第三章 定语从句

第八章定语从句作者：徐英（广东外语外贸大学继续教育学院培训部）1.关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词that,who,whom,whose,which,as,than,but等引导定语从句时，关系代词除了在被修饰词和从句之间起连接作用，还代替现行词在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。

1.先行词在从句中充当主语 当先行词在从句中充当主语时，我们通常用关系代词that,who,which等引导定语从句。先行词是人的时候，用that,who引导，现行词是物的时候，用that,which引导。关系代词不能省略。如：

Theletterthat/whicharrivedjustnowisforMrSmith. Doyouknowthescientistwho/thatgaveusthetalkthisafternoon? Laughteristhesunthatdriveswinterfromthehumanface. Thoughtisthekeywhichunlocksthedoorsoftheworld. Hethatwalkswithwisemenshouldbewise.

2.先行词在从句中充当宾语

当先行词在从句中充当动词宾语时，通常用关系代词that,who,whom,which等引导。先行词是人的时候，用that,who,whom引导，现行词是物的时候，用that,which引导。充当动词宾语的关系代词可以省略。 Peopledon’tappreciatethings(that)theydonotunderstand. Don’texpectpeopletodothings(which)youwouldnotdoyourself.Heistheprofessor(that/who/whom)wehavebeenexpecting.Thepeople(that/whom/who)

wevisitedyesterdaywereverynice.

当先行词在从句中充当介词宾语时，介词可以放到从句里面。这时，关系代词的选择与动词宾语一样，关系代词也可以省略。但有时候介词可以提到关系代词前面，尤其介词与关系代词关系紧密的时候，常常提前。这时，关系代词只能用which,whom。而且关系代词不能省略。如：Heshouldthankthepeople(that/who/whom)hegotmoneyfrom.Heshouldthankthepeoplefromwhomhegotmoney.Moneyisabottomlessseainwhichhonor,conscienceandtruthmaybedrowned.Defeatisaschoolinwhichtruthalwaysgrowsstrong.3.先行词在从句中充当名词的定语

当先行词在从句中充当名词的定语时，我们通常用关系代词whose引导。whose既可指人，又可指物。如：ThegirlwhosehairisgoldenisfromEngland.IcomefromacountrywhosehistorygoesbackthousandsofyearsThehousewhosedoorsaregreenisanofficebuilding. 有时whose可以与ofwhom和ofwhich互换使用。尤其是在非限制性定语从句中，表示“部分与整体”的关系时，指人用…ofwhom，指物用…ofwhich。表示部分的可以是具体数目或百分数，也可以是few,several,some,half,many,much,most,all,none,either,neither,aquarter,anumber,thelarger,thesmallest,themajority等。如：

Thereisabookshelfinthestudywhosedoorismadeofglass.Thereisabookshelfinthestudythedoorofwhichismadeofglass.Intheroomarelotsofpeople,manyofwhomIdon’tknow.Hehasalotofstory-books,afewofwhichIhaveneverread.Therearefiftystudentsinourclass,allofwhomareworkinghardTheoldmanhasthreechildren,twoofwhomarecollegestudentsandoneofwhomisamanager.4.关系代词as,than,but引导的定语从句

由关系代词as引导的定语从句，as在从句中充当主语或宾语，但as代替的不是先行词所指的那个人或物，而是指这一类的人或物。常与thesame……as,such……as,as……as,so……as等搭配。如： Ireadthebooksasarerecommended. HehasthesamecomputerasIboughtyesterday. Hisparentsdon’tlikesuchpeopleashemakesfriendswith. Hisparentsgivehimasmuchmoneyasheasksfor. Don’tgivethepetsomuchfoodasitwantstoeat.试比较下列句子，感受as与that(which,who)的用法。I’dliketoreadthebooksasyou’verecommended.I’dliketoreadthebooksthatyou’verecommendedHeisridingthesamebikeasIlostyesterday.HeisridingthesamebikethatIlostyesterday.先行词前面是比较级修饰的时候，我们通常用than代替先行词在从句中充当主语或宾语。如：Tosavemoneyformyeducation,Motheroftentakesonmoreworkthanisgoodforher.Thestudentsareoftengivenmorehomeworkthantheycanfinish.MedicalcareintheUnitedStatesisexpensiveandnowlivingwellafteraworkerretiresrequiresmoremoneythanwillbepaidthroughtheSocialSecuritysystem.but引导定语从句，往往和具有否定意义的主句连用，but本身也具有否定含义，相对于that(who,which)……not……。如：Thereisnomotherbutlovesherownchildren.没有不爱自己孩子的母亲。Therearefewofusbutadmireyourdetermination.我们当中有很少人不钦佩你的决心。Thewoman_____talkedtomejustnowismyteacher.Thepoints______theprofessorstressedinclassareveryimportant.Achild______parentsdiediscalledanorphan.Idecidedtobuythebook_____theteacherrecommendedtous.Heisn’tsuchaman_____heusedtobe.Canyoulendmethebookabout______wetalkedtheotherday?Iwanttobuythesamedictionary_____youboughtlastSunday.Idon’tlikesuchnovels_______youread.whowhichwhosewhichaswhichasasIneverforgetthedays_______wespenttogether.Thenumberofthepeople______owncarsisincreasing.Thepen__________writeswellismine.Thefood________canbeeatenhasbeeneatenup.Hisparentswouldn’tlethermarryanyone_____familywaspoor.Hecan’thavesomuchmoney______hewantstohave.Ihavereadmorebooks________myfatherhasread.Heisagoodteacher.Therearenostudents_______admirehim.Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’taperson_______shecouldturntoforhelp.whichwhowithwhichwhichwhoseasthanbutwhomHeisthedangerousmanfor_____thepolicearelooking.Theplace______intereststhechildrenmostistheChildren’sPalace.Thebook_______coverisblueismybirthdaypresentfrommysister.Theyraisedeer______hornsprovidevaluablemedicine.Those______behaveandworkwellreceivebonusesandhonors.Awidowisawoman______husbandisdead.Abookwormisaperson_______isunusuallydevotedtoreadingorstudyingbooks.Therearefewtrafficaccidents______injurepeople.whomwhichwhosewhosewhowhosewhobut2.关系副词引导的定语从句定语从句可以由关系副词when,where,why引导，关系副词代替先行词在定语从句中充当状语。

1.when引导的定语从句

当先行词是表时间的词，在定语从句中充当时间状语时，我们用关系副词when引导。如： Springisatimewhenyouthdreamsandoldageremembers. Istillrememberthedaywhenshecametomyhouseandborrowedanecklace.When引导的定语从句如果先行词是明显表时间的词，可以省略when,特别在某些句型中，间或还可以用that。如： Hegetsnervouseverytime(that)thedoorbellrings. Thisisthefirsttime(that)Ihavedrivenalone. IgainedfivekilosinweightinthetwomonthsIwasinEurope. ItrainedheavilythroughouttheweekIwasthere.2.where引导的定语从句 当先行词是表地点的词，在定语从句中充当地点状语时，我们用关系副词where引导。如：Ahomewhereloveisgivenandreceivedbyallmembersofthefamilyisahappyhome.Wehavetoconsiderwhattodoinsituationswheretherearemanypeopleinvolved.如果先行词是theplace等明显表地点的词，where可以省略。如：Futureistheplaceyou’regoingtospendtherestofyourlife.Startinanareayouknowyoucansucceed.3.why引导的定语从句当先行词是thereason，在定语从句中作原因状语时，我们用why引导，why常省略。如：Thereasonwhywethinklifeissouglyisthatweimagineittobetoobeautiful.Thereasonwhythegrassisgreenwasamysterytothelittleboy.ThereasonIwanttotakethatclassisthattheprofessorissupposedtobeveryeloquent.4.先行词为theway当先行词是theway,在定语从句中作方式状语时，我们通常不用关系词引导。如果要用，通常用that,或inwhich引导。如：Brendaisalwaysfindingfaultinherson;sheevencriticizestheway(that)hecleanshiscar.Oneway(inwhich)bothFrankandHannahdidshowtheirlovewasintheirwillingnesstomakesacrificesfortheirchildren.1. Thereareoccasions_______onemustyield. A.which B.why C.when2. Thosearetheoccasions________theylike. A.where B.when C.that3. Itisthesecondtime_______IhavevisitedthePalaceMuseum. A.when B.that C.which4. Thisisthehousefrom_______sheranaway. A.which B.where C.that5. Thatistheway______hetreatspeople. A.how B.that C.whereCCBAB6. Igotalotofhelpfromtheteachersandclassmatesfromtheday______Ienteredtheuniversity. A.which B.inwhich C.X7. Thereason________heobjectedtotheplanwasthattherewasn’tenoughmoneyforit. A.which B.why C.how8. Thehospital______hevisitedlastmonthisthebesthospitalinthearea. A.where B.that C.inwhich9. Thehospital______hestayedforaweekisthebesthospitalinthearea. A.where B.that C.whichCBBA10. Wewillpaymoreattentiontothepoints_______theteacherstressedintheunit. A.that B.onwhich C.where11. Wewillpaymoreattentiontothepoints________theteachergaveussomeadvice. A.that B.which C.where12. It’stheday_____wewillneverforget. A.that B.onwhich C.when13. It’stheday________youforgottoattendthemeeting. A.that B.which C.when14. Hisbirthdayistheday_____wespentinthepark. A.when B.where C.XACACC15. Hisbirthdayistheday_________wespentalotofmoneybuyingfood. A.when B.that C.X16. Thewords_______youunderlinedareimportant. A.which B.where C.atwhich17. Thewords______youmarkedredlinesareimportant. A.where B.which C.that18. Wewillkeepcalminthesituation_______occurrencehappensunexpectedly. A.when B.where C.whichAAAB19.Thatwasthereason_______heexplainedtome. A.why B.which C.forwhich20. Thatwasthereason________hewasabsentfromschool. A.why B.which C.forwhichBA

定语从句的分隔 定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后面，但如果先行词同时有其它的短语修饰限制它，往往把短语放到定语从句前面，从而造成定语从句与先行词分隔开来。如： Imetachildaboutfiveoldyearsinthestreetwhowasbegging. Heisthemanagerinthecompanywhoisinchargeofpersonnel. 有时候，我们为了保持句子平衡，也把定语从句与先行词分隔开，把定语从句放到句末。如： Allisnotgoldthatglitters. Awarbrokeoutwhichlastedeightyears.3.非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句是用来对先行词进行解释说明，而不是修饰限制。先行词与定语从句之间往往用逗号隔开。根据先行词在从句中所充当的成分不同，可选择关系代词who,whom,whose,which,as,或关系副词when,where,why等引导，非限定性定语从句的关系代词或关系副词不能省略，也不能用that引导。翻译时采用分译法。Thatmanoverthere,whosenameIdon’tremember,isanartist.对面那人，他的名字我不记得了，是一个艺术家。Wedecidednottoswiminthelake,whichlookedratherdirty.我决定不在这个湖里游泳，这湖看起来太脏。1.先行词为名词

非限定性定语从句可以是对一个名词进行解释说明。这时先行词是一个名词，我们根据这个名词在从句中的作用，我们可以选择关系代词who,whom,which,whose,或关系副词where,when,why。如：Beidaihe,whereIwentlastsummer,isafamoussummerresort.IliketoreadnovelsbyLuXun,whowasoneofthegreatestChinesewriters.Helivedahardlifein1970s,whenhewasonafarm.2.先行词是一个句子或句子的一部分

非限定性定语从句的先行词除了名词之外，还可以是一个句子或句子中的一部分。这时，关系代词用which引导。如： Hepassedtheentranceexam,whichmadehisparentsexcited. Sheoverindulgesherchild,whichherhusbandisdissatisfiedwith. Womenteachersarepatientwiththechildren,whichmenteachersseldomare.非限定性定语从句如果先行词在从句中作状语，根据情况有时可以用atwhichpoint/time,bywhichpoint/time,duringwhichtime,inwhichcase等引导。如：Imightfailthetest,inwhichcaseI’dprobablyre-sititnextyear.Thesportsmeetlastedthreedays,duringwhichtimeIwenthometoseemymother.Thebandageswillbetakenoffafewdaysaftertheoperation,atwhichtimewewillbeabletojudgehoweffectivethetreatmenthasbeen.3.由as引导的非限定性定语从句

关系代词as引导的非限定性定语从句中，as和which一样，代替现行词在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语。先行词可以是名词、句子或句子的一部分。但as引导的非限定定语从句往往表示这事提早就有预知，译为：“正像……一样”。而which引导的非限定性定语从句是解释这事情引起的结果。如： Theearthisround,asweknow. Hequarreledwithhisbossyesterday,whichallofhiscolleagueshaveknown. Sheleftherkeybehind,asoftenhappens. Shefellbehindherclassmates,whichmadeherdismayed. Shemarriedagain,aswasexpected. Shemarriedagain,whichwasunexpected.关系代词as引导的非限定性定语从句有时还可以放到句子前面或插到句子当中。如： Ashehadexpected,hegotanopportunitytostudyabroad. Asweknow,theearthisround. We,ashasbeenpointedout,shouldpaymoreattentiontoourenvironment.AsIwaswalkingbytheshops,Ihappenedtoseeadisplayofflightbags,_________remindedmeofmybriefcase.It’sthethirdinasequence(系列)ofthreebooks,thefirstof________Ireallyenjoyed.We’vejustinstalledcentralheating,________shouldmakeatremendousdifferencetothehousenextwinter.Veryfewpeopleunderstoodhislecture,thesubjectof_________wasveryobscure.whichwhichwhichwhichTheBritisharenotsofamiliarwithdifferentculturesandotherwayofdoingthings,________isoftenthecaseinothercountries.Asurveywascarriedoutonthedeathrateofnew-bornbabiesintheregion,theresultsof_________weresurprising.Hecamebacklate,by_______timealltheguestshadalreadyleft.Thecompetitionfromexperiencedstaffmembers,someof_________arehigherinrank,workstomydisadvantage.aswhichwhichwhomTheonlyobjectionstotheReformationcamefromthenorth,________someoftheabbeysstilldidgoodworkamongthepoor.Theresidents,allof__________homeshadbeendamagedbytheflood,weregivenhelpbytheRedCross.__________isknowntoeverybody,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceeverymonth.Thefilmbroughtthehoursbacktome__________Iwastakengoodcareofinthatfar-awayvillage.wherewhoseAswhen__________ismentionedabove,thenumberofthestudentsinseniorschoolisincreasing.HewasveryrudetotheCustomsofficer,__________ofcoursemadethingsevenworse.Theresultoftheexperimentwasverygood,__________wehadn’texpected.Aswhichwhich定语从句与同位语从句的区别 定语从句与同位语从句从形式和翻译方法上都很相似，怎么样来区分它是定语从句还是同位语从句呢？如果是定语从句，前面的现行词在从句中要充当成分；而同位语从句前面的先行词在从句中不作任何成分，先行词与从句是等同关系，说的是同一件事。如： Ihadheardthenewsthatyoutoldmejustnow. Ihaveheardthenewsthatourteamwonthegame. Idon’tbelievethereasonthatheexplainedtome. Thisisthereasonwhyheislate. Idon’tbelievethereasonthathedidn’tknowtherewasameeting.Thattheearthandthemoonformedsimultaneouslyisatheory________accountsfortheheatoftheearlyatmospheresurroundingtheear