasbelongingvs.whoisconsideredan"outsider"Knowledgeissituational,relational.Decisionsandactivitiesfocusaroundpersonalface-to-facerelationships,oftenaroundacentralpersonwhohasauthority.Examples:Smallreligiouscongregations,apartywithfriends,familygatherings,expensivegourmetrestaurantsandneighborhoodrestaurantswitharegularclientele,undergraduateon-campusfriendships,regularpick-upgames,hostingafriendinyourhomeovernight.I.VerbalCommunication言语交际LowContextRuleoriented,peopleplaybyexternalrulesMoreknowledgeiscodified,public,external,andaccessible.Sequencing,separation--oftime,ofspace,ofactivities,ofrelationshipsMoreinterpersonalconnectionsofshorterdurationKnowledgeismoreoftentransferableTask-centered.Decisionsandactivitiesfocusaroundwhatneedstobedone,divisionofresponsibilities.Examples:

largeUSairports,achainsupermarket,acafeteria,aconveniencestore,sportswhererulesareclearlylaidout,amotel.I.VerbalCommunication言语交际TheRelationshipBetweenLanguageandCulture语言与文化的关系

Languageandculturearelikealivingorganism.Languageisflesh,whilecultureisblood.Withoutculture,languagewouldbedead;withoutlanguage,culturewouldhavenoshape.Languageandculturearelikeaniceberg.Thelanguageisthepartabovewaterwhilethegreaterpartwhichishiddenbeneaththesurfaceistheinvisibleaspectofculture.I.VerbalCommunication言语交际Culturaldifferenceonlexicalsemanticslevel词汇语义学层面上的文化差异CulturaldifferencesindenotativemeaningCulturaldifferencesinconnotativemeaningsI.VerbalCommunication言语交际Culturaldifferenceonpragmaticslevel语用学层面上的文化差异AddressingpeopleShowinggratitudeBeingmodestKeyTermslexicalmeaning词汇意义词汇意义错综复杂，具体表现在其多样性、层次性和可变性。它不仅涉及到词自身的含义，还涉及到词与词之间的关系，也涉及到词与外部世界的关系。词汇语用学研究者认为要以语境为基础动态地研究词语的语用意义。对词汇意义的解释、使用和理解不仅仅是一个语言问题，更是一个语用与认知的问题。KeyTermsHigh-contextculture高语境文化高语境文化是指，在传播过程中，绝大部分信息或者已经存在于传播双方的物质语境中，或者已经内化于个人内心，而极少存在于双方所运用的语言和信息之中，换言之，语言和信息是模糊而不充分；高语境文化强调含蓄,重视交流双方的互动。KeyTermsLow-contextculture低语境文化“低语境文化”正好相反，即在传播过程中，沟通交流双方主要依赖他们所运用的语言，换言之，语言和信息是清晰而充分的。举例而言，对于朝夕相处的家庭成员来说，长期共同生活使他们形成了许多默契，因此，他们在交流中，直接通过语言或动作来表达的成分较少，更多的内容，存在于由双方共同生活体验形成的心灵感应；而两个初次见面陌生人的交流，却要花费更多的口舌。denotation字面意义connotation隐含意义Glossaryverbaladj.言语的attributen.价值explicitadj. 清楚明白的,易于理解的interlocutorn. 对话者tabooadj.禁忌的encodevt.把…编码interwinevt. 缠绕boundaryn.分界线congregationsn.教区教友clientelen.委托人，客户Confuciusn.孔子Glossarymetaphorn.隐喻lexicaladj.词汇的semanticsn.语义学perceptionn.认识，观念，看法hierarchicaladj.分等级的auspiciousadj.吉利的Cantonesen.广东人disciplen.门徒，信徒betrayvt.背判，出卖deficientadj.有缺点的Whataresomeofthehelpfulfactorsfordevelopingthetopicandwhataresomeofthemajorobstacles?2.Whatistherelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture?Trytooffertwoorthreeexamplesinyourdiscussion.3.Useoneortwoexamplestoclarifyyourunderstandingofculturaldifferencesindenotativemeaning.ComprehensionQuestionsComprehensionQuestions4.UseoneortwoexamplestoclarifyyourunderstandingofCulturaldifferencesinconnotativemeanings.5.Chinesepeoplelikebeingmodest.Howdoyouexplainthisphenomenon?II.OralCommunication口头交际

Generalguidelinestofollowwhenconversingwithsomeonefromanothercultureinclude：Avoiddiscussingpoliticsorreligionunlesstheotherpersoninitiatesthediscussion.Avoidhighlypersonalquestionsincluding“Whatdoyoudo?”Conversationtaboos谈话禁忌II.OralCommunication口头交际Keeptheconversationpositive.Avoidaskingquestionsthatwouldimplycriticisms;phrasequestionssotheycanbeansweredinapositivemanner.Avoidtellingethnicjokesbecauseofthepossibilityofoffendingsomeone.II.OralCommunication口头交际CountryAppropriateTopicsTopicstoavoidGreatBritainhistory,architecture,gardeningmoney,politics,religionCanadatravel,job,food,music,customsmoney,salary,religion,andpoliticsespeciallytheseparatistmovementtheUSAcompliments,job,travel,foods,religion,politics,raceGermanytravelabroad,internationalpolitics,hobbies,soccerWorldWarII,questionsaboutpersonallifeFrancemusic,books,sports,thetheatrejob,income,price,ageJapanHistory,culture,artWorldWarIICountryAppropriateTopicsTopicstoavoidII.OralCommunication口头交际MakingTelephoneCalls打CountrywaysofbeginningthecallllFrancemakinganapologyfordisturbingtheanswerer,checkingwhethertheyhavedialedtherightnumberandidentifyingthemselves,conversingwithwhoeveranswersthephoneonconditionthattheanswererisknowntothemandonlyaftersomeconversationmaycallersexpresstheirwishtospeakwiththepersontheyactuallycalltospeakto

theUSAaskingfortheintendedaddresseewithoutidentifyingthemselvesorchattingwiththeanswerer,evenwhenthatpersonisknowntothem

Chinasaying“Hello”withoutidentifyingthemselvesKeyTermsConversationtaboos谈话禁忌谈话禁忌作为一定社会的文化现象,其背后所依托的是一个民族深厚的文化蕴藏。文化的所指极其广泛,人类所创造的所有的物质文明和精神文明均属文化之列。人们在日常交际中并不是可以涉及任何话题,也不是可以随便地使用语言系统中的任何词汇。在一定的文化中,参与交际的人们都会不约而同地对某些话题和语言系统中某些词汇表现出“回避”行为。人们不愿、不能或不敢随便谈论那些话题或使用那些词汇。于是,语言中便出现了诸如此类的禁忌现象。

KeyTerms

英语中有些禁忌和汉语是一致的,但由于中西方的历史发展状况、社会制度和价值观念等方面的差异,也使语言禁忌的内容和形式在许多方面存有不同。了解并掌握一些谈话禁忌可以保证交际的顺利进行。KeyTerms

personalquestions私人问题西方人非常注重个人隐私权。在日常交谈中，大家一般不会涉及对方的“私人问题”。这些私人问题包括：年龄、婚姻状况、收入、工作、住所、经历、宗教信仰、选举等。同时，人们还特别注重个人的私人生活空间。别人房间里的壁橱、桌子、抽屉，以及桌子上的信件、文件和其他文稿都不应随便乱动、乱翻(如果需要借用别人物品，必须得到对方的许可)。假如别人在阅读或写作，也不能从背后去看对方阅读和写作的内容，即使对方只是在阅读报纸或杂志。KeyTerms

空间距离上也很在意。即使在公共场所，大家都十分自觉地为对方留出一定私人空间。比如，排队的时候他们总是习惯和别人保持1米以上的距离。我们的个人隐私观念比较淡薄。特别是在亲朋好友之间，大家喜欢不分你我，共同分享对方的私人生活。另外，长者往往可以随意问及晚辈的私人生活，以显示关心。Glossarylandscapen.风景，景色encountern.小组聚会controversialadj.有争议的,引起争议的erroneouslyadv.错误地，不正确地intellectuallyadv.知性上,智力上orientationn.方向；态度Irann.伊朗SaudiArabian.沙特阿拉伯Glossaryinitialadj.开始的，第一的conversevi.交谈，会话initiatevt.发起ethnicadj.种族的cuen.暗示，提示architecturen.建筑风格separatistn.分离主义者ComprehensionQuestionsGiveexamplesofconversationtaboosinyourhomeorgroupoffriends.2.Describebothyoursuccessfulandunsuccessfulexperienceincarryingoutconversationsortalkswithforeigners.Whataresomeofthehelpfulfactorsfordevelopingthetopicandwhataresomeofthemajorobstacles?3.Whydowesaybeingagoodlistenercanfacilitatecommunication?III.WrittenCommunication书面交际Businessletters商务信函

ElementsinbusinesslettersInstructionsinwritingbusinesslettersTypesofbusinesslettersIII.WrittenCommunication书面交际Resume简历

UnitedStatesGreatBritainCanadaAustraliaKeyTermsBusinessletters商务信函书信是日常生活中常用的文体，是用以交涉事宜、传达信息、交流思想、联络感情、增进了解的重要工具。书信一般可分为商务信件或公函（BusinessLetterorOfficialCorrespondence）和私人信件（PrivateLetter）两大类。需要注意的是，英语书信的写法与汉语书信有一些明显区别，应特别加以区分。英语书信通常包括下面几个组成部分：发信人地址及相关信息、写信日期、主题、收信人姓名及地址、称呼、正文、结束语、签名、附件、再启等。KeyTermsdanglingparticiples垂悬分词一般的分词(短语)有意义上的逻辑主语，它或是句子的主语，或者另有自己的主语，如果没有，就称这种分词为“悬垂分词”，这样的句子一般认为是不能接受或错误的。例如，在“Sittingunderanappletreeonenight,anideacametoNewton.”句子中的“Sittingunderanappletree”就是垂悬分词。KeyTermsresume简历，顾名思义，就是对个人学历、经历、特长、爱好及其它有关情况所作的简明扼要的书面介绍。简历是个人形象，包括资历与能力的书面表述，对于求职者而言，是必不可少的一种应用文。KeyTermsletterofapplication求职信是商业信函，同向“客户”发出的其它信函一样，要求规范、专业，足以吸引招聘者的目光，说服他去看你的简历以获得更多信息。它不同于可以一稿多投的简历，求职信必须量身定做。要针对不同企业、不同职位，在内容和风格上稍做调整，有所侧重，让招聘者觉得求职者的工作经历和综合素质与应聘职位完全吻合或非常接近，并且期望从简历中得到更加肯定的答案以便安排面试。某种程度上来讲，求职信来源于简历，又高于简历，具有对简历内容进行综合介绍、补充说明和深入扩展的作用。Glossarysalutationn.信函中的称呼语enclosuren.附件alternateadj.代替的maximumadj.最大值的,最大量的compoundadj.复合的eligibilityn.合格promon.商品推销;商品广告,广告片refundvt.退还，退（款）legislationn.法律，法规recruitvt.招聘discriminatev.歧视ComprehensionQuestionsHowmanypartsdoesabusinessletterusuallyhave?Andwhatarethey?2.Whatarethedifferencesbetweenaresumeandaletterofapplication?3.DoesanapplicantneedtoencloseacopyofhisorherphotographswhenheorsheappliesforanAmericancompany?Whyorwhynot?CaseAnalysis

Case1Theconversationbelowisaninvitationtodinner.Readitandthenanswerthequestions.A:AreyoufreethisSunday?B:Yes,I’mfree.A:Iwouldlikeyoutocomeoverandhaveadinnertogether.B:No,itistoomuchtroubleforyoutopreparethedinner.A:Notroubleatall.Wecanjustordertake-out.B:Butit’llcostyoutoomuch.Don’tbother.A:It’sacasualdinner.Let’sjusthaveachatandrelaxalittlebit.Besides,therearen’tanyotherpeople.B:Butyouarebeingtoopolite;youalwaysinvitemetodinner.A:That’snottrueatall.OK,it’ssettledthen.Docome,please,orI’llbeoffended.B:Allright.Questions:1.Inwhichculturebackgrounddoestheconversationmostprobablytakeplace?2.Whataretheculturalfactorsbehindtheconversation?Case2

OnenightaChinesestudentmajoringinEnglishsatonthestepsoftheforeignstudents’residenceandtalkedwithtwoyoungmaleforeignstudents,oneGermanandoneAmerican.Theydidnotspeakawordtoherontheirowninitiative,butsheaskedmanyquestionstogetaconversationstarted.Everytimetheyansweredherwithonlyoneortwowords.ButshewasdeterminedtopracticeherEnglishsoshetriedtokeeptheconversationgoing.

“Howdoyouspendyourweekend?”sheasked.TheGermanboyansweredimmediately,“Fishing,”andthetwoboyslookedateachothermeaningfully.

“Fishing?”Shewasreallyconfused.“Butwheredoyoufish?”sheasked.

“Fishinghastwomeaning.Oneistheliteralmeaning.Theotherisjustsittinghereorwalkingonthestreetandwaitingforsomegirlstocomeuptous.”Thentheybothburstoutlaughing.Shewasannoyed.Shesattheresilent