新视界大学英语三 综合教程 Unit1

Twokindsofjudgement译文Digging1

Therearetwodifferentwayspeoplejudgeyou.Sometimesjudgingyoucorrectlyistheendgoal.Butthere’sasecondmuchmorecommontypeofjudgmentwhereitisn’t.Wetendtoregardalljudgmentsofusasthefirsttype.We’dprobablybehappierifwerealizedwhichareandwhicharen’t.Digging2

Thefirsttypeofjudgment,thetypewherejudgingyouistheendgoal,includescourtcases,gradesinclasses,andmostcompetitions.Suchjudgmentscanofcoursebemistaken,butbecausethegoalistojudgeyoucorrectly,there’susuallysomekindofappealsprocess.Ifyoufeelyou’vebeenmisjudged,youcanprotestthatyou’vebeentreatedunfairly.译文Digging3

Nearlyallthejudgmentsmadeonchildrenareofthistype,sowegetintothehabitearlyinlifeofthinkingthatalljudgmentsare.译文Digging4

Butinfactthereisasecondmuchlargerclassofjudgmentswherejudgingyouisonlyameanstosomethingelse.Theseincludecollegeadmissions,hiringandinvestmentdecisions,andofcoursethejudgmentsmadeindating.Thiskindofjudgmentisnotreallyaboutyou.译文Digging5

Putyourselfinthepositionofsomeoneselectingplayersforanationalteam.Supposeforthesakeofsimplicitythatthisisagamewithnopositions,andthatyouhavetoselect20players.Therewillbeafewstarswhoclearlyshouldmaketheteam,andmanyplayerswhoclearlyshouldn’t.Theonlyplaceyourjudgmentmakesadifferenceisintheborderlinecases.Supposeyouscrewupandunderestimatethe20thbestplayer,causinghimnottomaketheteam,andhisplacetobetakenbythe21stbest.You’vestillpickedagoodteam.译文DiggingIftheplayershavetheusualdistributionofability,the21stbestplayerwillbeonlyslightlyworsethanthe20thbest.Probablythedifferencebetweenthemwillbelessthanthemeasurementerror.译文Digging6

The20thbestplayermayfeelhehasbeenmisjudged.Butyourgoalherewasn’ttoprovideaserviceestimatingpeople’sability.Itwastopickateam,andifthedifferencebetweenthe20thand21stbestplayersislessthanthemeasurementerror,you’vestilldonethatoptimally.译文Digging7

It’safalseanalogyeventousethewordunfairtodescribethiskindofmisjudgment.It’snotaimedatproducingacorrectestimateofanygivenindividual,butatselectingareasonablyoptimalset.译文Digging8

Onethingthatleadsusastrayhereisthattheselectorseemstobeinapositionofpower.Thatmakeshimseemlikeajudge.Ifyouregardsomeonejudgingyouasacustomerinsteadofajudge,theexpectationoffairnessgoesaway.Theauthorofagoodnovelwouldn’tcomplainthatreaderswereunfairforpreferringapotboilerwitharacycover.Stupid,perhaps,butnotunfair.译文Digging9

Ourearlytrainingandourself-centerednesscombinetomakeusbelievethateveryjudgmentofusisaboutus.Infactmostaren’t.Thisisararecasewherebeinglessself-centeredwillmakepeoplemoreconfident.Onceyourealizehowlittlemostpeoplejudgingyoucareaboutjudgingyouaccurately–onceyourealizethatbecauseofthenormaldistributionofmostapplicant

pools,itmattersleasttojudgeaccuratelyinpreciselythecaseswherejudgmenthasthemosteffect–youwon’ttakerejectionsopersonally.译文Digging10Andcuriouslyenough,takingrejectionlesspersonallymayhelpyoutogetrejectedlessoften.Ifyouthinksomeonejudgingyouwillworkhardtojudgeyoucorrectly,youcanaffordtobepassive.Butthemoreyourealizethatmostjudgmentsaregreatlyinfluencedbyrandom,extraneousfactors–thatmostpeoplejudgingyouaremorelikeaficklenovelbuyerthanawiseandperceptivemagistrate–themoreyourealizeyoucandothingstoinfluencetheoutcome.Digging11

Onegoodplacetoapplythisprincipleisincollegeapplications.Mosthighschoolstudentsapplyingtocollegedoitwiththeusualchild’smixofinferiorityandself-centeredness:inferiorityinthattheyassumethatadmissionscommitteesmustbeall-seeing;self-centerednessinthattheyassumeadmissionscommitteescareenoughaboutthemtodigdownintotheirapplicationandfigureoutwhetherthey’regoodornot.译文DiggingThesecombinetomakeapplicantspassiveinapplyingandhurtwhenthey’rerejected.Ifcollegeapplicantsrealizedhowquickandimpersonalmostselectionprocessesare,they’dmakemoreefforttosellthemselves,andtaketheoutcomelesspersonally.■译文judgment释义n.[C,U]anopinionthatyouhaveafterthinkingcarefullyaboutsomething

判断；看法；评价例句Itisstilltoosoontoformajudgmentaboutthis.现在对此作出判断仍为时过早。翻译Words例句IrespecthisjudgmentandI’llfollowanyadvicehegivesme.我尊重他的判断能力，会接受他提出的任何建议。翻译释义vt.

tomakeawrongjudgmentaboutapersonorsituation

错误地判断；错误估计Wordsmisjudge例句Thedefeatshowedhowbadlyhe'dmisjudgedthemoodoftheelectorate.这次失败表明他对选民的情绪判断大错特错。翻译例句Imisjudgedtheturnandhitthesidewalk.我对拐弯处判断错误，驶上了人行道。翻译释义a.notfairorreasonable

不公平的；不合情理的例句It'ssounfair—Marygetsmoremoneyforlesswork!太不公平了——玛丽干的活少，拿的钱却多！翻译Words例句Theunfairdismissalwillbeproperlyinvestigated.无理解雇一事将会得到彻底调查。翻译unfairsake释义n.[C](ususing)(forsb’s~;forthe~ofsth)thebenefitorgoodofsomeoneorsomething

利益；好处例句Hemovedtotheseasideforthesakeofhishealth.为了健康，他移居到海边。翻译Words例句翻译Theytriedtokeeptheirmarriagetogetherforthesakeofthechildren.他们为了儿女尽力维持着婚姻关系。真题Somewomencouldhavemadeagoodsalaryinajobinsteadofstayinghome,buttheydecidednottoworkforthesakeofthefamily.(Jan.2000,CET-4,VocabularyandStructure)释义n.[U]thequalityofbeingsimpleandnotcomplicated,especiallywhenthisisattractiveoruseful

简单；简易；简明例句翻译Words例句Hisideastoodoutbecauseofitssimplicity.翻译他的构想因简明而突出。Becauseofitssimplicity,thistestcouldbecarriedouteasilybyafamilydoctor.这种测试简单易行，家庭医生就可以进行操作。simplicity真题Forhostsandguests,thechangemeansgreatersimplicityandcomfort.(Dec.2003,CET-4,ReadingComprehension)释义1a.(usubeforenoun)notclearlybelongingtoaparticulartype

（类型）不确定的，含糊不清的例句It’saborderlinecondition,perhapsreadyforsurgery.情况不确定，大概可以做手术了。翻译Words例句borderlinecandidate可上可下的候选人翻译borderline释义2n.[sing]animaginarypointdividingonefeelingorstatefromanother,whereitishardtotellthedifferencebetweenthetwo

不明确的界限；含混不清的境况例句Donotcrosstheborderlinebetweenadmirationandlove.不要跨越欣赏与爱慕之间的含混界线。翻译Words例句Ididn'tsleepwellrecently,alwayswanderattheborderlineofsleepandwakefulnessatnight.我最近睡不好，夜里总是处于半梦半醒的状态。翻译borderlinescrew释义v.

(veryinfml)(~up)tomakeaseriousmistakeorspoilsomething,especiallyasituation

(使)弄糟；

（使）搞乱例句Iscrewedupmyexamslastyear.去年我考砸了。翻译Words例句Davescrewedupmyfiles,nowIcan'tfindanything.戴夫搞乱了我的文件，我现在什么也找不到。翻译释义1vt.tothinkthatsomeonehaslesspowerorabilitythantheyreallydo

小看，轻视（某人的权力或能力）例句IthoughtitwouldbeaneasygamebutIhadunderestimatedmyopponent.我以为比赛应该很轻松，可是我低估了对手。翻译Words例句ThefirstlessonIlearntasasoldierwasnevertounderestimatetheenemy.翻译作为一名士兵，我学到的第一堂课就是绝不要小看敌人。真题…Butthechallengeisnottobeunderestimated.

(Jan.2002,CET-4,ReadingComprehension)underestimate释义2n.[C]awrongideathatsomethingissmaller,lessimportantetcthanitreallyis

低估；估计不足例句Peopledoubtthattheaccidentcasualtyisanunderestimate.

人们怀疑事故伤亡人数有可能被低估了。翻译Wordsunderestimate释义n.

[C,U]thewayinwhichsomethingexistsindifferentamountsindifferentpartsofanareaorgroup

分布例句翻译WordsThecountrywasnotedforitsunevendistributionoflandresources.这个国家以其土地资源的分布不均匀著称。例子翻译thegeneraldistributionofearthquakesaroundtheworld全世界地震总的分布情况distribution释义a.

bestormostsuitablewithinarangeofpossibilities

最优的；最适宜的例句翻译Words例句翻译Theoptimaltemperaturerangeforgrowingmushroomsisfrom55Fto72F.种蘑菇的最佳生长温度在华氏55到72度。Wepickedtheoptimaltimetoleavefortheairport.

我们选择最合适的时间出发去机场。optimalanalogy释义n.[C,U]acomparisonbetweentwosituations,processesetcthatisintendedtoshowthatthetwoaresimilar

比拟；比喻；类比例句翻译WordsShedrewananalogybetweenrunningtheeconomyandahousewife'sweeklybudget.她用家庭主妇一周的预算类比经济的运行。例句翻译Byanalogy,theheartisapumpandthebrainisacomputer.打个比方，心脏就是一只水泵，而大脑就是一部计算机。释义1ad.(leadsb~)tomakesomeonebelievesomethingthatisnottrue

使（某人）误信例句翻译WordsIt'seasytobeledastraybythereportsontheInternet.网络上的报道很容易让人受误导。例句翻译Thepublicwasledastraybythefalsepictureofrealitygiveninhisbook.公众被他在书中对现实所作的虚假描绘迷惑了。astray释义2

ad.

(go~)tobecomelostorgotothewrongplace

迷路；走失例句翻译WordsWemarkedthetrail,sotravelerswillnotgoastray.我们给小路设标志使行人不致迷路。例句翻译ThechequeIsentthemseemstohavegoneastray.我寄给他们的那张支票好像丢失了。astrayapplicant释义n.

[C]someonewhoappliesforsomething,suchasajoborloanofmoney

申请人例句翻译Words成功的申请者将会接到电话通知。Successfulapplicantswillbenotifiedbytelephone.例句翻译广告吸引来许多申请者。Theadvertisementattractedanumberofapplicants.application释义n.

[C,U]aformalrequestforpermissiontodoorhavesomething

申请；请求例句翻译Words本大学欢迎成年学生的入学申请。Theuniversitywelcomesapplicationsfrommaturestudents.例句翻译他们接受了我加入俱乐部的申请。Theyacceptedmyapplicationtojointheclub.Itisessentialthattheseapplicationformsbesentbackasearlyaspossible.(Jan.2000,CET-4,VocabularyandStructure)

真题释义例子翻译Words一批备用的社区项目志愿者apoolofvolunteersforcommunityprojectsatalentpoolofgreatstudentathletes例子翻译优秀学生运动员人才库n.

[C]agroupofpeoplewhoareavailabletowork

（可以工作的）备用人员poolrejection释义n.

[C,U]arefusaltoacceptsomeoneforajoborcourseofstudy

拒绝聘用；拒绝录取例句翻译Words他在找到工作前一次次遭到拒绝。Hefacedrejectionafterrejectionbeforefindingajob.I'vesentofftenapplicationsbutI'veonlyhadrejectionssofar.例句翻译我寄出去十份申请，但是到目前收到的只是回绝信。extraneous释义a.

notrelatingtothesubjectorsituationyouaredealingwith

无关的例句翻译Words我删掉了一些无关的东西。Ideletedsomeextraneousmaterial.例句翻译他的报告包含了太多无关紧要的细节。Hisreportcontainstoomanyextraneousdetails.释义a.

alwayschangingyourmindaboutwhoorwhatyoulike

（心理）多变的，无常的，不坚定的Praisenonetoomuch,forallarefickle.对人莫过赞，人人都会变。Phrases例句翻译Thegrouphasbeennotoriouslyfickleinthepast.这伙人过去一直是出了名地善变。例句翻译fickle释义例句翻译他对人很有观察力。perceptive

a.

abletonoticeorunderstandthingsquicklyandeasily

观察敏锐的；善于理解的PhrasesHe'sveryperceptiveaboutpeople.例句翻译一位善解人意的教师真的能帮助害羞的孩子。Aperceptiveteachercanreallyhelpashychild.

释义n.

[C](ususing)thefinalresultofaprocess,meeting,activityetc

结果；结局；后果Phrases例句翻译Whatwastheoutcomeofyourinterview?你面试的结果如何?例句翻译It’stooearlytoknowtheoutcomeofherillness.现在要想知道她的病情结果还太早。outcomeWearemostimpressedbythefactthateventhosepatientswhowerenottoldoftheirseriousillnesswerequiteawareofitspotentialoutcome.(Jun.1996,CET-4,ReadingComprehension)

真题释义例句翻译她接受了自已不如对手的现实。Sheacceptedherinferioritytoherrivals.n.

[U]thefactthatsomeoneorsomethingisnotasgood,important,intelligentetcassomeoneorsomethingelse

低人一等；下级；次等Phrases例句翻译Hewhoenviesadmitshisinferiority.嫉妒别人说明对自己感到自卑。

inferiority释义例句翻译委员会已决定提高明年的会费。committeeThecommitteehavedecidedtoraisemembershipfeesfornextyear.n.[C]agroupofpeoplewhorepresentalargerjob,forexampletostudysomethingandsuggestwhatactiontotake

委员会Phrases例句翻译Theydecidedtoformacommitteetolookintotheproblem.他们决定成立一个委员会来调查此问题。Mysister’sprofessorhadherrewriteherpapermanytimesbeforeallowinghertopresentittothecommittee.(Jan.1989,CET-4,VocabularyandStructure)

真题释义1例句翻译医疗卫生系统制度越来越繁琐，人情越来越淡薄。Thehealthcaresystemhasbecomeincreasinglybureaucraticandimpersonal.a.

usedaboutlargeorganizationsthatdonotthinkaboutpeople’sindividualneedsandsituations

(大型组织)不考虑个人需要的，不讲人情的，客观的Phrases例句翻译Usuallyanorganizationtendstogetimpersonalwhenitgrowslarger.一般来说，一个组织在壮大的过程会失去个人色彩。impersonal释义2例句翻译有的商场不设休息区也没有椅子让顾客歇脚，不够人性化。Someshoppingmallsarequiteimpersonalsincethereisnorestareaandchairforclient.a.usedaboutaplacethatdoesnotseemfriendlybecausetherearenopersonalfeatures

(地方）无人情味的，不够人性化的Phrases例句翻译alargeimpersonalcity一座人情淡薄的大城市impersonal释义例句翻译批评要批评得及时，不要养成事后批评的习惯。getinto/inthehabitofdoingsth

Makecriticismingoodtime;

don'tgetintothehabitofcriticizingonlyaftertheevent.养成……的习惯Phrases例句翻译Ineedtogetintothehabitofgettingupearlierinthemornings.我必须养成每天早晨早点起床的习惯。释义例句翻译他说你胖，只是开玩笑，请不要往心里去。Whenhesaidyou'refat,he’sjustkidding,don'ttakeitpersonally.togetupsetbythethingsotherpeoplesayordo,becauseyouthinkthattheirremarksorbehaviouraredirectedatyouinparticular

为某人的言行感到不快Phrases例句翻译Iftheytellmewhatthey'rereallythinking,Idon'ttakeitpersonally.如果他们告诉我实话，我就不生气。takesthpersonally释义例句翻译科学家们在尽力探穷大自然的奥秘。

Scientistsaretryingtheirbesttodigintothesecretsofnature.

(infml)totrytofindinformationaboutsomething

寻找，搜集（信息）Phrases例句翻译Thepolicemandugintothefilesthewholemorning.

那个警察整个早上都在查阅研究档案。digintosth判断一个人有两种不同的方式，有时判断的最终目的是正确地判断一个人，不过另外一种则不是如此，并且这种判断要常见得多。我们往往认为所有的判断都属于第一种。如果能意识到哪些是第一种而哪些不是的话，我们也许会更幸福。Translation原文两种判断第一种判断，即把正确地判断一个人作为最终目的的判断，包括法院判决、考试成绩及大部分比赛。这些判断当然可能会有误判，但因为其最终目的是正确地判断一个人，通常会有某种类似于上诉的程序。如果你觉得别人没有正确评价你，你可以表示反对，说你受到了不公平的待遇。Translation原文几乎所有对孩子的判断都属于第一类，所以在小时候我们就养成了这种习惯，认为所有的判断都是这样。Translation原文但实际上还有更广泛地存在着的第二类判断，在这种判断中，对你作出判断只是做另一件事的手段。这包括大学招生、聘用及作投资决定，当然也包括在约会时作出的判断。这种判断并不是真正意义上对你作出的评价。Translation原文假设你要为国家队挑选运动员。简单起见，假设这是一个没有位置要求的运动，并且你需要挑选二十个运动员。有一些明星运动员肯定要在队里，还有许多肯定不能入选。只有那些难作取舍的情况会让你的判断产生差别。即使你搞砸了，低估了排在第二十名的运动员，使他落选了，他的位置被排在第二十一名的运动员所代替，你还是组建了一支好的队伍。Translation原文如果运动员之间的能力分配正常，第二十一名运动员只会比第二十名略微逊色，或者他们之间的差距比测量误差还要小。Translation原文那位排在第二十名的运动员可能会觉得自己被错误地判断了。但是在此你的目的不是为人们提供能力评估服务，而是组建一支队伍，如果排名第二十位的与排名第二十一位的运动员之间的差距比测量误差还小，你还是作了最佳选择。Translation原文用“不公平”来形容这种“不正确的判断”是一种错误的类比。因为在此目的不是为了对某个特定的个体作出正确的评估，而是选择合理的最佳组合。Translation原文在此，会误导我们的一点是选择者看起来有点权力。这点权力会让人们认为他像个法官。如果你把对你作出判断的人看成是一个顾客而不是一个法官，那么你就没有了对公平性的期望。一部好小说的作者不会抱怨读者更喜欢金玉其外败絮其中的作品，说他们这样做不公平。也许会觉得他们愚蠢，但并没有不公平。Translation原文我们早年所受的训练，加上我们总是以自我为中心，使我们认为对我们所作的每个判断都是关于我们本身的判断。但事实上大部分并非如此。这是一个少见的例子，说明不那么以自我为中心会使人更自信。一旦你意识到人们在判断你的时候多么不在意对你的判断是否精确——由于大部分申请人的正态分布，在判断会产生最主要的影响的情况下，最无关紧要的往往是判断是否精确，一旦你意识到这一点你就不会把拒绝看成是针对你个人了。Translation原文

令人惊奇的是，把被拒绝看得不那么针对个人，能帮助你更少地遭到拒绝。如果你认为别人在对你作出判断时会努力做到判断正确，你能做的就是被动地接受。你越了解大部分的判断受随意性及不相关的因素影响很大，大部分人在对你作出判断时更像一个善变的小说购买者而不是一个理智而洞察一切的法官，你就越能认识到你能做一些事去影响最终结果。Translation原文这个理论最适用于大学申请。大部分高中生申请大学时带着不成熟的自卑和以自我为中心：自卑体现在他们认为招生委员会肯定是明察秋毫的；以自我为中心是他们认为招生委员会对他们非常重视，所以会认真研究他们的申请并权衡他们是否优秀。Translation原文这些因素相结合就导致申请人在申请时很被动，并且在被拒绝时感到受伤。如果大学申请人意识到大部分选择过程是多么迅速、多么不考虑个体需求，他们就会更努力地推销自己，并能更加坦然地对待录取结果。Translation原文1.Thefirsttypeofjudgment,thetypewherejudgingyouistheendgoal,includescourtcases,gradesinclasses,andmostcompetitions.第一种判断，即把正确地判断一个人作为最终目的的判断，包括法院判决?、考试成绩及大部分比赛。LanguageinUse2.It’snotaimedatproducingacorrectestimateofanygivenindividual,butatselectingareasonablyoptimalset.在此目的不是为了对某个特定的个体作出正确的评