2023年西方原著选读期末考试翻译资料

JohｎＬockeLｉfeJoｈnLockｅwasｂorｎatWrｉngｔon,avilｌageinSomerset,ｏnAugｕst２9,163２．Ｈewasｔｈesonoｆacouｎtrysolicitｏranｄsmalｌｌaｎｄｏwnｅrwho,whｅnthｅcｉviｌｗaｒｂrokeout,servｅｄａsａcaptａｉnofhｏrｓeinthepａrlｉａｍentarｙarｍｙ．“InosｏonerｐerceｉｖeｄｍｙseｌfintｈｅwｏrldthanIfounｄmｙselfinａｓtｏrｍ，”hewｒotｅlongａfteｒｗards，duriｎgｔhelｕｌlｉntｈeｓｔorｍwhicｈfolloｗedtheking’sｒetｕrn.Ｂｕｔpｏliｔicalｕnｒｅstdoesnｏｔｓｅeｍｔohａveserｉouslydiｓtuｒbedｔhecoｕrseofhiseｄucatｉoｎ.HeｅnteｒedWｅstmｉnｓterｓｃｈoolin16４6,andｐassｅdtoChｒistＣhurcｈ，Ｏxford,aｓajuniorstｕdeｎｔ,ｉn1652;ａnｄheｈaｄahomeｔｈeｒｅ(thｏuｇhａbsenｔfromiｔforlｏngperioｄs)foｒmｏrｅtｈanthirtｙyears—tillｄｅprivedｏfhｉｓstudeｎtｓｈipbｙroｙａlｍandａtein1684．Thｅofｆicialsｔudieｓoftｈeunivｅrsitywereuncｏngeｎialtoｈiｍ;ｈewoｕldhaｖeprｅferｒedtｏhａvelｅarｎeｄｐhilｏsopｈyｆｒomDescartesiｎstｅａdoｆfromＡrｉｓtoｔle；buｔevidentlyhesａtｉsfiｅdｔheaｕthoｒities,forhewａｓelecteｄtｏａｓenｉｏｒｓｔudｅｎtshiｐiｎ165９,and，inthetｈｒeｅorfoｕryeaｒsｆollｏwing,hｅtooｋpａrtiｎthetutoriaｌｗorkoｆtｈecｏllege.Ａtonetimehｅｓeemsｔohavｅthoughtoｆthｅclericａlｐrofeｓsionasapossibleｃａrｅer;ｂuthｅdeclｉnedａｎｏｆfｅrofprｅfermentiｎ1666,andinthｅｓameyearobtaiｎeｄａdiｓｐensａtionwｈｉchenableｄhiｍtoｈoldｈiｓｓtuｄｅntｓhipwｉthouttａkingoｒderｓ.Ａbouｔtheｓａmetimeweｈeaｒofhｉsintereｓtinexperｉmｅntaｌｓcience,aｎｄhｅwaselecｔedafelloｗoftheRoyａlSocｉｅtyin166８.Lｉttｌeiｓｋnoｗnofｈiｓｅarlymedicalstｕdies.Hecａｎnoｔhａｖｅfoｌｌｏwedtｈeregulaｒｃourｓe,fｏｒhewasunabｌｅtoobtａｉnthedegreeofdｏctorｏfmｅdicine.Ｉｔwasｎottill1674ｔhａthegｒaｄuatedaｓbａchｅlorofmedｉcinｅ.InthｅfollｏwiｎgJaｎuaryhiｓｐositioninＣｈrisｔＣｈurcｈｗａsregulaｒｉzｅｄbyｈiｓａppoiｎｔmｅnttoonｅoｆtｈetwomｅｄiｃａｌstuｄｅntshｉpsofthecollｅge.Hiskｎowlｅdgeｏｆmｅdiciｎｅanｄｏccaｓionaｌprａcticeofｔｈｅarｔｌed，in1６６6，toanａcquａintanceｗitｈＬｏrdAｓｈleｙ(afteｒｗardｓ，frｏm1672，EarlofShaftesbury).Theacquaｉｎｔａnｃe,begunacｃideｎｔalｌy,ｈadanｉmmｅdｉatｅeffectonＬocke’scareer.ＷｉthoｕｔseｒvinghisｃoｎｎectiｏnｗithＯxford,hｅbｅcaｍｅamembｅrofShaｆtｅsburｙ’shouseholｄ,andｓeemssoontohavebeenloｏkｅduponasindispeｎsaｂleiｎalｌmatｔeｒsdｏmestiｃaｎdpｏliticaｌ．Ｈesavｅdthｅsｔaｔeｓmａｎ’ｓｌifebyaｓkｉllｆｕloｐeration,arｒangedasuiｔaｂlemarｒiａgeforhiｓｈeir,attendedtheladyｉnhｅrｃonfineｍｅnｔ，andｄirｅcｔｅdｔhenuｒsingandeduｃａtioｎofheｒｓon—aｆterwardsfａｍｏusastheauｔhoｒofCｈａracterｉstics．HｅａｓsisｔedＳｈaｆtesｂuryalsoiｎpublicbusiness，comｍercｉalanｄｐolitｉcal,andfollowｅｄhimiｎtothｅgｏverｎmｅntserviｃe.WhｅnShafｔｅｓbｕｒyｗaｓmadeｌoｒdｃｈａnｃeｌlｏrin167２,Lockebecamehisｓｅｃrｅtaryforpreｓeｎｔationｓtｏbｅnefｉceｓ,and,iｎtheｆoｌlowingyｅar,wａsmａdesecretaｒytotheboａrdofｔｒaｄe.Iｎ167５hｉsoｆficiallifecaｍｅtｏanendｆｏrthetimｅｗithtｈeｆaｌｌofhischief.Ｌoｃkｅ’shｅalth,aｌwaysdelｉcaｔe，ｓufferｅdfromtheLondoncliｍate.Ｗhenreleasedfromthecareｓofｏffiｃe，ｈeleｆｔEnｇlaｎdinseaｒchｏfｈeaｌtｈ.Ｔeｎｙｅａｒsｅarｌierｈehaｄhisfｉrstexpeｒienceofforeｉgｎtraveｌanｄoｆpublｉｃeｍｐlｏymｅｎt,asseｃｒetaryｔoSirWａｌterVanｅ,ambassａｄortotｈeElectoｒｏfBranｄｅnburgｄuringtｈefiｒstDutchwar.OnhisreturntｏEnｇｌand,ｅarlyin１66６,hedeclｉｎedanofferoffｕｒtｈｅrｓerviceｉｎSpain，ａnｄsｅttｌedagaｉninOxfｏｒd,butwａssoｏｎinｄuceｄbｙShaｆtesburytｏspｅndaｇreatpaｒtofｈisｔimｅinLｏndｏn．Oｎhisrｅlｅasｅfromofficeｉn16７５hesｏｕｇhtmｉｌderaｉrｉntｈｅsoｕthofFraｎce,maｄｅlｅiｓurｅｌyjｏuｒneys,ａndsettledｄownformanyｍonthsatＭｏｎｔpellieｒ．Thejouｒｎalｗhichhekeptatｔhｉsperiodiｓfｕlｌｏfminutｅdｅｓｃrｉｐｔｉonsoｆｐlaceｓａndcusｔoｍsandiｎｓtｉｔuｔions.ItconｔaiｎｓalsoarecordofmａnｙofｔｈeｒｅfｌｅctionsthataftｅｒwaｒｄstookshapeiｎtｈeEsｓaycoｎcernｉnｇＨuｍanＵnderstandinｇ.ｈereturnedtoＥnｇlaｎｄiｎ16７９,wｈenhispatｒoｎhadａgaiｎaｓhｏrtｓpelｌoｆoffice.HeｄoeｓnｏtseemtｏhavebeenｃoncernedｉｎSｈaｆtesbury’slatersｃhｅmeｓ；ｂutsuspicionｎatｕｒallyfelluponhim,andｈeｆｏunｄｉtprｕdeｎｔtｏｔaｋｅreｆuｇeinＨolｌanｄ.ThishedidｉnAugｕst１683,ｌesｓtｈanayearａfteｒｔhｅｆｌiｇｈｔanｄdeａtｈofＳhaｆｔeｓbuｒy.EveninHoｌlaｎdforｓometiｍeｈｅｗaｓnotsａｆefｒomｄanｇerofａｒｒestattｈeinstanceｏftｈｅEnglｉshgoｖeｒnmeｎｔ；hｅmovｅdfromtowntotown，livedｕnderaｎａssumedname,andｖisiｔedhｉｓfriendsbyｓtealtｈ.HisresｉdenｃｅinHoｌlandbroughtpoliticalｏccupaｔｉonswiｔhit,ａmongthemeｎwhowerepｒｅparingtｈeＥnｇlishreｖｏｌｕｔion.ithaｄaｔleasteqｕalｖalｕeinｔheleｉsurewhｉchitgavｅhimfoｒliteraｒyworｋandintｈeｆriendshipｓwhichitoｆｆereｄ.Inｐaｒticular,hefｏrmedaｃloseiｎtimａcywithPhilｉpvanＬｉmbrｏch，theleａdeｒoｆtｈeRｅmonsｔraｎtclerｇy，andtheｓｃhoｌarａndｌiberalｔｈeolｏgｉantowhoｍEpistolａｄeＴolｅrａntiawａsdedicａteｄ.Ｔhｉｓletterwaｓcomplｅtedin1６8５,thoughnotｐuｂlishedａｔｔheｔime;and,beｆｏreheleftforEnglaｎd,inFebruarｙ16８９,tｈｅEssaycoｎcerniｎｇHumanUnderｓtａndingseemｓｔohavｅａttainｅｄitsfinaｌｆｏｒｍ，ａnｄanabsｔｒａctofitｗaspｕblｉshediｎLｅclｅｒｃ’ｓBiblｉｏtｈｅｑｕeuniversellｅin１688.ThenewgoｖｅrnmenｔｒecognizeｄhｉsservicestotｈecaｕｓeｏffreedombytheofｆerofthepoｓtofambassadoreｉthｅｒatＢeｒlinoratViｅnｎａ.ButLocｋewasnoplaceｈunteｒ;hewassolｉｃiｔｏusaｌsoｏnａccountｏfhisｈeａlth；hｉsearlierｅxｐerienceofGｅrmanylｅdhimtｏｆeartｈe“coｌdair”and“wａrｍdrｉｎkｉｎg”；anｄｔhｅhｉgｈofficｅｗａsdeclined.Butheseｒvedlessimpoｒtantofｆｉcesathomｅ.HewasmadecommisｓioｎｅrofapｐｅalsinＭay1689,ａｎd,froｍ１696to１７00，ｈeｗasacomｍissiｏneroftradeaｎｄplaｎtａｔｉonsatａsalａryofL１000aｙear.Altｈougｈoffiｃialdutieｓcaｌleｄhimtoｔownfoｒpｒotraｃtedpeｒioｄs，ｈｅｗａsａbｌetofixhisrｅsideｎceｉnthecouｎtｒy.In1６91ｈewaspｅｒｓｕadｅdtomakehispermａnentｈｏmeatOatesinEｓsex,ｉｎｔｈeｈouｓeofFrancisaｎdLａdｙMasham．LadyMaｓhaｍｗasaｄaughterofCudwoｒth,theCambriｄｇｅPｌatｏｎist;Lｏckhadmaｎｉｆesteｄagroｗingｓyｍpathyｗithｈiｓtypeoｆliberaｌｔｈeｏloｇy;inｔelｌecｔｕalａffiｎityincrｅasedhｉsfriｅnｄshiｐwｉththeｆamilｙatOａｔes;andhｅcontinuedtoｌiveｗithｔｈemｔiｌlhisdｅatｈｏnＯctobｅｒ28，1704.２．WｒitｉngsWitｈtheeｘceptionofｔｈeabstｒaｃtoｆthｅEssayａndotｈerlesｓｉｍpｏrtantｃｏnｔｒｉbｕtionsｔoｔｈeＢｉbliｏthequeuniveｒｓｅlle,LockehaｄnotpｕbliｓhedanytｈingbefoｒehisreturntoEnglandin１689;aｎdbｙｔhistimehewaｓinｈisfifty-sｅvｅnthyｅar．Buｔmanｙｙｅａrｓｏfreｆleｃtionａndprepａraｔiｏnmａdｅｈiｍreadyａｔthattimetopuｂliｓｈbｏｏksｉnrａpidsuccession．ＩｎMａrｃh168９hｉsＥｐｉｓtolａdeToｌerantiawaspublisｈedinHｏlｌand;anＥｎｇlisｈtranｓlaｔionofｔhｅsame,ｂｙWｉlliａmPoｐpｌｅ，appeaｒedlaｔeriｎtｈesameyear，aｎdinacorｒectedｅｄiｔionin16９0.Ｔhecｏntｒｏveｒsｙwhichfollｏwｅdthisworklｅｄ,ｏnLoｃke’ｓpart,toｔhepublｉcationｏfaSeｃondLeｔter(1690）,anｄtｈｅnaThｉrｄLetter(１692）.InＦeｂｒuary1690theboｏkｅntiｔｌeｄTｗoTｒeatisesｏfGovernmeｎtwaspubliｓhed,aｎdｉnMarｃhoｆtｈeｓameｙeａｒappearｅdｔhelongexpｅcｔｅdEｓsaｙcｏｎcernｉnｇＨumanUnderstａnding，oｎwhichｈｅhadbeenatworｋｉnｔermittｅntlｙｓｉnce1６７1.iｔmetｗitｈimｍedｉaｔｅｓuccess，ａndlｅｄtoavoluminｏuslitｅraｔｕreｏfａttackandreply;yｏuｎｇｆellowsofcollegeｓtrｉｅｄtoinｔroduceitａttｈeuｎｉversities，andｈeａdsofhousessａtinｃｏnclavｅtoｄｅｖiｓemeａｎsfｏriｔssuｐprｅssｉon．TooneｏｆhiscriｔｉcsLoｃｋereplｉedatleｎgｔh．ThiswａsＥｄwardSｔｉｌlingｆleet，bｉｓhopofＷorｃester，whｏ，ｉnｈiｓVindicatiｏnｏftｈeDoctrineoftheTriniｔy(1696）,ｈａdattackeｄthenｅwｐhilosophｙ.ItwasｔｈetheoloｇiｃａlcoｎｓeｑueｎceswhichwerｅdrawnfｒomthｅｄoctrinesoｆｔheEssay,nｏｔsomuｃhbyLocｋeｈiｍselfasbyToland，inhiｓＣhristianｉｔyｎoｔMｙsｔeｒious,thaｔthebishophaｄchｉefｌyinvｉｅw;ｉｎｐhiｌosophyforitsｏwnsaｋｅhｅdoesnotｓeemｔohavｅbｅenintｅrｅｓｔed.Butｈｉsｃriticismdｒewatｔeｎｔｉontｏoneｏftｈeleaｓtsａｔisfacｔory(ｉｆalｓooneofthemostｓuggesｔive)dｏｃtｒineｓｏftheＥsｓaｙ—ｉtseｘplanaｔionｏｆtheideaofsubstａncｅ;anddｉscｒeditｗaｓｔｈrｏwnoｎｔhe“ｎewwayofideas”ingeｎeral.IｎＪaｎuaｒy1697LockeｒepliedｉnＡLeｔｔeｒtｏthｅBiｓhoｐoｆWorceｓter．ＳtｉllingfleeｔansweredthisinＭay;aｎdLoｃｋewａsreadywｉthasｅconｄｌｅｔｔerinAugｕst.Stilliｎgfleetreplieｄin１６9８,anｄＬocke’sｌengｔhythirｄｌetterappeａｒediｎ１699．Thｅbishop’ｓdeath，laterｉｎthesａmeyeａr,putａｎeｎdtoｔheconｔrovｅrsy．ＴheｓecｏndｅｄitionoftheＥssayｗａspublisｈedin16９4,thethirdin1６９5,andthefourｔhｉn1700．Thesecondａnｄfourtheｄｉtｉoｎscontainｅdimpｏｒtantadｄitions.Anａｂｒiｄgemｅntoｆitaｐpearedin１696，byJohnWｙｎne，ｆellowoｆJesusCollege,Oxford；ｉtwａｓｔranslａtedintoLａtiｎandintoFrｅnｃhｓoｏnaftertheappeａrａnceoｆtｈｅfourthｅditioｎ．Tｈeｌatｅｒedｉｔioｎscontaiｎｍanyｍodifｉcatｉｏnsduｅtotheauthor’scorresponｄencewiｔhWilliaｍＭolyneｕｘ，ofTriｎｉｔyCｏllege,Ｄubｌin,adevoｔeｄdｉsciple,foｒｗhomLｏcｋｅhadawoｒｍfriｅndｓhip．OｔheｒcｏrrｅsｐondｅntsａndvisiｔoｒstoＯatｅsdｕrinｇtheseyearswereＩsaacNewｔoｎａndAnｔhonｙCollins,ａｙouｎgsquireoｆtheｎeigｈｂorhood,ｗhoａfterｗardsmadehismａｒkiｎｔheinｔｅllectuaｌcontroveｒsｉｅｓoftheｔime.OtｈerｉｎterestsａlsooｃcｕpｉeｄLoｃkedｕrｉngｔheyｅarsfoｌloｗｉｎgthepublｉｃaｔionofhｉsgreａtwork．Thefinａｎcialdiffｉｃｕltiesｏftheneｗｇｏｖｅrｎｍentleｄin1691tohisｐublicａｔionoｆSoｍｅＣonｓｉdｅｒａtｉｏnsoｆtｈeＣonsｅquencesofＬoweringofInteｒeｓｔ,ａｎdRaisiｎgtheVａlueoｆMｏney，andｏｆFｕrｔｈeｒCｏnsidｅｒaｔｉonsonｔhelａｔterquｅstｉon,fｏurｙearslater．Ｉn1６9３hepublishedＳoｍeThｏugｈｔｓconcerningEdｕcａｔioｎ,aｗorｋｆoｕｎdeｄoｎｌetteｒｓwrittｅnｔｏafriend,ａndin１695appeareｄTｈeReaｓonablenessｏｆChｒisｔianｉｔy，anｄlaterAＶindｉｃａｔiｏnｏftｈesａmeagaiｎstｃｅrtａiｎobｊｅｃtionｓ;andｔhiswasfollowedbyａｓeｃondvindiｃationｔwｏｙｅaｒsaｆtｅrwａrds．Ｌocke’srｅligiouｓintｅrｅsthadａｌｗａｙsbeｅnｓｔronglｙmarkｅd,anｄ，inhelateｒｙeａｒsｏｆｈｉslife,muchoｆｈistｉewasgiventｏtｈeｏlogy.ＡmongthｅwritingsofhiswhｉcｈwｅreｐｕblｉshedaftｅrhisdeatharecｏmｍeｎtarｉesontｈｅPａｕｌｉneepiｓｔｌes，andａDｉｓcourｓeonMiｒacles,ａｓｗellａｓafｒａgmentoｆaＦｏurｔｈLetterfｏｒTｏleratｉon.TheposｔhｕmouslyｐublishedｗritingsincludefurtherＡnEｘamｉｎａtioｎofFａthｅｒMalebrａnche’sOpｉnionofSeｅｉｎgallｔhiｎgsｉnGod,RｅmarksｏｎSoｍeofMrＮoｒris’sＢoｏks,and—mostimportantofall—thesmaｌltreaｔiseｏｎThｅConductoftheUndersｔanｄinｇｗhiｃhhadbeenｏrｉginallｙdesigｎedａsachaｐｔerofｔhｅEｓsａy．TwoTreatisesoｆＧovernｍentInＴwoTreaｔiｓｅsofGovernmｅnthehａｓtｗｏｐurposesinviｅw:tｏrefutethedoctrineofthediｖineandａbｓoｌuｔerｉghtoftheＭonａｒcｈ,asithaｄｂeｅnｐutfｏrwａrdbyRobertFilmer’sＰａtrｉａrcha,ａndtoestabｌishａtheorywhiｃhwｏuldreｃonciletｈeｌiｂｅrtyoftheｃｉtizenwithpolitiｃalorder.ThecrｉｔicｉsｍofFilｍeｒinthｅｆｉrsｔTrｅａtiｓeisｃoｍpleｔe．HisthｅｏryoftheaｂｓolutesｏvｅreigntｙｏfAｄaｍ,andsoofkiｎgsａsAdam’sheirs,hａslosｔａｌlinｔeｒest;ａndLｏckｅ’ｓａrgumｅnthasｂｅenoｎlytooｅffｅcｔive:hiｓｅxｈaｕsｔｉveｒeplytosｏａbｓurｄathｅｓisｂecomｅsitselｆwearisome.AlｔhoｕgｈtherｅisliｔｔleｄirｅｃｔrｅfeｒencetoHobbes,LockｅｓｅｅmstohaveｈadＨobbesinｍindｗhenｈeaｒgｕedthaｔｔｈedoｃtrｉneofabsolｕtemonarｃhyleavｅssovereｉgｎanｄsｕbjeｃtsｉnｔhestateｏfnａtｕretowardsoneanoｔｈeｒ.Theｃoｎstｒuctivｅdｏctrineswhichareelａborａteｄｉntheｓecondtreａｔiseｂecamethebasisofsocialａndpoｌiticalphiｌosophyforｇeｎｅratｉｏns.Laｂoｒisｔheoｒigｉｎandjｕstiｆicatｉonofｐroperty;ｃontｒaｃtorｃonsｅｎtiｓｔhegrｏｕndｏｆgovernmｅｎｔandfixesitsｌimits.Bｅｈindboｔhｄoctrinesｌiestheiｄｅａofthｅindｅpeｎｄencｅofｔheindｉviduaｌｐerｓon.Ｔｈeｓｔａteofｎatureｋnｏｗsｎogovernmeｎt;butiｎｉt,ａsinpolｉtｉcalsociety，ｍenａresubjｅcttotｈemｏrallａｗ,wｈｉchｉｓtheｌawofGoｄ．Menaｒeｂornfreｅandequａliｎrights．Wｈateverａman“ｍixeｓhisｌabourwith”ishｉsｔouse.Ｏr,atleaｓt，ｔｈiswassointｈepriｍiｔiｖｅconditｉｏnofｈｕmanlifeinｗhｉcｈtherｅwasｅnouｇhｆorａlｌaｎd“ｔhｅｗholｅeａrthwasＡmericａ．”Loｃｋｅｓeeｓthat,ｗｈenmenhavｅmｕlｔｉplieｄandｌaｎdhａｓbecoｍescａrce,ｒulesａｒeneedｅdbeyonｄｔhosｅwhiｃhthemorallａwｏrlａwｏｆnａtｕresupｐliｅs.Ｂutthｅorｉginｏfgoverｎｍentistrａcedｎoｔtothisecoｎoｍｉcnｅcessitｙ,buttoanｏtｈercａuse.Tｈeｍoｒallａｗisalwａysvaｌid,ｂutｉtisnｏtａlwａｙskept.Intｈestaｔeofnａturealｌmenｅｑｕallyhavetｈerighｔｔopunisｈtransgrｅssors:civilsocietｙorｉgｉnatesｗhen,ｆｏrtｈｅbetteradministraｔiｏnoｆｔhｅlaw,menaｇrｅetodｅｌegaｔethｉsfunctｉontoｃeｒｔainofficｅrs.Thusｇovｅrｎmｅntｉsiｎstitutｅｄbya“sociaｌcontraｃｔ”;ｉtspoweｒsaｒelimitｅd,anｄｔｈeyinｖolvｅrｅｃiproｃａｌobｌigatiｏｎs；mｏrｅoveｒ,theｙｃanbemoｄifiedorｒｅscindｅdbyｔｈｅａｕｔhorｉｔywhicｈｃｏnfｅｒreｄthem.Loｃｋe’sｔhｅoｒｙisthusｎｏmorehｉstｏricalthanＨｏｂbｅs’s．Iｔisaｒenderingoftheｆaｃtsofcｏnsｔｉtutｉoｎalｇｏｖernｍentintermsｏftｈoｕght,anｄiｔｓervｅdｉｔｓpｕｒｐosｅasaｊustｉficaｔｉonofthｅRevolutiｏnseｔtlementｉnaccｏrｄaｎcewｉthｔｈｅideａsofthetimｅ．ＬｅttersoｎRｅlｉgiｏｕsToｌeｒatioｎLocｋe’spｌeaｆortoｌeｒatioｎiｎmａｔｔerｓofbｅｌieｆhasbｅcomeｃlasｓｉcａl．HｉsCommon-ＰlaceBｏokshowstｈathismｉndwasｃｌｅarontｈesubjｅctｍｏrｅthaｎtwｅnｔyｙearｓbeforｅｔhepubｌiｃatiｏｎofhisｆｉｒstLetter.Ｔｈｅtopｉc,indeed,wａsintheａiｒａｌｌthｒoughhiｓlife,anｄａffectedｈimnearｌy．ＷｈenheｗasaｓchｏｌaｒaｔＷesｔminsｔｅr，ｔhｅpowersofｔhｅｃiｖilｍａgｉstｒaｔeｉnｒeliｇiｏuｓｍａtｔerｓｗｅrｅｔｈesuｂjectofheateｄdiscｕssｉｏｎbeｔweenPresbyteriａｎｓandindｅpeｎdeｎtsintｈｅassｅmblｙoｆｄivinesthａtｈeldｉｔsseｓsioｎｓwithｉnａsｔoｎe’sｔhrｏwofhｉsdormitoｒy;and，ｗhenheeｎtｅreｄChｒiｓtＣｈｕrcｈ,JohnOwen，aleａdeｒoftｈｅinｄependｅntｓ,hadbeeｎreceｎtlyapｐointedtotheｄeaneｒｙ.Thereｈaｄbeｅnmａnyaｒgumｅntsfortoｌerationbefｏｒｅｔhｉstｉme,buttheyhadｃomｅfromtheweakeｒpartｙintheｓtａte.ThuｓＪeremyTａｙｌoｒ’sLibeｒtｙｏｆＰｒoｐｈesｙingappｅaｒｅdｉｎ1646,whenthefoｒtｕｎeｓofｈisｓidehaｄsufｆｅrｅdadecliｎｅ．ForOwenthecreditｈasｂeenclaiｍｅdthatｈewaｓthｅfirsｔwhoaｒｇueｄfortoleｒaｔion“ｗhenhｉsparｔyｗａｓｕppｅrmosｔ.”HewasｃaｌｌeｄｕpontopreachｂｅｆoretheHｏuｓeoｆCｏmmonsonJａnuarｙ31,１64９,aｎdpeｒforｍedthetａskｗiｔhoutmakiｎganyrｅｆeｒeｎｃｅtotheｔraｇiｃｅvenｔoｆtheprｅvｉouｓｄay;butｔothepubliｓhedｓeｒmonｈeａｐpeｎdedａｒemａrkablｅｄiscussｉonｏｎｔoleration.OwendidnｏｔtakesuchhighgrｏundaｓＭｉltondｉd,tenｙeａrsｌater,inhiｓTrｅatiｓｅｏｆＣivｉｌPoｗerinEcclesiaｓtｉcａlCauｓｅｓ—aｆｆｉｒmiｎｇthaｔ“itisnｏtｌawｆｕlforanypoｗeronearthtocｏmpeliｎmatｔｅrsofreliｇiｏｎ.”Heaｂoｕnｄsinｄｉstinctions,ａndindｅeｄhiｓｐositｉoncallsfoｒsomesubtｌety.Heholdｓthａｔtheciviｌmagiｓtraｔehasｄutｉｅsｔｏthｅchuｒch,andｔhatheoughtｔｏgｉvefacｉlitｉｅｓandｐroｔeｃtｉontoitsminｉｓtｅrｓ，notmerelyaｓcｉtiｚensbｕtａsｐreachersof“thetruth”;ｏｎｔheoｔheｒhanｄhearguｅsthatｃiviｌorcorpｏｒealpenaltｉesareiｎappｒopｒiaｔeaspｕｎishmenｔsfoｒoffenceｓwhicｈarｅpurelyspirituaｌ.TheposｉtionulｔiｍatelyadoptedbyLoｃｋeｉsnoｔaｌtogｅｔherｔhesａmｅａsｔhｉｓ．Heｗａsｎeｖｅranａrdentpuritaｎ；ｈehadaslittｌeｔastefｏｒelaboraｔｅthｅoｌoｇiesashehａｄfｏｒscｈolastiｃsｙsｔemsofphilｏsophｙ;anｄhisｅarｌiestattemptａtaｔheoｒyoftoleratiｏnwasｃonnectedwithtｈｅviewｔhａtinrelｉgiｏn,“aｒticleｓinspeculatiｖeopinions[sｈoulｄ]bｅfewandlarge，andceｒemｏnieｓinｗorshipfｅwandeasｙ．”ＴhedoctrineswhichheｈeldtobeｎeceｓsaｒｙfoｒsalvａtioｎｗoｕldｈaｖeseeｍｅdtoJohnOwenａmeaｇerａｎdpitｉfulcｒeed.Ａndheｈadaｎarｒoweｒviｅwａlｓoofthefunｃtｉoｎｓofthestａte.“Thｅbuｓinessoflawｓ,”hesaｙs,isnottopｒoviｄeforthｅtruthofoｐinions,bｕtfortheｓafｅｔyandsecuｒityｏｆtheｃomｍonwealth,ａｎdoｆeveｒypａrticularmａn’sgoｏｄsanｄperｓon.Andｓoｉtｏuｇhttobe．Foｒ