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2023年最新整理——考试真题资料2023年最新整理——考试真题资料2023年最新整理——考试真题资料2021年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题及答案SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
In1924American’NationalResearchCouncilsenttoengineerstosuperviseaseriesofindustrialexperimentsatalargetelephone-partsfactorycalledtheHawthorePlantnearChicago.Ithopedtheywouldlearnhowstop-floorlignting__1__workersproductivity.Instead,thestudiesended__2___givingtheirnametothe“Hawthorneeffect〞,theextremelyinfluentialideathatthevery___3____tobeingexperimenteduponchangedsubjects’behavior.
Theideaarosebecauseofthe__4____behaviorofthewomenintheHawthorneplant.Accordingto__5____oftheexperments,theirhourlyoutputrosewhenlightingwasincreased,butalsowhenitwasdimmed.Itdidnot__6____whatwasdoneintheexperiment;___7_somethingwaschanged,productivityrose.A(n)___8___thattheywerebeingexperimenteduponseemedtobe____9___toalterworkers’behavior____10____itself.
Afterseveraldecades,thesamedatawere_11__toeconometrictheanalysis.TheHawthorneexperimentshaveanothersurpriseinstore:_12__thedescriptionsonrecord,nosystematic_13__wasfoundthatlevelsofreproductivitywererelatedtochangesinlighting.
Itturnsoutthatparticularwayofconductingtheexperimentsmayhaveledto__14__interpretationofwhathapped.__15___,lightingwasalwayschangedonaSunday.WhenworkstartedagainonMonday,output__16___rosecomparedwiththepreviousSaturdayand__17_toriseforthenextcoupleofdays.__18__acomparisonwithdataforweekswhentherewasnoexperimentationshowedthatoutputalwayswentuponMonday.Workers__19__tobediligentforthefirstfewdaysoftheweekingweekinanycase,before__20__aplateauandthenslackeningoff.Thissuggeststhatthealleged“Hawthorneeffect“ishardtopindown.
1.[A]affected[B]achieved[C]extracted[D]restored
2.[A]at[B]up[C]with[D]off
3.[A]truth[B]sight[C]act[D]proof
4.[A]controversial[B]perplexing[C]mischievous[D]ambiguous
5.[A]requirements[B]explanations[C]accounts[D]assessments
6.[A]conclude[B]matter[C]indicate[D]work
7.[A]asfaras[B]forfearthat[C]incasethat[D]solongso
8.[A]awareness[B]expectation[C]sentiment[D]illusion
9.[A]suitable[B]excessive[C]enough[D]abundant
10.[A]about[B]for[C]on[D]by
11.[A]compared[B]shown[C]subjected[D]conveyed
12.[A]contraryto[B]consistentwith[C]parallelwith[D]pealliarto
13.[A]evidence[B]guidance[C]implication[D]source
14.[A]disputable[B]enlightening[C]reliable[D]misleading
15.[A]Incontrast[B]Forexample[C]Inconsequence[D]Asusual
16.[A]duly[B]accidentally[C]unpredictably[D]suddenly
17.[A]failed[B]ceased[C]started[D]continued
20.[A]breaking[B]climbing[C]surpassing[D]hittingSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]or[D].MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(40points)Text1Text2Overthepastdecade,thousandsofpatentshaveseengrantedforwhatarecalledbusinessmethods.Amazonreceivedoneforits“one-click〞onlinepaymentsystem.MerrillLynchgotlegalprotectionforanassetallocationstrategy.Oneinventorpatentedatechniqueforliftingabox.
Nowthenation’stoppatentcourtappearscompletelyreadytoscalebackonbusiness-methodpatents,whichhavebeencontroversialeversincetheywerefirstauthorized10yearsago.Inamovethathasintellectual-propertylawyersabuzztheU.S.courtofAppealsforthefederalcircuitsaiditwoulduseaparticularcasetoconductabroadreviewofbusiness-methodpatents.InreBilski,asthecaseisknown,is“averybigdeal〞,saysDennis’D.CrouchoftheUniversityofMissouriSchooloflaw.It“hasthepotentialtoeliminateanentireclassofpatents.〞
Curbsonbusiness-methodclaimswouldbeadramaticabout-face,becauseitwasthefederalcircuititselfthatintroducedsuchpatentswithis1998decisionintheso-calledstateStreetBankcase,approvingapatentonawayofpoolingmutual-fundassets.Thatrulingproducedanexplosioninbusiness-methodpatentfilings,initiallybyemerginginternetcompaniestryingtostakeoutexclusivepinhtstospecifictypesofonlinetransactions.Later,moveestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbentthemtothepunch.In2005,IBMnotedinacourtfilingthatithadbeenissuedmorethan300business-methodpatentsdespitethefactthatitquestionedthelegalbasisforgrantingthem.Similarly,someWallStreetinvestmentfilmsarmedthemselveswithpatentsforfinancialproducts,evenastheytookpositionsincourtcasesopposingthepractice.
TheBilskicaseinvolvesaclaimedpatentonamethodforhedgingriskintheenergymarket.TheFederalcircuitissuedanunusualorderstatingthatthecasewouldbeheardbyall12ofthecourt’sjudges,ratherthanatypicalpanelofthree,andthatoneissueitwantstoevaluateisweatheritshould〞reconsider〞itsstatestreetBankruling.
TheFederalCircuit’sactioncomesinthewakeofaseriesofrecentdecisionsbythesupremeCountthathasnurrowedthescopeofprotectionsforpatentholders.LastApril,forexamplethejusticessignaledthattoomanypatentswerebeingupheldfor“inventions〞thatareobvious.ThejudgesontheFederalcircuitare“reactingtotheanti-patienttrendatthesupremecourt〞,saysHaroleC.wegner,apartendattorneyandprofessorataeorgeWashingtonUniversityLawSchool.
26.Business-methodpatentshaverecentlyarousedconcernbecauseof
[A]theirlimitedvaluetobusiness
[B]theirconnectionwithassetallocation
[C]thepossiblerestrictionontheirgranting
[D]thecontroversyoverauthorization
27.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheBilskicase?
[A]Itsrullingcomplieswiththecourtdecisions
[B]Itinvolvesaverybigbusinesstransaction
[C]IthasbeendismissedbytheFederalCircuit
[D]ItmaychangethelegalpracticesintheU.S.
28.Theword“about-face〞(Line1,Paro3)mostprobablymeans
[A]lossofgoodwill
[B]increaseofhostility
[C]changeofattitude
[D]enhancementofdisnity
29.Welearnfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatbusiness-methodpatents
[A]areimmunetolegalchallenges
[B]areoftenunnecessarilyissued
[C]lowertheesteemforpatentholders
[D]increasetheincidenceofrisks
30.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethesubjectofthetext?
[A]Aloomingthreattobusiness-methodpatents
[B]Protectionforbusiness-methodpatentholders
[C]Alegalcaseregardingbusiness-methodpatents
[D]Aprevailingtrendagainstbusiness-methodpatentsText3InhisbookTheTippingPoint,MalcolmAladuellarguesthatsocialepidemicsaredriveninlargepartbytheactingofatinyminorityofspecialindividuals,oftencalledinfluentials,whoareunusuallyinformed,persuasive,orwell-connected.Theideaisintuitivelycompelling,butitdoesn’texplainhowideasactuallyspread.
Thesupposedimportanceofinfluentialsderivesfromaplausiblesoundingbutlargelyuntestedtheorycalledthe“twostepflowofcommunication〞:Informationflowsfromthemediatotheinfluentialsandfromthemtoereryoneelse.Marketershaveembracedthetwo-stepflowbecauseitsuggeststhatiftheycanjustfindandinfluencetheinfluentials,thoseselectedpeoplewilldomostoftheworkforthem.Thetheoryalsoseemstoexplainthesuddenandunexpectedpopularityofpeoplewaswearing,promotingordevelopingwhaterveritisbeforeanyoneelsepaidattention.Anecdotalevidenceofthiskindfitsnicelywiththeideathatonlycertainspecialpeoplecandrivetrends.
Intheirrecentwork,however,someresearchershavecomeupwiththefindingthatinfluentialshavefarlessimpactonsocialepidemicsthanisgenerallysupposed.Infact,theydon’tseemtoberequiredofall.
Theresearchers’argumentstemsfromasimpleobserratingaboutsocialinfluence,withtheexceptionofafewcelebritieslikeOprahWinfrey—whoseoutsizepresenceisprimarilyafunctionofmedia,notinterpersonal,influence—eventhemostinfluentialmembersofapopulationsimplydon’tinteractwiththatmanyothers.Yetitispreciselythesenon-celebringinfluentialswho,accordingtothetwo-step-flowtheory,aresupposedtodrivesocialepidemicsbyinflucencingtheirfriendsandcolleaguesdirectly.Forasocialepidemictooccur,however,eachpersonsoaffected,musttheninflucencehisorherownacquaintances,whomustinturninfluencetheirs,andsoon;andjusthowmanyotherspayattentiontoeachofthesepeoplehaslittletodowiththeinitialinfluential.Ifpeopleinthenetworkjusttwodegreesremovedfromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplefromtheinitialinfluentialproveresistant,forexamplethecasecadeofchangewon’tpropagateveryfaroraffectmanypeople.
Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofpopulationsmanipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingofpopulations,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingtopeople’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencetobe.
31.BycitingthebookTheTippingPoint,theauthorintendsto
[A]analyzetheconsequencesofsocialepidemics
[B]discussinfluentials’functioninspreadingideas
[C]exemplifypeople’sintuitiveresponsetosocialepidemics
[D]describetheessentialcharacteristicsofinfluentials.
32.Theauthorsuggeststhatthe“two-step-flowtheory〞
[A]servesasasolutiontomarketingproblems
[B]hashelpedexplaincertainprevalenttrends
[C]haswonsupportfrominfluentials
[D]requiressolidevidenceforitsvalidity
33.whattheresarchershaveobservedrecentyshowsthat
[A]thepowerofinfluencegoeswithsocialinteractions
[B]interpersonallinkscanbeenhancedthroughthemedia
[C]influentialshavemorechannelstoreachthepublic
[D]mostcelebritiesenjoywidemediaattention
34.Theunderlinedphrase“thesepeople〞inparagraph4referstotheoneswho
[A]stayoutsidethenetworkofsocialinflunce
[B]havelittlecontactwiththesourceofinflunence
[C]areinfluencedandtheninfluenceothers
[D]areinfluencedbytheinitialinfluential
35.whatistheessentialelementinthedynamicsofsocialinfluence?
[A]Theeagernesstobeaccepted
[B]Theimpulsetoinfluenceothers
[C]Thereadinesstobeinfluenced
[D]TheinclinationtorelyonothersText4Bankershavebeenblamingthemselvesfortheirtroublesinpublic.Behindthescenes,theyhavebeentakingaimatsomeoneelse:theaccountingstandard-setters.Theirrules,moanthebanks,haveforcedthemtoreportenormouslosses,andit’sjustnotfair.Theserulessaytheymustvaluesomeassetsatthepriceathirdpartywouldpay,notthepricemanagersandregulatorswouldlikethemtofetch.
Unfortunately,banks’lobbyingnowseemstobeworking.Thedetailsmaybeunknowable,buttheindependenceofstandard-setters,essentialtotheproperfunctioningofcapitalmarkets,isbeingcompromised.And,unlessbankscarrytoxicassetsatpricesthatattractbuyers,revivingthebankingsystemwillbedifficult.
AfterabruisingencounterwithCongress,America’sFinancialAccountingStandardsBoard(FASB)rushedthroughrulechanges.Thesegavebanksmorefreedomtousemodelstovalueilliquidassetsandmoreflexibilityinrecognizinglossesonlong-termassetsintheirincomestatement.BobHerz,theFASB’schairman,criedoutagainstthosewho“questionourmotives.〞Yetbanksharesroseandthechangesenhancewhatonelobbygrouppolitelycalls“theuseofjudgmentbymanagement.〞
EuropeanministersinstantlydemandedthattheInternationalAccountingStandardsBoard(IASB)dolikewise.TheIASBsaysitdoesnotwanttoactwithoutoverallplanning,butthepressuretofoldwhenitcompletesitreconstructionofruleslaterthisyearisstrong.CharlieMcCreevy,aEuropeancommissioner,warnedtheIASBthatitdid“notliveinapoliticalvacuum〞but“intherealword〞andthatEuropecouldyetdevelopdifferentrules.
Itwasbanksthatwereonthewrongplanet,withaccountsthatvastlyovervaluedassets.Todaytheyarguethatmarketpricesoverstatelosses,becausetheylargelyreflectthetemporaryilliquidityofmarkets,notthelikelyextentofbaddebts.Thetruthwillnotbeknownforyears.Butbank’ssharestradebelowtheirbookvalue,suggestingthatinvestorsareskeptical.Anddeadmarketspartlyreflecttheparalysisofbankswhichwillnotsellassetsforfearofbookinglosses,yetarereluctanttobuyallthosesupposedbargains.
Togetthesystemworkingagain,lossesmustberecognizedanddealtwith.America’snewplantobuyuptoxicassetswillnotworkunlessbanksmarkassetstolevelswhichbuyersfindattractive.Successfulmarketsrequireindependentandevencombativestandard-setters.TheFASBandIASBhavebeenexactlythat,cleaninguprulesonstockoptionsandpensions,forexample,againsthostilityformspecialinterests.Butbygivingintocriticsnowtheyareinvitingpressuretomakemoreconcessions.
36.Bankerscomplainedthattheywereforcedto
[A]followunfavorableassetevaluationrules
[B]collectpaymentsfromthirdparties
[C]cooperatewiththepricemanagers
[D]reevaluatesomeoftheirassets.
37.Accordingtotheauthor,therulechangesoftheFASBmayresultin
[A]thediminishingroleofmanagement
[B]therevivalofthebankingsystem
[C]thebanks’long-termassetlosses
[D]theweakeningofitsindependence
38.AccordingtoParagraph4,McCreevyobjectstotheIASB’sattemptto
[A]keepawayfrompoliticalinfluences.
[B]evadethepressurefromtheirpeers.
[C]actontheirowninrule-setting.
[D]takegradualmeasuresinreform.
39.Theauthorthinksthebankswere“onthewrongplanet〞inthatthey
[A]misinterpretedmarketpriceindicators
[B]exaggeratedtherealvalueoftheirassets
[C]neglectedthelikelyexistenceofbaddebts.
[D]deniedbookinglossesintheirsaleofassets.
40.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsstandard-settersisoneof
[A]satisfaction.
[B]skepticism.
[C]objectiveness
[D]sympathy
PartB
Directions:
ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableparagraphsfromthefirstA-Gandfillthemintothenumberedboxestofromacoherenttext.ParagraphEhasbeencorrectlyplaced.Thereisoneparagraphwhichdosenotfitinwiththetext.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)
[A]Thefirstandmoreimportantistheconsumer’sgrowingpreferenceforeatingout;theconsumptionoffoodanddrinkinplacesotherthanhomeshasrisenfromabout32percentoftotalconsumptionin1995to35percentin2000andisexpectedtoapproach38percentby2005.Thisdevelopmentisboostingwholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesegmentby4to5percentayearacrossEurope,comparedwithgrowthinretaildemandof1to2percent.Meanwhile,astherecessionisloominglarge,peoplearegettinganxious.Theytendtokeepatighterholdontheirpurseandconsidereatingathomearealisticalternative.
[B]RetailsalesoffoodanddrinkinEurope’slargestmarketsareatastandstill,leavingEuropeangroceryretailershungryforopportunitiestogrow.Mostleadingretailershavealreadytriede-commerce,withlimitedsuccess,andexpansionabroad.Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed.
[C]Willsuchvariationsbringaboutachangeintheoverallstructureofthefoodanddrinkmarket?Definitelynot.Thefunctioningofthemarketisbasedonflexibletrendsdominatedbypotentialbuyers.Inotherwords,itisuptothebuyer,tatherthantheseller,todecidewhattobuy.Atanyrate,thischangewillultimatelybeacclaimedbyanever-growingnumberofbothdomesticandinternationalconsumers,regardlessofhowlongthecurrentconsummerpatternwilltakehold.
[D]Allinall,thisclearlyseemstobeamarketinwhichbigretailersthatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropemaywellexpecttorakeinsubstantialprofitsthereby.Atleast,thatishowitlooksasawhole.Closerinspectionrevealsimportdifferencesamongthebiggestnationalmarkets,especiallyintheircustomersegmentsandwholesalestructures,aswellasthecompetitivedynamicsofindividualfoodanddrinkcategories.BigretailersmustunderstandthesedifferencesbeforetheycanidentifythesegmentsofEuropeanwhloesalinginwhichparticularabilitiesmightunseatsmallerbutentrenchedcompetitors.Newskillsandunfamiliarbusinessmodelsareneededtoo.
[E]Despitevariationsindetail,wholesalemarketsinthecountriesthathavebeencloselyexamined—France,Germany,Italy,andSpain—aremadeoutofsamebuildingblocks.Demandcomesmainlyfromtwosources:independentmorn-and-popgrocerystoreswhich,unlikelargeretailchains,aretwosmalltobuystraightfromproducers,andfoodserviceoperatorsrangefromsnackmachinestolargeinstitutionalcateringventures,butmostofthesebusinessesareknowninthetradeas“horeca〞:hotels,restaurants,andcafes.Overall,Europe’sretailwholesalemarket,butthefigures,whenaddedtogether,masktwoopposingtrends.
[F]Forexample,wholesalefoodanddrinksalescometo$268billioninFrance,Germany,Italy,Spain,andtheUnitedKingdomin2000-morethan40percentofretailsales.Moreover,averageoverallmarginsarehigherinwholesalethaninretail;wholesaledemandfromthefoodservicesectorisgrowingquicklyasmoreEuropeanseatoutmoreoften;andchangesinthecompetitivedynamicsofthisfragmentedindustryareatlastmakingitfeasibleforwholesalerstoconsolidate.
[G]However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailsandevensomelargegoodproducersandexistingwholesalersfromtryingtheirhand,forthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablegains.
41→42→43→44→E→45
PartC
Directions:
ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittencarefullyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)
Onebasicweaknessinacomservationsystembasedwhollyoneeconomicmotivesisthatmostmembersofthelandmunityhavenoeconomicvalue.Yettheseereaturesaremembersofthebioticcommunityand,ifitsstabilitydependsonitsinteyrity,theyareentitledtocontinuance.
Whenoneofthesenoneconomiccategoriesisthreatenedand,ifwehappentoloveit.Weinvertexcusestogiveiteconomicimportance.Atthebeginningofcenturysongbirasweresupposedtobedisappearing.(46)Scinentistsjumpedtotherescuewithsomedistinctlyshakyevidencetotheeffectthatinsectswouldeatusupifbirdsfailedtocontrolthem,theevideucehadtobecomicinordertobevalid.
Itispamfultoreadtheseroundaboutaccountstoday.Wehavenolandethicyet,(47)butwehaveatleastdrawnnearthepointofadmittingthatbirdsshouldcontinuesurvivalasamatterofintrinsicright,regardlessofthepresenceorabsenceofeconomicadvantagetous.
Apanallelsituationexistsinrespectofpredatorymamalsandfish-eatingbirds.(48)Timewaswhenbiologistssomewhatoverwordedtheevidencethatthesecreaturespreservethehealthofgamebykillingthephysicallyweak,orthattheypreyonlyon“worthlessspecies〞.
Somespeciesoftreehavebeenreadoutofthepartybyeconomics-mindedforestersbecausetheygrowtooslowly.orhavetoolowasalevaletopayasimebercrops(49)InEurope,whereforestryisecologicallymoreadvanced,theNon-commercialtreespeciesarerecognizedasmembersofnativeforestcommunity,tobepreservedassuch,withinreason.
Tosumup:asystemofconservationbasedsolelyoneconomicself-interestishopelesslylopsided.(50)Ittendstoignore,andthuseventuallytoeliminate,manyelementsinthelandcommunitythatlackcommercialvalue,butthatareessentialtoitshealthyfunctioning.Withouttheuneconomicpats.SectionⅢWritingPartA
51.Directions:
Youaresupposedtowriteforthepostgraduateassociationanoticetorecruitvolunteersforaninternationalconferenceonglobalization,youshouldconcludethebasicqualificationofapplicantandtheotherinformationyouthinkrelative.
Youshouldwriteabout100words.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use“postgraduateassociation〞instead.
PartB
52.Directions:
Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressay,youshould
1)describethedrawingbriefly,
2)explainitsintendedmeaning,andthen
3)giveyourcomments.
YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSHWERSHEET2.(20points)2021年考研英语一真题参考答案详解SectionIUseofEnglish1.A2.B3.C4.B5.C6.B7.D8.A9.C10.D11.C12.A13.A14.D15.B16.A17.D18.C19.B20.DSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartA21.B22.A23.C24.A25.B26.C27.D28.C29.B30.D31.B32.D33.A34.C35.C36.A37.A38.C39.C40.DPartB41.B42.F43.D44.G45.APartCTranslation46.科学家们赶紧拿出某些明显站不住脚的证据前来救驾,大致说的是如果鸟儿不能控制害虫的话,害虫就会把我们吃掉。47.但是我们至少已经几乎成认了这样一种观点:那就是鸟儿的生存是它们的固有权利,不管它对我们是否有经济利益。48.曾几何时,生物学家总是重述以下的这条证据:这些生物是为了维持食物链的正常运行去捕食弱小的生物或“没有价值的物种〞。49.在生态林业较为先进的欧洲,没有成为商业化对象的树种被视为原始森林群落的成员适当地加以保护。50.他容易无视并最终消灭很多缺乏商业价值的物种,然而这些物种对于整个生物群落的健康运行是至关重要的。SectionIIIWriting51.小作文以研究生会的名义写一封通知,通知的内容是为全球一体化的国际会议招募志愿者,这个通知必须包括申请者的根本职位要求及你认为相关的其他信息。写100个字左右,不要在通知末尾写你自己的名字,用“Postgraduates’Association〞代替。参考范文一:NoticeVolunteersfortheInternationalConferenceofGlobalIntegrationarewanted.AnyonewhoisingoodcommandofEnglishandexperiencedincross-culturalcommunicationareexpectedtotakepartinthisactivity.Themajortaskforthispositionareasfollows:tobeginwith,topropagandathethemeofglobalizationtopeopleallovertheworld;inaddition,toprovideE-Cinterpretationservicetothoserepresentativesoftheinternationalconference,aimingatfacilitatingtheprocessofthemeeting;atlast,youshouldbestrictlyavailableaccordingtothetimescheduleoftheconference.Thosewhoareinterestedinthispostarecordiallywelcome!Postgraduates’Association参考范文二:NoticeTwentyvolunteersfortheInternationalConferenceofGlobalIntegrationarewantedamongthestudentsinourschool.Thepositionsrecruitedincludereceptionist,conferenceguider,transportationguiderandEnglishinterpreter.ThevolunteersarerequestedtospeakfluentEnglishandareexpectedtobeactive,open-mindedandconscientious.TheConferencefallsonSeptember23atChinaInstituteofInte
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