2023年英美概况题库美国部分

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II.Ｆillｉntheｂlａnks：“Thebackboneofthecｏｎtiｎent”rｅｆerｓｔｏ．(thｅRockｙＭountaiｎｓ)DuｒingＲatificaｔioｎ,thｏsewhoｓｕpportedtｈeConstitutｉｏｎandpreferｒedａsｔrongｎationａlgoverｎmeｎｔｗerecａlled，tｈeiroppｏnentｓweｒecallｅd.(Federalists，Antifederａlisｔs）Tｈewarof1812wａsａlsoknowｎasforAmｅriｃagｏteconｏｍｉcalｌyindepｅnｄｅntａfterit.(SeｃondWarofＩndeｐｅｎｄｅnce)ＷashingtonD.Ｃ．issiｔuａteｄonRｉverwｈiｃｈisｔｈeｔｒadｉtionaldivｉdinｇliｎebｅtweenｔheSoｕthａnｄｔheＮorth．(thePotomaｃ）TheUnｉtedStaｔｅsiｓthemｏsｔpopulouscｏuntｒｙ.（third)InhisAbrａhamLincolnｅxpressｅｄhｉｓideasoｆaｄemocｒaticgoｖernmenｔ“ofｔhepeoplｅ,bｙtheｐｅoplｅandｆｏrｔhｅpｅｏpｌe.”（ＧｅttysburｇAddresｓ)Iｎtｈeｙeａr,PrｅsideｎtNiｘonｖiｓitedChｉｎａ,anｄlａtｅrdurｉng‘spreｓideｎcｙ,fｏｒｍａldiploｍａｔicrelationsbetweenChinaandｔheUniteｄStatｅｓｗeｒeｅｓｔabliｓhｅd.(19７2,JimmyCarｔer）Ｔｈedｉvisionofpｏweｒｓbyacｏnstｉtutｉonbetweｅｎｔｈeｃenｔｒalgovernmentandｓｔategoｖeｒnmenｔiscaｌleｄ.(Federａlism)BｙlawanyAmerｉcａnciｔiｚeｎofａndovｅryeａrｓｏfageaｎdofｂeingarｅsidｅｎtwithintheUnitedStatesfoｒyearｓcａnrｕnfoｒtｈePresｉdent.Ｔhedulyelecteｄanｄdｕｌyquａlｉfiedｐrｅｓｉdeｎｔ-electtakesoffiｃeontheoｆJanｕaｒｙfolloｗiｎghiｓelｅctiｏｎ.(ｎaｔural-ｂoｒn,3５，14,２0th)WｈenaBiｌlisvetoedbｙthｅPrｅsident,ｉtcanｓtiｌｌbecomealawifthｅConｇｒess．thevetｏbyavoteofbothhouses.（ｏverrｉde，tｗo-thirｄｓ)TｈeUniｔｅｄＳtａtｅsｉsboｒｄeｒeｄｏntheｎoｒthby,ｏnｔhesouthbyaｎｄ,ontｈeeａstby,ａnｄonthｅｗｅstbｙ.(Caｎadａ，Mｅｘico,ＴｈeＧuｌfｏｆMexico，ＴheAtlａntic,theＰaciｆic)BecauseｔｈｅNｅｗEnｇlandcoloｎieswerediｆficｕltoffａrmｉng,tｈeｙbｅcamｅacenterfｏｒ.ａｎd.Tｈｅmｉddlecoloniesｗeｒeｋｎowｎasthe，ｗhicｈprｏducedwheaｔaｎdpotatoｅsaｓthemajoｒｓｔaple.Thesouｔheｒncolｏnieｓｄeｖeｌoｐeda．system.TheｍａincｒopｉｎtｈeＳouthｗas,muchlａter,.（fisｈinｇ,sｈiｐbuｉldinｇ,bｒｅａdbasket,plaｎtａｔion，toｂａcｃo,ｃoｔton）TｈeFirstＷoｒldWａｒwａswagedｂｅtweentowgrｏupsoｆimｐerialisｔpoweｒｓ:．and.(thｅAllies/thｅEnteｎtｅ,tｈeCｅntraｌEｕropeａnPoweｒs)ThｅmａｊortｒiumphforＷilｓonattheParisPeaｃｅConｆeｒenｃｅwaｓtｈeformａtｉｏnofｔhｅ.(ＬeagueofNatｉoｎs)ＴｈeＮｉneｔeｅnthAmendmenttothｅUSCｏnstitutｉonwａsａdopｔeｄin,whichgrａntedwomｅnｔheriｇhtto.(1920，vote）TheGreａtDeprｅssｉonstａrtｅdwｉthtｈesｕddencollapseｏｆtheinＮeｗYorkinOctober，.ＴhiｓeｃｏnomicｄiｓtresseｘtendedtｏEuｒｏpe，Asia，ＡustralｉａanｄSｏutｈAmｅricａ.(ｓｔｏckmａｒkeｔ，1929）Theｃanｄiｄatewithtｈemｏstvotersｉnastatｅwｉｎｓａlloftｈatstatｅ’ｓvotes.Ｔｈｉｓiｓknｏｗnasthe“”ｐrｉnciple．Ｔhecaｎdiｄａtesｗhowinsｔhｅofthe5３8ElectoｒalCollegevoｔeswillｂeＵSPreｓidｅnｔinｔhｅneｘtfoｕryeａrs.(electoｒａl,ｗiｎneｒ-take-all,２70)Aｍｅricａnｕnｉvｅrsitｉesｏｆferｔhｒeeｍaiｎcaｔegorｉｅsoｆgraduａtedeｇｒees:1）,2),3）．（bachｅｌor’s,ｍasｔer’s,Pｈ.D)EａcｈofthefiftｙstatesｉｎtheUSｐroｖidesａfreｅsｃｈoolinｇofyeａｒsｔoitｓresｉdentｓ.(12)AmongtｈeｆiｖｅＧreatＬakeｓ,oｎlyLａkebelongsｅntirelytｏtheUS．(Michiｇａn)ThｅeｍblemoftｈeDｅｍoｃｒａｔｉcＰarｔyｉs，anｄthatｏftheReｐuｂｌｉcanＰaｒｔyiｓ.isｃoｎｓideredthefｉrｓtDｅmocratｉｃPresiｄｅnｔ,andｆirstReｐｕblicanPresiｄentis．(ｄoｎkey,ｅlephaｎt,ＴhｏｍasJｅffeｒｓｏn，AbｒahamＬiｎcｏln)III.TruｅoｒFalseStateｍents：ＰｅoｐｌｅuｓuallyreｇａrdChristoｐｈｅrＣolumbusasｔhｅdｉscovererｏftheＮｅｗWorld,thouｇhbeforｅhim,NorｓemenｆromSｃandinavｉaｈadalreａdyfｏundthiscontinent.ＤurｉｎgtheRａｔifｉcatioｎｏfthｅCoｎｓｔｉtｕｔioｎ,ＴhoｍasJefｆersonanｄｏｔherfederalistsworｋｅdharｄｔosｕppｏrtastrｏngcenｔraｌgovｅrnｍｅnt.TheMisｓoｕriCompromisｅｂroughｔasolutioｎtotheｉmｍeｄblemofthｅｅｘtｅｎｓiｏnofsｌaｖｅrｙ.Germany’suｎrestrｉｃteｄsubmａrinecaｍpaignaｇａinstmerｃhantｓhipｓwasｏnｅoｆtｈｅreａｓoｎｓｔhaｔpｕｓｈｅdAmericａintｏWｏrldＷarI.ＳtaｎdingcoｍｍitteesarepｅrｍａnentｏnestodetｅrminewhethｅrｐropｏsedlegiｓlaｔｉｏnsｈｏｕldbepｒesenｔedtｏｔheｅntirｅHｏuｓｅorＳenaｔeforｃｏnsiｄｅｒａtion.LouｉsiaｎａPurcｈａsewaｓthｅｌargｅｓｔreａlestatｅdeａｌinUShistoｒｙ,ｗhicｈgｏtforAｍericatheｐresentLouｉｓｉanaFranklｉｎRoｏseveltwａsoｎeofthegrｅateｓtAｍｅｒicanPresidentswhoseNewＤeａleffecｔiveｌyputanenｄｔothｅGreatＤepressiｏn.ThｅVｉcｅPrｅsiｄentisoffiｃialｌｙthepreｓiｄingoffiｃeｒoftｈeＨｏuseofRepresｅnｔatｉvｅs,ａndiｎｈisabsence,ｔheprｅsidenｔprｏtemporetaｋｅshisplacetodeaｌwiｔhday-ｔｏ－dayｂusｉnｅsｓ.ＩmｍｅdiatelyafterＡｂrａｈamＬiｎcolntooｋoffｉce,theｓouthernｓtatesｂeｇａｎtｏsｅcｅdｅfｒoｍtheFｅｄｅｒaｌUnionandｏrgaｎｉｚedtheCｏnfedeｒateStatesｏｆAmeriｃa.TheｐeｏpleoｆtｈeUSarepredomｉｎantｌywｈｉｔe，ａｍｏｎgwｈomｔhemosｔpｏweｒfuｌandｉnｆluentｉalgroupiｓｔheWｈiｔｅAnglo－SaxoｎPｒｏｔestantｓｗhoaｒｅtheｄeｓcｅndeｎtsoftｈeｅarlyEnglishsｅttlers．Votingrｅｑuｉｒeｍenｔsarｅdｉｆferｅｎtｉｎonestateｆｒｏmanoｔｈｅr,andｖｏｔingqualiｆiｃａｔionsａrenotdｅterｍinedbyfederａlgoverｎmｅnt．Wheｎtｈeerｎmｅｎtsacｔｏuttheｐowersgiventｏitintheconstiｔｕｔｉon，thｅFederaｌGｏvernmentｈasnorigｈttointerfｅre.ＩntｈeU．S.A.,eｖeryｓｔａｔｅconsｔitutiondivideｄｐoｌiticalpoｗerａmｏngｔhreeｅleｍents.ThepoｗerｏftｈesｔａteintheUSiｓａctｕaｌｌyfｒｏmthestaｔecoｎｓtiｔutionandｔheUＳCoｎｓtｉtｕtioｎ.TｈｅsｕpreｍelａｗｏftheUniteｄStａteｓinclｕｄesｔｈeUＳCｏnｓtｉｔutｉon,ｔｒeatiesｕndeｒｔheauｔhｏrityｏftheＵnitedStatｅsandlａwstoensureｔheconsｔitutiｏnalｐoweｒｂeinｇpracticeｄ.ItｗastheNｅwYorkTimesｔhatfｉrｓｔuｎcoｖｅredtｈeWaｔｅrｇatescanｄａlin1972.Genｅrａllyｓｐeaｋing，olｄｅrpeoｐlewitｈmｏreedｕcationanｄhighincｏmetenｄtｏvotewhｉｌｅthｅyｏuth，eｓpeciaｌｌyaged1８ｔo２1,hastheloｗeｓｔvotingperceｎtageinｔｈeＵｎｉteｄSｔateｓ.AsｔｈeopｐosｉteoｆFedｅralists,ｔheAｎｔi-Feｄeｒａlistｓinsistedonthｅexpansionｏｆsｌａveryｉｎthecoｕntry.IＶ.Ｅxpｌaｉntｈｅfollowingterｍs:FedeｒalismMｅlｔinｇpotＭｏsaicSeparａtionofpowersJudｉｃiaｌrｅviｅwWｉnner-take-aｌlFilibｕsteｒPｏｃkｅｔ