OPLL颈椎后纵韧带骨化_第1页
OPLL颈椎后纵韧带骨化_第2页
OPLL颈椎后纵韧带骨化_第3页
OPLL颈椎后纵韧带骨化_第4页
OPLL颈椎后纵韧带骨化_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩63页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

OPLL经典综述讲读王雪鹏杭州市骨科研究所杭州市第一人民医院骨科Ossificationoftheposteriorlongitudinalligament(OPLL)resultsfrompathologicreplacementofthePLLwithlamellarbone,potentiallycausingspinalcordcompressionandneurologicdeteriorationOPLLwasfirstdescribedinJapanesepatientsandhasclassicallybeenconsideredacauseofmyelopathyinpatientsofEastAsianoriginspondylosismyelopathyradiculopathystenosisdischerniationAmongpatientsinJapanwithcervicalspinedisorders,theincidencehasbeenestimatedat1.9%to4.3%and,inotherAsiancountries,upto3.0%OPLLhasbeenrecognizedasanetiologyofmyelopathyregardlessofethnicity,withanestimatedincidencerateof0.1%to1.7%amongNorthAmericansandEuropeansPathoanatomyThePLLrunsalongthedorsalsurfaceoftheC1anteriorarchandcervicalvertebralbodiesandconsistsoflongitudinalfibersconfluentwiththetectorialmembranecraniallyandendingatthesacrumcaudallyfunctionally,thePLLresistsspinehyperflexionPathophysiologyThepathologicprocessleadingtoOPLLbeginswithchondroblast-andfibroblast-likespindlecellproliferation,alongwithvascularinfiltrationleadingtoPLLdegenerationandhypertrophy.Endochondralossificationfollows,resultinginitsreplacementwithmaturelamellarboneGenetics,localtissuecharacteristics,andassociatedmedicalcomorbiditieshaveallbeenimplicatedinthisfinalcommonpathwayMedicalcomorbiditiesarealsoassociatedwiththedevelopmentofOPLLUpto50%ofCaucasianpatientswithOPLLalsohavediffuseidiopathicskeletalhyperostosisHypoparathyroidism,hypophosphatemicrickets,hyperinsulinemia,andobesityhavebeenidentifiedasriskfactorsNaturalHistoryPatientswithOPLLcommonlypresentintheirfifthandsixthdecades,withmenaffectedtwiceasoftenaswomen.Mostpatientshavesomeneurologicsymptomsatdiagnosis,with28%to39%fulfillingdiagnosticcriteriaformyelopathyInpatientswithmyelopathy,64%haddeteriorated,however,and89%ofpatientswithNurickgrade3or4myelopathywhorefusedsurgeryhadprogressedtoawheelchair-orbed-boundstateRiskfactorsforthedevelopmentofmyelopathyinclude>60%spinalcanalstenosis,<6mmofspaceavailableforthecord,increasedcervicalrangeofmotion,andOPLLthatislaterallydeviatedwithinthespinalcanalAge,gender,andthenumberoflevelsaffectedbyOPLLdonotaffecttheprognosisClinicalPresentationChangesingaitorbalance,lossoffinemotorcontrol,andupperextremityweakness,numbness,orparesthesiasaresuggestiveofmyelopathyEarlymuscularfatigueorworseningsymptomsattheextremesofcervicalmotionarealsoconcerningPatientswithOPLLareatanincreasedriskofacutespinalcordinjurywithtrauma,andrapidneurologicdeteriorationinassociationassociationwithevenaminortraumaorwhiplashinjuryshouldraiseconcernforthedevelopmentofcentralcordsyndromePhysicalExaminationRadiologicEvaluationThelateralradiographisalsousedtodeterminetherelationshipoftheOPLLtothekyphosisline(K-line),whichisdrawnfromthecenterofthecanalatC2tothecenterofthecanalatC7AlargeOPLLmassorlossofcervicallordosiscausestheOPLLtoprotrudeposteriortotheK-line(referredtoasK-linenegative).ThisisanegativeprognosticfactorforposteriorsurgeryaloneCTwithsagittalandcoronalreformattinghasemergedasthebenchmarkforradiographicevaluationofOPLLandisnecessarytoreliablycharacterizeitGreaterthan60%canaloccupancyatanylevelandalaterallydeviatedmassareassociatedwithhighratesofmyelopathyThis“doublelayersign”onaxialorsagittalCTimagesisassociatedwithduraltearrates>50%withanteriordecompressionversus13%whenthesignisabsentNonsurgicalManagementProphylacticsurgeryisneithernecessarynorrecommendedManagementincludestemporaryimmobilizationwithaneckbrace,steroidalornonsteroidalanti-inflammatorymedications,activitymodification,andphysicaltherapypatientsshouldbeadvisedtoavoidactivitiesthatmayresultinsuddenorexcessivecervicalspinemotionbecauseOPLLisassociatedwithahighrateofacutespinalcordinjury,eveninpatientswhodonotmeetsurgicalcriteriaSurgicalTreatmentSurgicaldecompressionisthetreatmentofchoiceforpatientswithNurickgrade3or4myelopathyorsevereradiculopathycausedbyOPLLviaeitherananteriororposteriorapproachAnteriorDecompressionandFusionProponentsarguethatitallowsforasuperiordecompressionandismoreeffectiveatmaintainingorrestoringcervicallordosisthanisposteriorsurgery.Associatedanteriorpathology,suchasdiskherniations,canalsobeaddressedDisadvantagesincludetechnicaldifficulty,inabilitytodecompresscranialtoC2,andhighratesofpseudarthrosisanddysphagiawhenthreeormorelevelsrequiretreatmentDuraltearsarealsomuchmorecommonwithananteriorapproach,giventhatanteriorduralossificationoccursin13%to15%ExposureisprovidedbythestandardSmith-Robinsonapproach,anddiskectomy,hemicorpectomy,orsubtotalcorpectomysufficienttoallowexposureoftheunderlyingOPLLmassisperformedCorpectomiesofuptofivelevelshavebeenperformedwithsuccess,butremovalofthreeormorecontiguouslevelsisassociatedwithincreasedcomplicationandreoperationratesComplicationsoccuraspartoftheapproach(eg,dysphagia,dysphonia),thedecompression(eg,C5palsy,duraltears),orthefusion(eg,graftsubsidence,pseudarthrosis)Nerverootpalsiesoccurin4%to17%ofpatientsthrougheitherdirecttraumaortraction.Patientspresentwithweakness,numbness,pain,orparesthesias,mostcommonlyintheC5distributionDuraltearsoccurin4%to20%ofpatients,oftenbecauseofduralossificationorattenuation.Cerebrospinalfluidleakagemayresultinpseudomeningoceleorfistulaformation,leadingtoneuraldamage,airwaycompression,meningitis,orwoundcomplicationsTearsrecognizedintraoperativelyaretreatedbydirectrepairorbyapplicationofautogenousfascialorsyntheticcollagengrafts.Closureofpinholedefectsoraugmentationofrepairsisdonewiththrombogenicsealants,suchasfibringlueorgelatinfoam.Postoperatively,divertinglumbardrainsandbedrestcanbeusedInanefforttoreduceduraltearrates,Yamauraetalintroducedthe“anteriorfloatingmethod”forcervicaldecompression,consistingofsubtotalvertebralbodyresectionandthinning,butnotremoval,oftheOPLL.Theposteriorvertebralbodyisnotreconstructed,allowingtheOPLLto“float”anteriorlyandawayfromthespinalcanal.At5-yearfollow-up,theauthorsachievedameanrecoveryrateof68.5%andimprovementinJapaneseOrthopaedicAssociationscoresfrom8.3to14.2.Noleaksofcerebrospinalfluidoccurred,but14%ofpatientswereleftwithaninadequatedecompression.Inthesepatients,orwithOPLLprogression,theauthorsrecommendedsubsequentposteriordecompression.Whenaddressingmorethantwoorthreelevels,fibularstrutgraftsarepreferredfortheirstructuralsupport.Foroneortwolevels,structuralgraftsoftricorticaliliaccrest,fibula,andvertebralbodieshaveallbeendescribed.Morerecently,interbodycageswithnonstructuralbonegraftorbonegraftsubstituteshavebeenused.Overallratesofpseudarthrosisvaryfrom3%to15%,withthehighestratesoccurringinpatientsundergoingfusionofthreeormorelevels.PosteriorDecompressionWhenmorethantwoorthreecervicallevelsareaffectedbyOPLL,posteriorsurgery(ie,laminoplasty,orlaminectomyandfusion)ispreferredbecauseofthetechnicaleaseandlowerrateofcomplications.Disadvantagesincludetheriskofpostoperativediseaseprogression,inabilitytocorrectcervicalkyphosis,andpoorresultsinK-linenegativepatients.Laminoplastyaccomplishesthisbyhingingopenthelaminaewitheitheran“opendoor”or“Frenchdoor”technique,resultingina30%to40%increaseinthesizeofthespinalcanalLaminectomyandfusionentailsremovalofthelaminaefollowedbyinstrumentedposterolateralfusion,resultingina70%to80%increaseincanalvolumeAfullanalysisoftheadvantagesanddisadvantagesbetweenlaminoplastycomparedwithlaminectomyandfusionhasbeendiscussedelsewhereOurpreferenceistouselaminectomyandfusionforOPLLbecausetheretainedcervicalmotionwithlaminoplastymayallowdiseaseprogression,andtheriskforprogressiontokyphosisattheaffectedlevelsiseliminatedwithfusionForseveredisease,recoveryratesafterposteriordecompressionappeartobelowerthanthosefollowinganteriordecompression,butwithalowercomplicationrateIwasakietalretrospectivelycomparedtheresultsofanteriordecompressionandfusionwiththoseoflaminoplasty;theyreportedbetteroutcomesafteranteriorsurgeryinpatientswithanOPLLmassoccupying>60%ofthecanal;however,itresultsinareoperationrateof26%versus2%inthelaminoplastygroup.With<60%canaloccupancy,recoveryrateswereequivalent.Aprospectivecomparisonofanteriordecompressionandfusionversuslaminoplastyfoundsimilarresults.Patientswith>50%canaloccupancyhadsuperiorrecoveryrateswithanteriorsurgerybutequivalentrateswith<50%involvementPatientswith<5°ofcervicallordosisalsohadsignificantlyworseoutcomesfromlaminoplasty,and50%lostlordosisversusnoneinthefusiongroup.HalfofthelaminoplastypatientsexperiencedOPLLprogressionversusonlyoneafteranteriorsurgeryHowever,surgicalcomplicationsheavilyfavoredlaminoplasty,witha23%complicationrateanda14%reoperationrateintheanteriorgroupandnoneinthelaminoplastypatientsOnlyonestudytodatehasexaminedtheresultsoflaminectomyandfusionforOPLL.Chenetalreportedameanrecoveryrateof62%at5yearsamong83patientswhounderwentinstrumentedlaminectomyandfusionfromC2orC3toC7.Patientswithagoodoutcomehadsignificantlymorepostoperativelordosis(16.1°versus10.4°).Nootherfactors,includingoccupyingratio,weresignificantbetweengroups.Thereoperationratewas4%,alltheresultofepiduralhematomaformation.Whetherposteriorfusionhadaneffectondiseaseprogressionwasnotevaluated,althoughtheauthorsnotednolongtermdeclinei

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论