sdau山东农业大学国际贸易理论与实务 Chapter13 Shipment

CHAPTER13INTERNATIONALCARGOTRANSPORTATION

ModesofTransportMajorShippingDocumentsShipmentClause

§1ModesofTransport

Oceantransport3/4ofthetradeamongnationsistransportedbywater.

Featuresofoceantransport:Relativelyeconomicalmodeoftransportforbulkyandheavygoods.Asafemodeoftransportwithrespecttooccurrenceofaccidents.Thecostofmaintainingandconstructingroutesisverylowasmostofthemarenaturallymade.Slow,vulnerabletobadweatherandlesspunctualifcomparedwithroadorairtransport.Linertransport班轮运输Thetransportofcargoesfromoneseaporttoanotheralongregularmaritimeroutesaccordingtoaschedule.指船舶按照预定的航行时间表，在固定的航线和港口往返航行。Linerratesusuallyincludethestevedoringchargesforloadingandunloading.通常包含装卸作业费用Freightischargedaccordingtothetariff(运费表)—ascheduleofshippingratescharged,togetherwithgoverningrulesandregulations.Twoparts:basicfreightratesandsurcharges.

基本运费率加附加费。①StandardsofcollectingbasicfreightratesWeight:Foritemsmarkedwith“W”inthetariff,permetrictononweight.Thismethodiscalledweightton(运费吨).Measurement:Foritemsmarkedwith“M”inthetariff,percubicmeteronmeasurement.Thismethodisusuallycalledmeasurementton(尺码吨).Weightormeasurement:Foritemsmarkedwith“W/M”inthetariff,thefreightistobecalculatedoneitherweightormeasurement,whicheverisgreater.AdVal.:Foritemsmarkedwith“AdVal.,thefreightistobecalculatedonthepriceorvalueofthecargo.W/MorAdval.:Foritemsmarked“W/MorAdval.”inthetariff,thehighestrateisadopted.②Surcharges附加费:bunkeradjustmentfactor(燃油附加费),portsurcharges,transshipmentsurcharges,heavyliftandlonglengthadditional.CompanyAexports100casesofGoodXtoLondon.Thevolumeandgrossweightpercaseare40cm×30cm×20cmand30kgrespectively.GoodXisclassifiedasClass10andthefreightforClass10iscalculatedonW/M.Thetariff(China—London)showsthatthebasicfreightrateforClass10isUS$222,with10%portsurcharges.Howmuchisthetotalfreight?(i)Totalweight:0.03M/T×100=3M/T(ii)Totalvolume:0.4×0.3×0.2×100=2.4M3(iii)Asthetotalweightisgreaterthanthetotalvolume,thusweightisthebasisforcollectingfreight.(iv)Totalfreight=totalweight×(basicfreightrate+surcharge)=3×(222+222×10%)=US$732.6(2)Chartertransport租船运输Chartertransportisatrampservice.Acargoshipnotoperatingonregularroutesandschedules,andpickingupcargoonlywhenitischartered(hired租)fromtheshipowner.Whilelinertransportisforgeneralcargoes,chartershippingisusuallyforbulkcargoes(大宗货物)likeoil,coal,ore,andgrain.Chartershippinghasthelowestfreightrateperunitofweightormeasure.Twotypes:voyagecharterandtimecharter.程租船和期租船①Voyagecharter程租船

Voyagechartermeanstransportvesselorvehiclecharterforoneoraspecifiednumberoftrips(voyages).

Thevesselremainsunderthecontroloftheshipownerwhoisresponsibleforequippingandmanning(操纵)thevessel.

Thecrew(全体船员)andmasterareemployeesoftheshipowner,andheisresponsiblefortheirwages.Thefreightratemaybechargedbyquantityofthegoodscarried,orafixedrateregardlessofthequantity.

Thecharterparty(租船合同)willidentifythevessel,thecargoitistocarry,thevoyage(s)forwhichtheshipismadeavailable,andcertaintermsinrespectofthevariousresponsibilitiesoftheshipowner(船主)

andthecharterer(租船人).

Italsoincludestheports,freightrateand

timeinvolvedinthevoyage(s).

Herearesometermsusedinvoyagecharterparty:租船合同中使用的专有名词Linerterms(grosstermsorberthterms):Theshipowner

船主isresponsibleforcostsofloadingandunloadingasinthecaseoflinertransportation.FI(FreeIn):“free”:notincluding.Thecharterer

租船人isresponsibleforthecostofloadinggoodsontothevessel.FO(FreeOut):Thechartererisresponsibleforthecostofunloadinggoodsfromthevessel.FIO(FreeInandOut):

Thechartererisresponsibleforcostofloadingandunloading.

Laydays许可装卸期限:Alsocalledlaytime,thenumberofdaysallowedbytheshipownertoloadorunload

cargowithoutincurringdemurrage(滞期费)orlatecharges.Laydaysmaybeexpressedas:(1)Runningdays（连续日）:consecutivedaysincludingweekendsandholidays;(2)Workingdays(工作日):consecutivedaysexcludingweekendsandholidays;

(3)Weatherworkingdays(好天气工作日):workingdaysonwhichweatherpermitscontinuouswork.themostcommonlyusedexpression.

Laydaysbegintorunwhenthevesselisberthed(停泊)orwhenitsarrivalisrecordedasarrivedship.Dispatchmoney(速遣费):Whensoagreedinthecharterparty,thisispaidbytheshipownertothechartererasaresultofthevesselcompletingloadingordischargingbeforethestipulatedtime.

早卸货不行，晚卸货也不可。Demurrage(滞期费):Demurrageisapenaltytobepaidbythechartertotheshipownerforexceedinglaydaysinloadingorunloading.(2)Timecharter期租船Theshipowneragreestocharteravesseltothechartererforaspecifiedperiodoftime.Asinavoyagecharter,theshipownerretainscontroloftheshipandtheemployeeonboardtheship.Thechartererisresponsibleforitsemployment,thenumberofvoyageittakes,andthedestinationofthevoyages.Thetermsoftimecharterpartyconcentrateonemploymentofvessel,speedofvessel,maintenanceofvessel,hireperiod,returnofvessel,paymentofhire,etc.Timechartergenerallydoesnotincludeloadingandunloading

costsinthecharterrate.期租船不包含卸货费。2.Railtransport铁路运输Amajormodeoftransportintermsofcapacity,onlysecondtooceantransportation.Itiscapableofachievingrelativelyhighspeedandisveryeconomicalespeciallyifitprovidesthecompletetrainloadforashipperonaregularbasis.

Itislesspronetointerruptionbybadweather.Butitisconfined(受限制的)torailroadsandthereforelessflexible.Railtransportispopularinmultimodaltransportandtransshipment.Itiswidelyusedinlandbridgetransport.3.Airtransport

空运Idealmodeofcarriageforvaluablegoods,delicategoods,physicallyperishablegoodssuchasfoodandplants,urgentproductssuchasmedicineandverysmallshipmentswhicharelesscostlybyairthanbywater,etc.(1)Benefitsofairtransportfasterdelivery,bettersecurity,lesspacking,lowerinsurance.(3)TypesofairtransportservicesScheduledairline:operatesoverafixedairlineandbetweenfixedairports.Charteredcarriers:thehireofanaircraftbyashipperorseveralshipperstodelivercargoes.Consolidation:theairfreightforwarderassemblesanumberofindividualshipmentsintooneconsignmentanddispatchesthemononeairwaybill.thefreightrateislower.Airexpressservice:forshippingsmallpackagesofgoodssuchasmedicinesinurgentneed,samplesandshippingdocumentsbyair.4.Intermodaltransport(multimodaltransport)

多式联合运输Thetransportationoffreightinanintermodalcontainerorvehicle,usingmultiplemodesoftransportation,withoutanyhandlingofthefreightitselfwhenchangingmodes.

(1)Thevirtueofcontainerization集装箱化的优点Simplifiesandspeedsupthecargo-handlingprocess.Offersprotectionfromtheelements,reducesthechancesofdamage,andvirtuallyeliminatesthepilferage.Approximately90%ofnon-bulkcargo(非散装货物)worldwidemovesbycontainers.(2)Modesofcontainerservice集装箱运输服务（交接）方式FCL:

fullcontainerload,thewholecontainerload(整箱货)

货主自行将货物装满箱后，以箱为单位向承运人托运。LCL:

lessthancontainerload,apartialcontainerload(拼箱货)

承运人接收货主委托的货物不足装满整箱，根据货物性质和目的地进行整理，集中一起，拼装入箱。CFS:

containerfreightstation,wherecargoesaredeliveredforcontainerization.集中分拨拼箱货的地方（货运站）CY:

containeryard，whereFCLisdelivered.整箱货待运场CY/CY

containerservice:door-to-door

整箱装，整箱交CY/CFS

containerservice:door-to-port

整箱装，拼箱接CFS/CYcontainerservice:port-to-door拼箱装，整箱接CFS/CFS

containerservice:port-to-port拼箱装，拼箱接(3)Measurementofcontainer集装箱的尺寸Fivecommonlengths,20-ft,40-ft,45-ft,48-ft,and53-ft.Containercapacityismeasuredintwenty-footequivalentunits

(TEU,orsometimes

teu).以20英尺为单位Anequivalentunitisameasureofcontainerizedcargocapacityequaltoonestandard20ft(length)×8ft(width)×8'6'ft(height)container,approximately38.5m3.Manycontainerstodayareofthe40-ft(12.2m)varietyandareknownas40-footcontainers.

§2MajorShippingDocuments

Billoflading(B/L)提单Atransportationdocumentissuedbyanoceancarriertoashipperwithwhomthecarrierhasenteredintoacontractforthecarriageofgoods.ThreefunctionsperformedbytheB/L

Receiptforgoods

Evidenceofthecontractofcarriage

Documentoftitletothegoods

TheB/Ldescribesthegoodsputonboardavessel,statesthequantity,andtheircondition.Thecarrierwillchecktoseethatthegoodsloadedcomplywiththegoodslisted.

TheB/L

becomesconclusiveevidenceofthetermsofthecontractofcarriageonceitisnegotiatedtoagoodfaiththirdparty.

ThenamedconsigneeorthelawfulholderofaB/Lhasaclaimtotitlebysurrenderingthebill.ThecarrierisobligedtodeliverthecargoonlyagainstanoriginalB/L.(2)Typesofbilloflading提单分类①Shipped(onboard)B/L&receivedforshipmentB/L

已装船提单和备运提单ShippedB/L:issuedbyafterthegoodsareactuallyshippedonboardthedesignatedvessel.

BoththenameofthevesselandthedateofissueoftheB/LareindicatedontheshippedB/L.Itprovidesbetterguaranteefortheconsigneetoreceivethecargoatthedestination.MostB/Lformsarepreprintedas“ShippedBill”.ReceivedforshipmentB/L

arises

wheretheword“shipped”doesnotappearonthebilloflading.Itmerelyacknowledgesthatthegoodshavebeenreceivedbythecarrierforshipment.Therefore,thegoodscouldbeinthedockorwarehouse.②CleanB/L&uncleanB/L(foulB/LorclausedB/L)清洁提单和不清洁提单CleanB/L:AB/Lthatisfreefromanyadverseremarks（无不良批注）,madebythecarrieraboutthecondition,packing,orquantityofthegoodsbeingshipped.

"apparentgoodorderandcondition","cleanonboard"orthelikeareindicatedontheB/L.Itprovidesproofthatupuntilthetimegoodsweretransferredtothecarrier,nodamagehasoccurred.UncleanB/L:AB/Lwithadverseremarksornotations(called'clauses')bythecarrierthatthegoodsreceivedforshipping(ortheirpacking)lookwet,damaged,orotherwiseindoubtfulcondition,ornotofcorrectquantity.

ImportersandtheirbanksnormallydonotacceptfoulB/LforpaymentunderaL/C.

③StraightB/L,blankB/LandorderB/L按照提单的抬头(收货人)分类StraightB/L

hasdesignatedconsignee.Onlytheconsigneeisentitledtotakedeliveryofthecargo.Nottransferable,notcommonlyusedandnormallyappliestohighvalueshipmentsorgoodsforspecialpurposes.

BlankB/L:

OpenB/LorBearerB/L,nodefiniteconsignee.Inthefieldofconsignee,“Tobearer”.Anyonewhoholdsthebillisentitledtothegoodsthebillrepresents.Noendorsementisneededforthetransferoftheblankbill.Duetotheexceedinglyhighriskinvolved,thisbillisrarelyused.

OrderB/L指示提单：（凭指示）收货人尚待提单所有人确定。

“Toorder”,“Toorderoftheshipper”,or“Toorderoftheconsignee”ismarked.Goodsareconsignedtotheorderofanamedperson.Itmaybeusedtotransfertitletogoodsbeingshippedtoanotherparty,atanytimeduringthetransitprocesssimplybyconveyingtheorderbilltoanotherpartythroughendorsement.“Toorder"meanstoorderofshipper.收货人意义通过背书转让提单的所有权，即提货权。Blankendorsement空白背书(carriesonlythesignatureoftheendorser

anddoesnotspecifytheendorsee)Specialendorsement记名背书(namestheendorseeandrequiresitsendorsementforfurthernegotiation)

Endorsement④DirectB/L,transshipmentB/LandthroughB/L直运提单，转运，联运DirectB/L:indicatesthegoodsareshippedfromtheportofloadingdirecttotheportofdestinationwithoutinvolvingtransshipment.TransshipmentB/L:indicatesthegoodsneedtobetransshippedatanintermediateportasthereisnodirectservicebetweentheshipmentportandthedestinationport.ThroughB/L:issuedforcontainerizeddoor-to-doorshipmentsthathavetousedifferentshipsand/ordifferentmeans

oftransportationfromorigintodestination.UnlikeincaseofamultimodalB/L,theprincipalcarrierorthefreight-forwarder(whoissuedthethroughB/L)isliableunderacontractofcarriageonlyforitsownphaseofthejourney,andactsasanagentforthecarriers

executingtheotherphases.

⑤LinerB/L,charterpartyB/LandcontainerB/L

班轮提单，租船提单和集装箱提单LinerB/L:

issuedbyalinercompany.CharterpartyB/L:issuedbythecarrier(oritsagent)basedonthecharterparty.ThisB/Lissubjecttotheclausesofcharterparty.That'swhywhenacharterpartyB/Lisacceptedbythebankorthebuyer,thecopycharterpartyisrequired.ContainerB/L:

issuedwhenthegoodsareconveyedby

container.⑥LongformB/LandshortformB/L全式提单和简式提单LongformB/L:withthetermsandconditionsofcarriagewhichareprintedonthebackofthepage.Commonlyusedininternationalshipping.ShortformB/L(orblankbackB/L):ThetermsandconditionsofcarriageonthebackoftheB/Lareomitted.Unlessotherwisestipulatedintheletterofcredit(L/C),ashortformbillofladingisacceptable.TheshortformB/Lsavesthecostofprintingandifthetermsandconditionsofcarriagechange,thereisnoneedtoreprinttheB/Lform.⑦MiscellaneousB/L

各种其它提单OndeckB/L:B/Lcontainingthenotationthatthegoodshavebeenloadedonthedeckofthevessel,forgoods

thatcannotfitintotheship'shold.

StaleB/L:B/Lpresentedafterthestipulatedexpirydateofpresentationorafterthegoodsaredueattheportofdestination.Thelatearrivalofthisimportantdocumentmayhaveundesirableconsequencesandthereforeshouldbeavoided.Sometimesespeciallyinthecaseofshortseavoyages,itisnecessarytoaddaclauseof“StaleB/Lisacceptable”.Ante-datedB/LB/Lwhichisdatedbeforethedateonwhichitisissued.

WhentheactualshipmentdateislaterthanthatstipulatedintheL/C,thecarriersometimes,attheshipper'srequest,issuesaB/Lwithadateofsignaturethatsuitstherequirementsoasto

avoidnon-acceptancebythebank.Duetotheriskofthegoodsbeingrejectedbythebuyerarisingfromtheissuanceofsuchabill,itisadvisabletoavoidthismalpracticeevenwhenitseemsnecessaryincertaincircumstances.AdvancedB/LB/LissuedinadvancewhentheexpirydateoftheL/Cisduebuttheshipmenthasnotyetbeeneffected.TheissuanceofthisB/Lisalsoamalpracticeandshouldbeavoided.Severaltypesmaybecombinedintoonelike“Cleanonboard,toorder,blankendorsedB/L”.Bs/Laremadeoutinsets,consistingofanumberoforiginals(usuallythree)andcopiesandmarked“original”and“copy”respectively.Onlytheoriginalssignedbythecarrierenabletheconsigneetotakedeliveryofthegoods.

(3)Threerulesgoverningbilloflading①TheHagueRules

(TheBrusselsConvention)

DrawnupbytheInternationalLawAssociationin1921intheHague(theNetherland).TheInternationalConventionfortheUnificationofCertainRulesofLawRelatingtoB/L.Generallywellreceivedandhavebeenadoptedby58maritimenations.Priortotheserules,shipownersoftenthwartedcargodamageclaimsbyinsertinglimitsinB/L.

TheHagueRulesrepresentedtheeffortmadebytheinternationalcommunitytoachieveuniformityinoceanB/L.

Majorweaknesses:Thescopeislimitedtotheoutwardshipment,i.e.shipmentfromaportofthecontractingstatestoaforeignport;Noliabilityfordelayindeliveryofthegoods；TheRulesarenotcompatible(相容的)withcontainertransport;Thedeckcargoisentirelyexcluded;Themaximumlimitofcarrier’sliabilityislimitedto100poundsterlingperpackageorunit,ortheequivalentofthatsuminothercurrency,unlesstheshipperhasmadeadeclarationofvalue;Thecarrier’sliabilityonlycovers“tackletotackle”;Navigationalfaultisexcepted.(2)TheHague-VisbyRules1968

AmendmentstotheBrusselsConvention:I.Itsterritorialapplicationisextended;II.TheRulesincreasethemaximumamountforlimitationofliabilityofacarrierandintroduceanewweight-basedcriterion;III.TheRulesarecompatiblewithcontainertransport.③TheHamburgRulesTheUNConventionontheCarriageofGoodsbySeainHamburgin1978.Itcameintoforceon1stNovember1992.Majoramendments:

Scopeofapplication.Bothinwardshipmentsandoutwardshipments;Periodofresponsibility.Theperiodduringwhichthecarrierisinchargeofthegoodsattheportofloading,duringthecarriageandattheportofdicharge;Libilitylimits.Thecarrierisliableforlossresultingfromlossordamagetothecargoaswellas

delayindelivery;Liabilityamount.Farabovetheprevioustworules.20nationshaveapproved2.OthershippingdocumentsSeawaybill

海运单由船长签发的收到货物并保证将其运至目的地交付给收货人的凭证。是货物收据也是运输凭证，但是不是货物所有权凭证。Anon-negotiabledocument,evidenceofthecontractofcarriage,receiptofthegoodsbythecarrier.About90%ofallcontainerizedcargoesshippedovertheAtlanticOceanarecarriedunderseawaybills.Naturalchoice.forshippersorconsigneeswhodonotplantosellthegoodsenroute;fortradingbetweenestablishedconsignorsandconsigneeswhohavebeentradingformanyyears,andforopenaccountsales.Notsuitablefortransactionsofgoodsthatarenegotiatedrepeatedlyduringtransit.Cannotactassecurityforletterofcredittransactions.(2)Airwaybill

(usedforcarriageofgoodsbyair)Areceiptofthegoodsfordispatchandevidenceofthecontractofcarriagebetweenthecarrierandtheconsignor,notanegotiabletitletogoods.Threeoriginals:Normallyoriginal1,in

green,fortheissuingcarrier,istoberetainedBythecarrierforaccountingpurposesandtoserveasdocumentaryevidence.Original2,in

pink,fortheconsignee,

istoaccompanytheconsignmenttoitsfinaldestinationandistobepresentedtotheconsigneetoenablehimtocollectthegoods.Original3,in

blue,fortheshipper,isreturnedtohimasareceiptandevidenceofhisaffreightmentcontract(包租合同)withtheairline.(3)Multimodaltransportdocument多式联运单据

Evidencesthecontractofcarriageofgoodsbyatleasttwomodesoftransport,issuedbyamultimodaltransportoperator(MTO)underamultimodaltransportcontract.

EssentialdifferencebetweenMTDandthroughB/L:MTD:TheMTOtakesresponsibilityasprincipalfortheentirecarriage.ThroughB/L联运提单:Theprincipalcarrierconcludesseveralseparatecontractsofcarriageforsubsequentsegmentsofthetransportasagentfortheshipperorasagentfortheon-carriers.Itdoesnotnormallyacceptresponsibilityforsegmentsundertakenbytheothercarriersinvolved.§3ShipmentClauseTimeofshipment

InFOB,CFR,CIF,F