主旨大意推断

主旨大意专题阅读中主旨大意题的设题方式第一步:识别文体,找主题句寻找主题句的方法第二步:推敲选项,排除干扰主题句的呈现形式：文首，文尾，文中，首尾呼应，无主题句推理判断专题一、题型特点与命题方式二、解题思路与应试技巧三、高考解读探析1：细节推断题探析2：态度观点判断题探析3：写作意图题探析4：深层推理题探析5：逻辑结论题探析6：文章的题材或出处探析7：预测推断题

小结:

推理判断类型题并非无章可循,而是有一定的规律.关键是按照作者陈述的观点和描述的事实,进行正确合乎逻辑地推论和引申.做到”有理有据”,从而得出符合原文信息或提示的答案.推理判断一、题型特点与命题方式1)Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat______.2)Fromthetextweknowthat______.3)Thestoryimpliesthat______.4)Theparagraphfollowingthepassagewillprobablybe_.5)Thewriter’sattitudetoward...is______.6)Theauthorimplied（suggested）that．．．

7)Itmaybeconcludedfromthepassagethat．．．

8)Whichofthefollowingstatementsdoesthepassagesupport？

或提问中含有表示推测的情态动词，如：can,could,might,would等和其他表示可能性的副词或词组，如probably,mostlikely等。二、解题思路与应试技巧首先，考生在阅读时，要抓住文章的主题和细节，分析文章结构，根据上下文内在联系，挖掘文章的深层含义。其次，对于暗含在文章中的人物的行为动机、事件的因果关系及作者未言明的倾向、意图、态度、观点等要进行合乎逻辑的判断、推理、分析，进一步增强理解能力，抓住材料实质性的东西。再次，在解答推理性问题时，应清楚所要解答的问题是针对某个细节进行推断，还是针对主题思想、作者的意图进行推断。注意事项：1、吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示。2、注意作者遣词造句的特点，弄清词的含蓄含义。3、时刻提醒自己作者想让我们推断什么，要忠于原文，不可臆断，凭空想象。4、利用文章中明确表示的内容，进行推理，挖掘作者在文章中的隐含意义。高考解读Inmanycountriesthestandardoflivingenjoyedbytheirpeoplehadincreasedrapidlyinrecentyears.Sadly,noteveryoneinthesecountriesissofortunateandmanypeopleinrichcountriesarehomeless.Thereasonsforhomelessnessarevarious,butpoverty(贫穷)isundoubtedlyoneofthemaincauses.Thehomelesspeoplemayhavebecomejoblessandthenbeenunabletopaytheirrentandsonolongerhavearoofovertheirheads.Often,thefactthatunemployedpeoplegethelpfromthegovernmentpreventsthisfromhappening,butnotalways……探析1：细节推断题Somecynics(愤世嫉俗的人)declarethathomelesspeoplechoosetolivethelifewhichtheylead.Butwhowouldwillinglychoosetoliveinashopdoorway,underabridgeorinacardboardbox?Q:Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat

.A.youwillnotfindhomelesspeopleincountrieswithahighstandardoflivingB.thementalillliveonthestreetbecausetheywantthecompanyofotherhomelesspeopleC.theunemployedwhoreceivehelpmaystillbeamongthehomelessD.thehomelessarewillingtoliveunderabridgeorinacardboardboxC探析2：态度观点判断题常见的问及态度的词语有:

Apositive,negative,neutral,approval,disapproval,indifferent,sarcastic,critical,optimistic,pessimistic,objective,subjective,doubtful.典例2：Whyisn’tyounewspaperreportinganygoodnews?AllIReadaboutismurder,bribery(行贿)anddeath.Frankly,I’msickofallthebadnews.Q:Thisauthorsattitudetowardsthenewspaperreportingisto

.A.complainB.apologizeC.amuseD.informEarthquakemayrightlyrankedasoneofthemostdisastrousforcesknowntoman:sincerecordbegantobewrittendown,ithasbeenestimated(估计)thatearthquake-relateddeathshavenumberedinthemillions,andthatearthquake-relatedlosshasbeenbeyondcalculation…Thegreatmajorityofallearthquakeoccurredintwoparticularareasinhistory…Itisdoubtfulthatmanwillbeeverbeabletocontrolearthquakesandgetridoftheirdamagealtogether.Butashowandwhyearthquakeshappenbecomebetterunderstood,manwillbecomemoreandmoreabletodealwiththeirpossibledamagebeforetheyoccur.探析3：写作意图题

Q:Theauthor’spurposeinwritingthepassageprobablyisto____.A.informthereaderB.entertainthereaderC.supportatheoryD.questionatheoryATodayabout70countriesuseDaylightSavingTime(DST).DaylightSavingwasfirstintroducedduringWorldWarIinAustralia.Duringtheworldwars,DSTwasusedforthelatesummersbeginningJanuary1917and1942,andthefullsummersbeginningSeptember1942and1943.……ThedifferencesindaylightsavinginAustraliacontinuetocauseseriousproblemsintransportandmanyothersocialactivities.Italsoreducesthenumberofhoursintheworkingdaythatarecommontoallcentersinthecountry.Inparticular,timedifferencesalongtheeastcoastcausemajordifficulties,especiallyforthebroadcastersofnationalradioandtelevision.探析4：深层推理题Q:WhatdoweknowabouttheuseofDSTfromthelastparagraph?A.Thereexistsomeundesirableeffects.B.Ithelpslittletosaveenergy.C.Itbringsaboutlongerworkingdays.D.RadioandTVprogramsbecomedifferent.A.Thereexistsomeundesirableeffects.SeveraldifferentbisonspecieshavelivedontheNorthAmericancontinentsincetheIceAge;todayonlytwoexist.Thewoodbisonisthelargerofthetwo,andisfoundmostlyinwesternCanada.BetterknownintheUnitedStatesisthePlainsbison,orbuffalo.Atonetime,herdsoftheanimalscouldbesightedeverywherefromtheAppalachianMountainsintheEasttotheRockyMountainsintheWest.Q:Theauthorimpliesthatseveraltypesofbison

.A.liveoutsidetheUnitedStatesandCanada.B.arewelladaptedtoswampyterrainC.existedbeforetheIceAgeD.havebeenkilledorhavediedout探析5：逻辑结论题D探析6：文章的题材或出处

Ourexcellentactivitiescreatepersonalizedmemoriesofyourchild’svacation.EachchildwillreceiveacampT-shirtandaphotoalbum(usually300-500pictures)oftheirstayatcamp.OurcampareofferedduringJune,JulyandAugust2007,forsmallgroupsofgirlsaged13-16years,notonlyfromCanadabutalsootherpartsoftheworld.Q:Thepassageiswrittenmainlyfor

.A.HorseridersB.teenagegirlsC.CanadianparentsD.internationaltravelersC探析7：预测推断题

Withthepastinmind,preparationsfor2006seasonincludedsweepingchangesonboththetechnicalandpersonalsides.ThemanagementatToyotaMotorsportGmbHwasrestructed,withJohnHowettmovingfromToyotaMotorMarketingEuropetobecomePresident,thusenablingthecompanyfounder,OveAnderson,moretimetoconcentratetheoperationoftheraceteamatthetrack.Anderson’svalueasaninspirationalleaderwasoneoftheteam’sbiggestasserts(财富)in2005.Q:Whatwillthenextparagraphtalkaboutifthepassagegoeson?Preparationsforthe2006season.B.ThevalueofOveAndersonC.HowtoimprovetheEuropeanmarket?D.ChangesontechnicalsideD小结:

推理判断类型题并非无章可循,而是有一定的规律.关键是按照作者陈述的观点和描述的事实,进行正确合乎逻辑地推论和引申.做到”有理有据”,从而得出符合原文信息或提示的答案.主旨大意阅读中主旨大意题的设题方式直接询问文章或段落的主旨大意，如：Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?What’sthetopicofthearticle?文章标题归纳，如：Whatisthebesttitle/headlineforthepassage?3.文章的写作目的，常见题干表述形式，如：Whatisthepurposeofthetext?4.文章的出处、来源以及写作对象，如：Thepassageismostprobablytakenfrom____.Youcanmostprobablyreadthetextin______.Thepassageisprobablywrittenfor______.Whoaretheintendedreadersofthepassage?第一步:识别文体,找主题句主题句一般具有三个特点：

1．表述的意思比较概括。

2．句子结构较简单，多数都不采用长、难句的形式。

3．段落中其他的句子必定是用来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表述的主题思想。寻找主题句的方法(一)

新闻报道：导语提携全文夹叙夹议文:主题句常在议论中说明文:一般在首段议论文:一般为总分总模式,即主题句（作

者的观点）常在首段或末段（作

者观点的重申）。当然，由于写

作需要，主题句偶尔也可在一段

文章中间。寻找主题句的方法(二)特别关注结论性或者转折性的语言。如：therefore,asaresult,thus,so,forexample,infact,inshort，thestudyshowsthat…,onthewhole,

moreover,furthermore,what’smore,mostimportantofall,but,however,rather,yet等等，这些词后面所阐述的往往就是主题句

。(三)首段出现疑问句时,对该问题的解答就是文章主旨.(四)关注高频词

(常为名词)(五)概括性选项优先，片面选项勿选。第二步:推敲选项,排除干扰推敲选项正误的4个窍门:⑴根据第一步寻找主题句,找出关键词,与四个选项进行匹配,选出最合适恰当的答案⑵正确选项一般不含绝对意义的词，例如：all,completely,only,almost,absolutely,definitely等。⑶正确选项应能概括全文,内容全面,含义深刻或说明道理。⑷四个选项中,内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确答案。第二步:推敲选项,排除干扰干扰项的特点:⑴概括范围太窄,常为文中具体信息或某个段落大意.⑵概括范围太宽,所表达内容常超出文章阐述的内容.⑶无关信息:即文中未提到或找不到语言依据的信息,但看起来又是对的.第二步:推敲选项,排除干扰标题的特点:

简练,全面,范围合理。

忌:范围太大,过于笼统；范围太小(常用文中细节或某段段落大意来混淆)。主题句的呈现形式Sample1 Peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood.Somefeelthattheyhaven'teatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat.Somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal.Othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti,eggplant,andfreshfruit.Otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast--foods:ahamburgerorhotdog,Frenchfriesandasoftdrink.（1）文首开门见山,提出主题,随之用细节来解释,支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想.最常见的演绎法写作方式.在议论文，科技文和新闻报道中多采用这种格式。

Sample2Somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo.Othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown.Stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass.Nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime.（2）文尾。在表述细节后,归纳要点,印象,结论建议或结果,以概括主题.这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式.Sample3Nothingisasusefulasaflashlightonadarknightifatiregoesflat.Fewinventionsaresohelpfultoachildwhoisafraidofthedark.Infact,themodernflashlightbringslighttomanydarksituations.Findingsomethinginthebackofaclosetiseasywithaflashlightinhand.Acamperalsoneedsoneafterthelightofthecampfirehasbeenout.（3）文中

当主题句被安排在中间时,通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出,而后又作进一步的解释,支撑或发展.Sample4(首段)Shu

Pulonghashelpedatleast1000peoplebittenbysnakes,“Itwasseeingpeoplewithsnakesbitesthatledmetothecareer.“shesaid…(尾段)“ThesadstorytouchedmesomuchthatIdecidedtodevotemyselftohelpingpeoplebittenbysnakes.”Shusaid.（4）首尾呼应.为突出主题,作者先提出主题,结尾时再次点出主题,这种首尾呼应的写作方式较为多见.但前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复,后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。Sample5（无主题句） JoshuaBinghamstudied4yearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.HowJoshuaBinghambecamealawyer. B.Binghamisadiligentstudent.

C.JoshuaBinghamreceivedanexcellenteducation. D.Agoodlawyerneedsgoodeducation.Sample6 Doyouwanttolivewithastrongsenseofpeacefulness,happiness,goodness,andself-respect?Thecollectionofhappinessactionsbroadlycategorizedas"honor"helpyoucreatethislifeofgoodfeelings. Here‘sanexampletoshowhowhonorableactionscreatehappiness.……

50.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthispassage?HowtoLiveTruthfullyImportanceofPeacefulnessC.WaysofGainingSelf-respectD.HappinessthroughHonorableActions Aneweight-kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem.Itisexpectedtocarry20,000trucksandcarsaday,whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity.Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity,onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth.Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide,providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection. Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair-conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel.Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel,practicallyatitshighestpoint.Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals.Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers.Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements,whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand,ontheinsideofthetunnel,aconcretelining. Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat.Thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase,whichismadeofconcreteandsteel.Thedrainagesystem,justbelowtheroadsurfaceononeside,removesanyextraliquid,particularlywater.Intheeventoffire,thefiremain,whichismadeofsteel,pipeswatertomanyfirehydrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel.Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface.Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones.75.Thepassageismainlyabout_____.

A.theconstructionofaroadB.thedesignofaroadC.theconstructionoftwotunnelsD.thedesignoftwotunnels

Aneweight-kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem.Itisexpectedtocarry20,000trucksandcarsaday,whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity.Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity,onefortraffict