CANADA历史文化,经济介绍

WelcometoCanadaDiscoveryandExploration

BeforetheEuropeandiscovery,CanadawaspopulatedbyIndianandInuittribesThroughouttherestofthe16thcentury,theCanadiandidfurtradewithEuropeanEuropeanSettlement

Intheearly1600s,bothBritainandFrancefoundedsettlementsinCanadaThedecisivestruggletookplaceduringthe1750swhenthefamoussevenyears’warstartedandthentheBritishwon

TheCanadaAct《加拿大法案》of1982madeCanadaafullysovereignstate.GovernmentandpoliticalsysteminCanadaDemocratic

民主Peoplehavethepower!FederalGovernment（联邦政府）

——AdministrativepowersStephenHarpertheheadofgovernmentQueenElizabeththesecondthesymbolofCanadapowerQueenVS.PrimeMinisterFederalGovernment

——legislativepowers（立法权）TheHouseofCommons（Parliament国会)MakesandchangeslawsThreeparts-Queen-UpperHouse-LowerHouseThesenate参议院ReviewinglawswhichareproposedbytheHouseofCommons.SenatorscomefromacrossCanada.FederalGovernment

——jurisdictionSupremecourtofCanadaJudicialreviewControleveryprovincialgovernmentsResponsibilitiesInsurancedefensepostalservice

保险

防卫

邮电业

ProvincialGovernmentFoundation(tenprovincesandthreeSAR**(SpecialAdministrativeRegion)Responsibilities-Vehiclelicenses-HealthProvincialGovernmentThepremiersoftheBritishColumbiaProvinceThepremiersaresimilartothePrimeMinsterQuebec’s（魁北克）politicalsystemissimilartotheFrenchsystemTheprovincialgovernmentisveryessentialineachprovince!加拿大——————人文习俗

Aboriginal（土著居民）peoplesinCanadaincludetheFirstNations,Inuit,andMétis（法裔梅提斯）.TheMétisacultureofmixedbloodoriginatedinthemid-17thcenturywhenFirstNationandInuitmarriedEuropeansettlers.TheInuithadmorelimitedinteractionwithEuropeansettlersduringtheearlyperiods.PeopleCanadians,Canada'sbasicpopulationinNorthAmerica.Includingmorethan100ethnicgroups.IncludingBritishCanadians,FrenchCanadians,otherEuropeanandAsianimmigrantandindigenouspeoples.PopulationPopulationIthasthepopulationof35million,thoseofBritishandFrenchorigin,comprisedrespectivelyabout42and26.7percentofthepopulation.13%ofotherEuropeandescent,indigenouspeopleabout3%,therestofAsia,LatinAmerica,Africaoriginandsoon.NationofImmigrantsWearefromCanada

Chinesepopulation,whichaccountedfor3.5%ofthetotalpopulationofCanada,Canada'slargestethnicminority,thelargestoutsidetheCaucasianandAboriginalcommunities.25%ofChinesepopulationwerebornin

Canada,andtherestmostlyfromChina,HongKongandTaiwan.FoundinCanadainrecentyearssuspectedremainsoftheancientChinese.residentsaccountedfor47.3%Catholic,ProtestantChristiansaccountedfor41.2%.

SocialWelfare1、就业保险Employment

Insurance2、医疗保险

Medical

Service

Plan3、加拿大退休计划

Canada

Pension

Plan4、社会福利金

Social

Welfare5、假期Vocation

Opportunity6、养老金

Old

Age

Security（OAS）7、牛奶金Child

Tax

Benefit

8、托儿补助金

Child

Care

Subsidy9、政府房

Government

Housing

10、收入保障津贴Guaranteed

Income

Supplement11、配偶津贴Spouse’s

Allowance12、怀孕津贴

节假日

1）法定节日

元旦：1月1日。基督受难日：复活节前的那个星期五，纪念耶稣基督在十字架上遇难。复活节日：由于复活节总是在春分满月后的第一个星期天，纪念活动事实上是在复活节后的第一个星期一。维多利亚日：5月24日，维多利亚女王诞辰纪念日，一般在5月25日之前的第一个星期日举行庆祝活动。魁北克日：6月24日加拿大日：7月1日，国庆节，纪念1867年加拿大成为联邦的节日。安大略公民日：8月1日劳动节：9月1日，在9月份的第一个星期一举行庆祝。感恩节：10月份的第二个星期一，是对丰收表示感谢的节日，家家户户吃火鸡餐。阵亡将士纪念日：11月11日，为纪念二次世界大战中的死难者而规定的节日。圣诞节：12月5日，传统上的耶稣诞辰纪念日，一年中最大的节日。2）民间节庆与文体活动渥太华冰上狂欢节：2月初，为期10天魁北克冬季狂欢节：2月的第一个周末，为期10天。枫糖节：3月至4月初，加拿大采集枫叶、熬制枫糖浆时节，人民参观枫林、欣赏枫叶，品尝枫糖糕、太妃糖、枫糖薄饼等枫糖食品。白球恩生萃纪念日；1890.3.3～1939.11.12

加勒比日；4月在多伦多空军节：6月11日多伦多旅队节：6月19日～27日卡尔加里牛仔节：7月，艾伯塔省的重要城市卡尔加里举办的“牛仔节”为世界上规模最大的牛仔竟争活动。艺术祭雪节：冬季渥太华。郁金香节：“春天的节日”5月最后两周，在渥太华举行，推选”郁金香皇后”,花车游行，夜晚施放烟火，跳狂欢舞。玛里普莎民间艺术节：夏季，为期三天，在多伦多举行。3）带薪假期

加拿大联邦法规定，就业1年后有两周带薪休假，6年后有三周带薪休假。绝大多数企业有10至30天的带薪休假。爱尔兰节OnMarch17.TheNationalDayofthefestivaloriginatedinIreland.SaintPatrickwascatnipisIrishpeoplereveredtheSaint.HehelpedtheIrishwillharmthesnakedrivenintothesea.Greenisthesymboloftheholiday.Peopleasmuchaspossibletoweargreenclothes,drinkgreenbeer.Usuallyhaveabigparade.SaintPatrick’sDayCalgary

Exhibitionand

Stampe

(卡加立牛仔竞技大赛)

Adeeplyimpressedbythe10competitionsheldinJuly,istheworld'sbiggest,oneofthemostviolentevent.Thecityfilledwithpeople,acowboycostumecryofnoisyparty,noise,andexcellentperformancesoon.

渥太华雪祭EveryyearinFebruary,afterathree-daycelebrationinfrozeninthecanal(RideauCanal)more.Itscharacteristicshaveicesculptureexhibition,sled,icebreakertrip,icehockeygame,snowshoeswonderfulactivitiessuchaswalkingandridingahorseontheicegame.Youcanbeinabout9kmlongiceworldcanal.WinterludeMapleSyrupFestivalAnnuallybytheendofMarchtoearlyAprilisCanada'smaplesyrupfestivaloftraditionalfolkfestivals.EveryMarch,maplesugarfarmswereputonthefestivecostumes,withallthetasteofnaturegivingthemsweetgift.Thetraditionalmaplesyrupfestivalistoopenforvisitorsfromhomeandabroad,particularlywelcomethechildren.SomefarmsalsoreservedtheoldmapleontheIndianacquisitionofequipmentandtheproductionofmaplesyrup,usedinthefestivalintheancientproductionmethods,toshowvisitorstheprocessofmaplesyrup,andsometouristsarestillprovidedfreeofchargetotheweekendTangGaoFengand"toffee".Localresidentsalsohaveenthusiasmforperformingvariousdancesandsongsforthevisitorsandleadthetouriststoenjoythebeautifullushmapletreesandleaves.

Canadianslovetoeatbakedfood,especiallyliketheroastbeef,especiallytheeightmaturesteak.TheyusedtodrinkCoffeeandeatfruitafterameal.Preferenceforsweets,likebrandy,champagne,Buttheydonoteatshrimppaste,fishsauce,fermentedbeancurdandsmell,thesmelloffoodandanimalinnards.FoodFood加拿大饮食*三不*不设烟酒

不吃热食

不排桌席

禁忌

加拿大人忌讳“13”、“星期五”，认为“13”是厄运的数字，“星期五”是灾难的象征。他们忌讳白色的百合花。因为它会给人带来死亡的气氛，人们习惯用它来掉念死人。他们不喜欢外来人把他们的国家和美国进行比较，尤其是拿美国的优越方面与他们相比，更是令人不能接受。加拿大妇女有美容化妆的习惯，因此他们不欢迎服务员送擦脸香巾。不要冒然造访加拿大人的家或办公室(office)，即使你是他的好友，也应打电话预约或通过其他方式提前约定。TheEconomyofCanadian

Contents

1Basicinformation2MeasuringProductivity3GrossDomesticProduct(GDP)3.1Multifactorproductivity(MFP)4CentralGovernmentDebt5HouseholdDebt6Keyindustries6.1Servicesector6.2Manufacturing6.3Energy6.4Agriculture7RelationswiththeU.S.8FreeTradeAgreements

Canadaisoneoftheworld’swealthiestnationsandthemajorityofitscitizensenjoyahighqualityoflifebyworldstandards.CanadaisoneofthesevenWesternindustrializedcountries.Ithasadvancedmanufacturingindustry,high-techindustryandserviceindustry.Resourcesindustry,theprimarymanufacturingandagriculturearethemainstayofthenationaleconomy.Totradenations,greatdependenceonforeigntrade,economicisdeeplyeffectedbytheUnitedstates.Canadastimulateseconomicgrowthtimelywiththeintroductionof“EconomicActionPlan“,aftertheglobalfinancialcrisis.Thecountry'seconomyoutofrecessioninthesecondhalfof2009.TheCanadianRealGDP(GrossDomesticProduct)increased3.3%in2010,2.6%droppedin2009.Inmostareas,construction,mining,petroleumandnaturalgasexploitationandmanufacturinggrowthbeyondservices.

BasicinformationGDP

$1.825trillion(2013est.)GDPrank: 11th(nominal)/14th(PPP)GDPgrowth:Increase3.6%(Q22014est.)GDPpercapita:$51,989(2013)(10th,nominal;9th,PPP)GDPbysector:agriculture:1.7%,

industry:28.5%,

services:69.8%(2012est.)Inflation(CPI):2.36%(June2014)Labourforce:18.89million(2012est.)Labourforcebyoccupation:agriculture:2%,manufacturing:13%,construction:6%,services:76%,other:3%(2006est.)Unemployment: 6.5%(November2014)Mainindustries:transportationequipment,chemicals,processedandunprocessedminerals,foodproducts,woodandpaperproducts,fishproducts,petroleumandnaturalgasMeasuringProductivity

Productivitymeasuresarekeyindicatorsofeconomicperformanceandakeysourceofeconomicgrowthandcompetitiveness.TheOrganisationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)TheOECDCompendiumofProductivityIndicators,publishedannually,presentsabroadoverviewofproductivitylevelsandgrowthinmembernations,highlightingkeymeasurementissues.Itanalysestheroleof"productivityasthemaindriverofeconomicgrowthandconvergence"andthe"contributionsoflabour,capitalandMFPindrivingeconomicgrowth.“

Accordingtothedefinitionabove“MFPisofteninterpretedasthecontributiontoeconomicgrowthmadebyfactorssuchastechnicalandorganisationalinnovation”(OECD2008,11).MeasuresofproductivityincludeGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)(OECD2008,11)andMultifactorProductivityGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)

TheOECDprovidesdataforexamplecomparinglabourproductivitylevelsinthetotaleconomyofeachmembernation.Intheir2011reportCanada'sGrossDomesticProduct(GDP)was$CDN1,720,748million.Multifactorproductivity(MFP)

Anotherproductivitymeasure,usedbytheOECD,isthelong-termtrendinmultifactorproductivity(MFP)alsoknownastotalfactorproductivity(TFP).Thisindicatorassessesaneconomy’s"underlyingproductivecapacity(“potentialoutput”),itselfanimportantmeasureofthegrowthpossibilitiesofeconomiesandofinflationarypressures."MFPmeasurestheresidualgrowththatcannotbeexplainedbytherateofchangeintheservicesoflabour,capitalandintermediateoutputs,andisofteninterpretedasthecontributiontoeconomicgrowthmadebyfactorssuchastechnicalandorganizationalinnovation.(OECD2008,11)CentralGovernmentDebt

TheOECDreportstheCentralGovernmentDebtaspercentageoftheGDP.In2000Canada'swas40.9percent,in2007itwas25.2percent,in2008itwas28.6percentandby2010itwas36.1percent.TheOECDreportsnetfinancialliabilitiesmeasureusedbytheOECD,reportsthenetnumberat25.2%,asof2008,makingCanada’stotalgovernmentdebtburdenasthelowestintheG8.Thegrossnumberwas68%.TheCIAWorldFactbook,updatedweekly,measuresfinancialliabilitiesbyusinggrossgeneralgovernmentdebt,asopposedtonetfederaldebtusedbytheOECDandtheCanadianfederalgovernment.Grossgeneralgovernmentdebtincludesboth"intragovernmentaldebtandthedebtofpublicentitiesatthesub-nationallevel."Forexample,theCIAmeasuredCanada'spublicdebtas84.1%ofGDPin2012and87.4%ofGDPin2011makingit22ndintheworld.HouseholdDebtHouseholddebt,theamountofmoneythatalladultsinthehouseholdowefinancialinstitutions,includesconsumerdebtandmortgageloans.

PaulKrugmanarguedthatby2007householddebtintheUnitedStates,priortothefinancialcrisis,hadreached130percentofhouseholdincome.Krugmandistinguishedbetweenthetotaldomesticnon-financialdebt(publicplusprivate)relativetoGDPwhichis"moneyweowetoourselves"andnetforeigndebt.StatisticsCanadareportedinMarch2013that"credit-marketdebtsuchasmortgagesroseto165%ofdisposableincome,comparedwith164.7%inthepriorthree-monthperiod."AccordingtotheIMF,"Housing-relateddebt(mortgages)comprisesabout70percentofgrosshouseholddebtinadvancedeconomies.Theremainderconsistsmainlyofcreditcarddebtandautoloans."ManufacturingThegeneralpatternofdevelopmentforwealthynationswasatransitionfromaprimaryindustrybasedeconomytoamanufacturingbasedone,andthentoaservicebasedeconomy.Canadadidnotescapethispattern-atits(abnormallyhighWorldWarII)peakin1944,manufacturingaccountedfor29%ofGDP,decliningto15.6%in2005.Canadahasnotsufferedasgreatlyasmostotherrich,industrializednationsfromthepainsoftherelativedeclineintheimportanceofmanufacturingsincethe1960s.MuchoftheCanadianmanufacturingindustryconsistsofbranchplantsofUnitedStatesfirms,thoughtherearesomeimportantdomesticmanufacturers,suchasBombardierInc..ThishasraisedseveralconcernsforCanadians.Branchplantsprovidemainlybluecollarjobs,withresearchandexecutivepositionsconfinedtotheUnitedStates.EnergyCanadaisoneofthefewdevelopednationsthatisanetexporterofenergy-in2009netexportsofenergyproductsamountedto2.9%ofGDP.MostimportantarethelargeoilandgasresourcescentredinAlbertaandtheNorthernTerritories,butalsopresentinneighboringBritishColumbiaandSaskatchewan.ThevastAthabascaOilSandsgiveCanadatheworld'sthirdlargestreservesofoilafterSaudiArabiaandVenezuelaaccordingtoUSGS.TheNationalEnergyPolicyoftheearly1980sattemptedtoforceAlbertatoselllowpricedoiltoeasternCanada.Thispolicyproveddeeplydivisive,andquicklylostitsimportanceasoilpricescollapsedinthemid-1980s.OneofthemostcontroversialsectionsoftheCanada-UnitedStatesFreeTradeAgreementof1988wasapromisethatCanadawouldneverchargetheUnitedStatesmoreforenergythanfellowCanadians.AgricultureCanadaisalsooneoftheworld'slargestsuppliersofagriculturalproducts,particularlyofwheatandothergrains.Canadaisamajorexporterofagriculturalproducts,totheUnitedStatesandAsia.AswithallotherdevelopednationstheproportionofthepopulationandGDPdevotedtoagriculturefelldramaticallyoverthe20thcentury.Aswithotherdevelopednations,theCanadianagricultureindustryreceivessignificantgovernmentsubsidiesandsupports.However,CanadahasbeenastrongsupporterofreducingmarketinfluencingsubsidiesthroughtheWorldTradeOrganization.In2000,CanadaspentapproximatelyCDN$4.6billiononsupportsfortheindustry.Ofthis,$2.32billionwasclassifiedundertheWTOdesignationof"greenbox"support,meaningitdidnotdirectlyinfluencethemarket,suchasmoneyforresearchordisasterrelief.Allbut$848.2millionweresubsidiesworthlessthan5%ofthevalueofthecropstheywereprovidedfor.MajoragriculturalproductsAgricultureinCanadacomprisesfivemainagriculturalproductionsectorsofcommodityproductionresultinginfarmcashreceiptsfrombothdomesticandforeignmarkets.FiveLargestAgriculturalProductionSectors.SectorpercentcashreceiptPrimarymarketgrainsandoilseeds

(wheat,durum,oats,barley,rye,flaxseed,canola,soybeans,rice,andcorn)34%domesticandexportredmeats–livestock

(beefcattle,hogs,veal,andlamb)24%domesticandexportdairy12%domestichorticulture9%domesticpoultryandeggs8%domesticRelationswiththeU.SCanadaandtheUnitedStatesshareacommontradingrelationship.Canada‘sjobmarketcontinuestoperformwellalongwiththeUS,reachinga30yearlowintheunemploymentrateinDecember2006,following14consecutiveyearsofemploymentgrowth.TheUnitedStatesandCanadahavethelargesttraderelationshipintheworld.In2012,U.S.merchandisetradewithCanadaconsistedofUS$324.2billioninimportsandUS$292.4billioninexports.Thetraderelationshipbetweenthetwocountriescrossesallindustriesandisvitaltobothnations’successaseachcountryisthelargesttradepartneroftheother.ThetradeacrossAmbassadorBridge,betweenWindsor,Ontario,andDetroit,Michigan,aloneisequaltoalltradebetweentheUnitedStatesandJapan.FreeTradeAgreementsCanada-U.S.FreeTradeAgreement（(Signed12-Oct-1987,enteredintoforce01-Jan-1989,latersupersededbyNAFTA)）：Asstatedintheagreement,themainpurposesoftheCanadian-UnitedStatesFreeTradeAgreementwere:eliminatebarrierstotradeingoodsandservicesbetweenCanadaandtheUnitedStates;facilitateconditionsoffaircompetitionwithinthefree-tradeareaestablishedbytheAgreement;significantlyliberalizeconditionsforinvestmentwithinthatfree-tradearea;establisheffectiveproceduresforthejointadministrationoftheAgreementandtheresolutionofdisputes;laythefoundationforfurtherbilateralandmultilateralcooperationtoexpandandenhancethebenefitsoftheAgreement.TourismThemaintouristcity：

Vancouver,Ottawa,Toronto,Montreal,Quebecetc..VancouverOttawaTorontoCurrency

20012011CurrencyTheCanadiandollar(symbol:$;code:CAD)isthecurrencyofCanada.Itisabbreviatedwiththedollarsign$,orsometimesC$todistinguishitfromotherdollar-denominatedcurrencies.Itisdividedinto100cents.Owingtotheimageofaloonontheone-dollarcoin,thecurrencyissometimesreferredtoasthelooniebyforeignexchangetradersandanalysts.Canada'sdollaristhe5thmostheldreservecurrencyintheworld,accountingforapproximately2%ofallglobalreserves,behindonlytheU.S.dollar,theeuro,theyenandthepoundsterling.TheCanadiandollarispopularwithcentralbanksbecauseofCanada'srelativeeconomicsoundness,theCanadiangovernment'sstrongsovereignposition,andthestabilityofthecountry'slegalandpoliticalsystems.

LanguagesofCanadaOfficiallanguagesAmultitudeof

languages

areusedin

Canada.Accordingtothe2011census,

English

and

French

arethe

mothertongues

of56.9%and21.3%of

Canadians

respectively.

However,markingthesteadydeclineinuseoftheFrenchlanguagebyCanadiansandnewimmigrants,thesamecensuspaintsagloomierpictureofthesurvivalofFrenchasasecondlanguageforthecountry.Over85%ofCanadianshaveworkingknowledgeofEnglishwhileonly30.1%haveaworkingknowledgeofFrench.

ThisispartlyduetomanyFrench-speakingCanadianslearningEnglishandtomoreimmigrantschoosingtolearnEnglishastheirsecondlanguageratherthanFrench.ThesteadydeclineinuseoftheFrenchlanguageledtothehighlycontroversial

OfficialLanguagesAct

of1969.TheactwasintroducedtoenforceuseoftheFrenchlanguageinanefforttopreservethecultureof

FrenchCanadians

whoplayedasignificantroleinCanadianheritage.Underthe

CanadianConstitution,the

federalgovernment

hasbothEnglishandFrenchasitsofficiallanguagesinrespectofallgovernmentservices,includingthecourts,andallfederallegislationisenactedbilingually.

NewBrunswick

istheonlyCanadianprovincethathasbothEnglishandFrenchasitsofficiallanguagestothesameextent,withconstitutionalentrenchment.

Quebec'sofficiallanguageisFrench,

althoughinthatprovince,theConstitutionrequiresthatalllegislationbeenactedinbothFrenchandEnglish,andcourtproceedingsmaybeconductedineitherlanguage.Similarconstitutionalprotectionsareinplacein

Manitoba.UseofEnglish

In2011,justunder21.5millionCanadians,representing65%ofthepopulation,spokeEnglishathome.

EnglishisthemajorlanguageeverywhereinCanadaexceptQuebec,andmostCanadians(85%)canspeakEnglish.

WhileEnglishisnotthepreferredlanguageinQuebec,36.1%ofQuébécoiscanspeakEnglish.

Nationally,

Francophones

arefivetimesmorelikelytospeakEnglishthanAnglophonesaretospeakFrench-44%and9%respectively.

Only3.2%ofCanada'sEnglish-speakingpopulationresidesinQuebec—mostlyinMontreal.MoreCanadiansknowhowtospeakEnglishthanspeakitathome.UseofFrench

In2011,justover6.8millionCanadiansspokeFrenchathome.Ofthese,about6.2millionor91.5%residedinQuebec.OutsideQuebec,thelargestFrench-speakingpopulationsarefoundinNewBrunswick(whichishometo3.1%ofCanada’sFrancophones)and

Ontario

(4.2%,residingprimarilyinthe

eastern

and

northeastern

partsoftheprovinceandinToronto&Ottawa).Overall,70%ofCanadianscannotspeakFrench.SmallerindigenousFrench-speakingcommunitiesexistinsomeotherprovinces.

Forexample,avestigialcommunityexistsonNewfoundland's

PortauPortPeninsula;aremnantofthe"FrenchShore"alongtheisland'swestcoast.ThepercentageofthepopulationwhospeakFrenchbothbymothertongueandhomelanguagehasdecreasedoverthepastthreedecades.WhereasthenumberofthosewhospeakEnglishathomeishigherthanthenumberofpeoplewhosemothertongueisEnglish,theoppositeistrueforFrancophones.TherearefewerpeoplewhospeakFrenchathome,thanlearnedFrenchafterbirth.OtherlanguagesCanada’slinguisticdiversityextendsbeyondthetwoofficiallanguages."InCanada,4.7millionpeople(14.2%ofthepopulation)reportedspeakingalanguageotherthanEnglishorFrenchmostoftenathomeand1.9millionpeople(5.8%)reportedspeakingsuchalanguageonaregularbasisasasecondlanguage(inadditiontotheirmainhomelanguage,EnglishorFrench).Inall,20.0%ofCanada'spopulationreportedspeakingalanguageotherthanEnglishorFrenchathome.Forroughly6.4millionpeople,theotherlanguagewasanimmigrantlanguage,spokenmostoftenoronaregularbasisathome,aloneortogetherwithEnglishorFrenchwhereasformorethan213,000people,theotherlanguagewasanAboriginallanguage.Finally,thenumberofpeoplereportingsignlanguagesasthelanguagesspokenathomewasnearly25,000people(15,000mostoftenand9,800onaregularbasis)."IndigenouslanguagesCanadaisalsohometomany

indigenouslanguages.Takentogether,thesearespokenbylessthanonepercentofthepopulation.About.6%Canadians(or200,725people)reportan

Aboriginallanguage

astheirmothertongue.Aboriginallanguages

Canadaishometoarichvarietyofindigenouslanguagesthatarespokennowhereelse.Thereare11

Aboriginal

languagegroupsinCanada,madeupofmorethan