2021年12月英语六级真题及答案解析（第三套）

12021年12月英语六级真题及答案解析(第三套)PartIWriting(30minutes)minutestowriteanessaybasedontheshortpassagegivenbelow.Inyouressay,youaretocommentonthephenomenontorecognizefalseinformationontheinternet,judgethereliabilityofonline(略)PartII(略)Directions:Inthissection,youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoit.Eachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs.Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived.Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce.Eachparagraphismarkedwithaletter.AnswertheDomusiclessonsreallymakechildrensmarter?[A]Arecentanalysisfoundthatmostresearchmischaracterizestherelationshipbetweenmusicandskillsenhancement.[B]In2004,apaperappearedinthejournalPsychologicalScience,titled“MusicLessonsEnhanceIQ.”Theauthor;composerandpsychologistGlennSchellenberghadconductedanexperimentwith144childrenrandomlyassignedtofourgroups:onelearnedthekeyboardforayear,onetooksinginglessons,onejoinedanactingclass,andacontrolgrouphadnoextracurriculartraining.TheIQofthechildreninthetwomusicalgroupsrosebyanaverageofsevenpointsinthecourseofayear;cationenhanceschildren'sabstractreasoning,math,orlanguagesills.Ifchildrenwhoplaythepianoaresmarter,hesays,itdoesn'tnecessarilymeantheyaresmarterbecausetheyplaythepiano.Itcouldbethattheyoungsterswhoplaythepianoalso2happentobemoreambitiousorbetteratfocusingonatask.Correlation,afterall,doesnotprovecausation.[D]The2004paperwasspecificallydesignedtoaddressthoseconcerns.Andasapassionatemusician,Schellenbergwasdelightedwhenheturnedupcredibleevidencethatmusichastransfereffectsongeneralintelligence.Butnearlyadecadelater,in2013,theEducationEndowmentFoundationfundedabiggerstudywithmorethan900students.ThatstudyfailedtoconfirmSchellenberg'sfindings,producingnoevidencethatmusiclessonsimprovedmathandliteracyskills.[E]Schellenbergtookthatnewsinstridewhilecontinuingtocastaskepticaleyeontheresearchinhisfield,Recently,hedecidedtoformallyinvestigatejusthowoftenhisfellowresearchersinpsychologyandneurosciencemakewhathebelievesareerroneous-oratleastpremature-causalconnectionsbetweenmusicandintelligence.Hisresults,publishedinMay,suggesthatmanyofhispeersdojustthat.[F]Forhisrecentstudy,Schellenbergaskedtworesearchassistantstolookforcorrelationalstudiesontheeffectsofmusiceducation.Theyfoundatotalof114paperspublishedsince2000.Toassesswhethertheauthorsclaimedanycausation,researchersthenlookedfortelltaleverbsineachpaper'stitleandabstract,verbslike“enhance”,"promote”,“facilitate”,and"strengthen”.Thepaperswerecategorizedasneuroscienceifthestudyemployedabrainimagingmethodlikemagneticresonance,orifthestudyappearedinajournalthathad"brain”,"neuroscience”,orarelatedterminitstitle.Otherwisethepaperswerecategorizedaspsychology.Schellenbergdidn'ttellhisassistantswhatexactlyhewastryingtoprove.[G]Aftercomputingtheirassessments,Schellenbergconcludedthatthemajorityofthearticleserroneouslyclaimedthatmusictraininghadacausaleffect.Theoverselling,healsofound,wasmoreprevalentamongneurosciencestudies,threequartersofwhichmischaracterizedamereassociationbetweenmusictrainingandskillsenhancementasacause-and-effectrelationship.Thismaycomeasasurprisetosome.Psychologistshavebeenbattlingchargesthattheydon'tdo“real"scienceforsometime-inlargepartbecausemanyfindingsfromclassicexperimentshaveprovedunreproducible.Neuroscientists,ontheotherhand,armedwithbrainscansandEEGs(脑电图),havenotbeensubjecttothesamedegreeofcritique.[H]Toargueforacause-and-effectrelationship,scientistsmustattempttoexplainwhyandhowaconnectioncouldoccur.Whenitcomestotransfereffectsofmusic,scientistsfrequentlypointtobrainplasticity-thefactthatthebrainchangesaccordingtohowweuseit.Whenachildlearnstoplaytheviolin,forexample,severalstudieshaveshownthatthebrainregionresponsibleforthefinemotorskillsofthelefthand'sfingersislikelytogrow.Andmanyexperimentshaveshownthatmusicaltrainingimprovescertainhearingcapabilities,likefilteringvoicesfrombackgroundnoiseordistinguishingthedifferencebetweentheconsonants(辅音)‘b’and‘g’.[I]ButSchellenbergremainshighlycriticalofhowtheconceptofplasticityhasbeenappliedinhisfield.“Plasticityhasbecomeanindustryofitsown,”hewroteinhisMaypaper.Practicedoeschangethebrain,heallows,butwhatisquestionableistheassertionthatthesechangesaffectotherbrainregions,suchasthoseresponsiblefor3spatialreasoningormathproblems.[J]NeuropsychologistLutzJanckeagrees.“Mostofthesestudiesdon'tallowforcausalinferences,”hesaid.Forovertwodecades,Janckehasresearchedtheeffectsofmusiclessons,andlikeSchellenberg,hebelievesthattheonlywaytotrulyunderstandtheireffectsistorunlongitudinalstudies.Insuchstudies,researcherswouldneedtofollowgroupsofchildrenwithandwithoutmusiclessonsoveralongperiodoftime-eveniftheassignmentsarenotcompletelyrandom.Thentheycouldcompareoutcomesforeachgroup.[K]Someresearchersarestaringtodojustthat.TheneuroscientistPeterSchneiderfromHeidelbergUniversityinGermany,forexample,hasbeenfollowingagroupofchildrenfortenyearsnow.Someofthemwerehandedmusicalinstrumentsandgivenlessonsthroughaschool-basedprogramintheRuhrregionofGermanycalledJedemKindeinInstrument,oraninstrumentforeverychild,"whichwascarriedoutwithgovernmentfunding.Amongthesechildren,Schneiderhasfoundthatthosewhowereenthusiasticaboutmusicandwhopracticedvoluntarilyshowedimprovementsinhearingability,aswellasinmoregeneralcompetencies,suchastheabilitytoconcentrate.[L]Toestablishwhethereffectssuchasimprovedconcentrationarecausedbymusicparticipationitself,andnotbyinvestingtimeinanextracurricularactivityofanykind,AssalHabibi,apsychologyprofessoratthesUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,isconducingafive-yearlongitudinalstudywithchildrenfromlow-incomecommunitiesinLosAngeles.Theyoungstersfallintothreegroups:thosewhotakeafterschoolmusic,thosewhodoafter-schoolsports,andthosewithnostructuredafter-schoolprogramatall.Aftertwoyears,Habibiandhercolleaguesreportedseeingstructuralchangesinthebrainsofthemusicallytrainedchildren,bothlocallyandinthepathwaysconnectingdifferentpartsofthebrain.[M]Thatmayseemcompelling,butHabibi'schildrenwerenotselectedrandomly.Didthechildrenwhoweredrawntomusicperhapshavesomethinginthemfromthestartthatmadethemdifferentbuteludedthebrainscanners?“Assomebodywhostartedtakingpianolessonsattheageoffiveandgotupeverymorningatseventopractice,thatexperiencechangedmeandmademepartofwhoIamtoday,”Schellenbergsaid.Thequestioniswhetherthosekindsofexperiencesdososystematicallyacrossindividualsandcreateexactlythesamechanges.AndIthinkthatisthathugeleapoffaith.”[N]Didhehaveahiddentalentthatothersdidn'thave?Ormoreendurancethanhispeers?Musicresearcherstend,likeSchellenberg,tobemusiciansthemselves,andashenotedinhisrecentpaper,“theideaofpositivecognitiveandneuralsideeffectsfrommusictraining(andotherpleasurableactivities)isinherentlyappealing.”Healsoadmitsthatifhehadchildrenofhisown,hewouldencouragethemtotakemusiclessonsandgotouniversity.“Iwouldthinkthatitmakesthembetterpeople,morecritical,justwiseringeneral,”hesaid.[O]Butthoseconvictionsshouldbecheckedattheentrancetothelab,headded.Otherwise,theworkbecomesreligionorfaith.“Youhavetoletgoofyourfaithifyouwanttobeascientist.”436.GlennSchellenberg'slatestresearchsuggestsmanypsychologistsandneuroscientistswronglybelieveinthecausalrelationshipbetweenmusicandIQ.37.Thebeliefinthepositiveeffectsofmusictrainingappealstomanyresearcherswhoaremusiciansthemselves.38.GlennSchellenbergwasdoubtfulabouttheclaimthatmusiceducationhelpsenhancechildren'sintelligence.39.GlennSchellenbergcametotheconclusionthatmostofthepapersassessedmadethewrongclaimregardingmusic'seffectonintelligence.40.Youmustabandonyourunverifiedbeliefsbeforeyoubecomeascientist.41.Lotsofexperimentshavedemonstratedthatpeoplewithmusictrainingcanbetterdifferentiatecertainsounds.42.GlennSchellenberg'sfindingsatthebeginningofthiscenturywerenotsupportedbyalargerstudycarriedoutsometenyearslater.43.OneresearchersharesGlennSchellenberg'sviewthatitisnecessarytoconductlong-termdevelopmentalstudiestounderstandtheeffectsofmusictraining.44.GlennSchellenberg'sresearchassistantshadnoideawhathewastryingtoproveinhisnewstudy.45.GlennSchellenbergadmitsthatpracticecanchangecertainareasofthebrainbutdoubtsthatthechangecanaffectotherareas.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.ageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ThetrendtowardrationalityandenlightenmentwasendangeredlongbeforetheadventoftheWorldWideWeb.AsNeilPostmannotedinhis1985bookAmusingOurselvestoDeath,theriseoftelevisionintroducednotjustanewmediumhutanewdiscourse:agradualshiftfromatypographic(印刷的)culturetoaphotographicone,whichinturnmeantashiftfromrationalitytoemotions,expositiontoentertainment.Inanimage-centeredandpleasure-drivenworld,Postmannoted,thereisnoplaceforrationalthinking,becauseyousimplycannotthinkwithimages.Itistextthatenablesusto"uncoverlies,confusionsandovergeneralizations,andtodetectabusesoflogicandcommonsense.Italsomeanstoweighideas,tocompareandcontrastassertions,toconnectonegeneralizationtoanother.”Thedominanceoftelevisionwasnotconfinedtoourlivingrooms.Itoverturnedallofthosehabitsofmind,fundamentallychangingourexperienceoftheworld,affectingtheconstructivelyandtactfully,exactlyhowtheirinflatedsenseof5deservingnessissomewhatdistorted.They'dthengofurthertoexplainthespecific,andobjective,criteriatheemployeemustmeettoreceivetheirdesiredrewards.Thisshiftawayfromunrealisticexpectationsissuccessfulbecauseentitledemployeesfeelmoreconfidentthatethicalleaderswilldeliverontheirpromises.Thisoccursbecausethey'reperceivedtobefairandtrustworthy.Theresearchers,however,exercisecautionbywarningnoonesingleresponseintheperfectremedy.Butthere'snodenyingethicalleadershipisatleastacriticalstepintherightdirection.51.Whatdoesarecentstudyfindaboutagrowingnumberofworkers?A)Theyattempttomakemorecontributions.B)Theyfeeltheydeservemotethantheyget.C)Theyattachimportancetojobsatisfaction.D)Theytrytodiminishworkplacedysfunction.52.Whydon'tsomeemployeesworkhardaccordingtomanyscholars?A)Theylackastrongsenseofself-worth.B)Theywerespoiledwhengrowingup.C)Theyhavereceivedunfairtreatment.D)Theyareoverindulgedbytheirboss.53.Whatisamanagersupposedtodotoenableworkerstodoabetterjob?A)Beawareoftheiremotions.B)Givethemtimelypromotions.C)Keeparecordoftheirperformance.D)Seekwaystosustaintheirmotivation.54.Whatdotheresearchfindingsrevealaboutethicalleaders?A)Theyareheldaccountablebytheiremployees.B)Theyarealwaystransparentintheirlikesanddislikes.C)Theyconveytheirrequirementsinastraightforwardway.D)Theymakeitapointtobeongoodtermwiththeiremployees.55.Whatkindofleadersareviewedasethicalbyentitledemployees?A)Thosewhocanbecountedontofulfillcommitments.B)Thosewhocandothingsbeyondnormalexpectations.C)Thosewhoexercisecautioninmakingmajordecisions.D)Thosewhoknowhowtosatisfytheiremployees'needs.49.WhatdoesthepassagesayabouttheWorldWideWeb?A)Itwasdevelopedprimarilyforuniversitiesworldwide.B)Itwascreatedtoconnectpeopleindifferentcountries.C)Itwasviewedasameanstoquestforknowledge.D)Itwasdesignedasadiscussionforumforuniversitystudents.50.Whatdowelearnaboutusersofsocialmedia?6A)Theyarebentonlookingforanalternativespaceforescape.B)Theyareconstantlyseekingapprovalfromtheiraudience.C)Theyareforeverengagedinhuntingfornewinformation.D)Theyareunabletofocustheirattentionontasksforlong.ageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Accordingtoarecentstudy,asmallbutgrowingproportionoftheworkforceisaffectedtosomedegreebyasenseofentitlement.Workislessaboutwhattheycancontributebutmoreaboutwhattheycantake.Itcanleadtoworkplacedysfunctionanddiminishtheirownjobsatisfaction.I'mnotreferringtoemployeeswhoarelegitimatelydissatisfiedwiththeiremploymentconditionsdueto,say,beingdeniedfairpayorflexibleworkpractices.I'mtalkingaboutthosewhoconsistentlybelievetheydeservespecialtreatmentandgenerousrewards.It'sanexpectationthatexistsirrespectiveoftheirabilitiesorlevelsofperformance.Asaresultofthatdiscrepancybetweentheprivilegestheyfeelthey'reowedandtheirinflatedsenseofself-worth,theydon'tworkashardfortheiremployer.Theypreferinsteadtoslackoff.It'satendencywhichmanyscholarsbelievebeginsinchildhoodduetoparentswhooverindulgetheirkids.Thistherebyleadsthemtoexpectthesamekindofspoilttreatmentthroughouttheiradultlives.Andyetdespitehowtheseemployeesfeel,it'sobviouslyimportantfortheirmanagertononethelessfindouthowtokeepthemmotivated.And,byvirtueofthatheightenedmotivation,toperformwell.TheresearchteamfromseveralAmericanuniversitiessurveyedmorethan240individuals.Theysampledmanagersaswellasteammembers.Employeeentitlementwasmeasuredbystatementssuchas“IhonestlyfeelI'mjustmoredeservingthanothers”.Therespondentshadtoratetheextentoftheiragreement.Employeeengagement,meanwhile,wasassessedwithstatementslike“Ireallythrowmyselfintomywork.”Thefindingsrevealedethicalleadershipispreciselywhatalleviatesthenegativeeffectsofemployeeentitlement.That'sbecauseratherthanindulgingemployeesorneglectingthem,ethicalleaderscommunicateverydirectandclearexpectations.Theyalsoholdemployeesaccountablefortheirbehaviorsandaregenuinelycommittedtodoingtherightthing.Additionally,theseleadersareconsistentintheirstandardsTheyrealsolesslikelytodeviateinhowtheytreatemployees.Thismeans,whenconfrontedbyanentitledteammember,anethicalleaderissignificantlydisinclinedtoaccommodatetheirdemands.Heorshewillinsteadpointout,conductofpolitics,religion,business,andculture.Itreducedmanyaspectsofmodernlifetoentertainment,sensationalism,andcommerce."Americansdon'ttalktoeachother,weentertaineachother,”Postmanwrote.“Theydon'texchangeideas,theyexchangeimages.Theydonotarguewithpropositions,theyarguewithgoodlooks,celebritiesandcommercials.”Atfirst,thewebseemedtopushagainstthisrend.Whenitemergedtowardsthe7endofthe1980sasapurelytext-based,itwasseenasatooltopursueknowledge,notpleasure.Reasonandthoughtweremostvaluedinthisgarden—allderivedfromtheprojectoftheEnlightenment.Universitiesaroundtheworldwereamongthefirsttoconnecttothisnewmedium,whichhosteddiscussiongroups,informativepersonalorgroupblogs,electronicmagazines,andacademicmailinglistsandforums.Itwasanintellectualproject,notaboutcommerceorcontrol,createdinascientificresearchcenterinSwitzerland.Andformorethanadecade.thewebcreatedanalternativespacethatthreatenedtelevision'sgriponsociety.Socialnetworks,though,havesincecolonizedthewebfortelevision'svalues.FromFacebooktoInstagram,themediumrefocusesourattentiononvideosandimages,rewardingemotionalappeals—'like'buttons-overrationalones.Insteadofaquestforknowledge,itengagesusinanendlesszest(热情)forinstantapprovalfromanaudience,forwhichweareconstantlybutunconsciouslyperforming.(It'stellingthat,whileGooglebeganlifeasaPhDthesis,Facebookstartedasatooltojudgeclassmates'appearances.)Itreducesourcuriositybyshowingusexactlywhatwealreadywantandthink,basedonourprofilesandpreferences.TheEnlightenment'smotto(座右铭)of‘Daretoknow'hasbecome'Darenottocaretoknow'.46.WhatdidNeilPostmansayabouttheriseoftelevision?A)Itinitiatedachangefromdominanceofreasontosupremacyofpleasure.B)Itbroughtaboutagradualshiftfromcinemagoinglohomeentertainment.C)Itstartedarevolutioninphotographictechnology.D)Itmarkedanewageintheentertainmentindustry.47.Accordingtothepassage,whatistheadvantageoftextreading?A)Itgivesoneacestohugeamountsofinformation.B)Itallowsmoreinformationtobeprocessedquickly.C)Itiscapableofenrichingone'slife.D)Itisconducivetocriticalthinking.48.HowhastelevisionimpactedAmericans?A)Ithasgiventhemalotmoretoargueabout.B)Ithasbroughtcelebritiesclosertotheirlives.C)Ithasmadethemcaremoreaboutwhattheysay.D)Ithasrenderedtheirinteractionsmoresuperficial.on(30minutes)Directions:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestotranslateapassagefrom8级别最高。延安是全国爱国主义、革命传统和延安精神教育基地。延安有9个革命纪念馆，珍藏着中共中央和老一辈革命家在延安时期留存下来的大量重要物品，因此享有“中国革命博物馆城”的美誉。六级2021年12月532021年12月大学英语六级考试真题(三)答案与详解tIting结构框图：MyViewonParentalection范文点评：参考范文精彩点评MyViewonParentalOverprotection【1】Nowadays,childrenarethefocusofmanyfamilies,shoulderingthehopeoftheirparents.Therefore,it'shardforthesetheireverymovesothattheynevergethurt.Consequently,childrenbecomesoreliantontheirparentsthattheyhavenoindependentthoughtsorcreativeideas.Suchasituationisofgreatconcern.【2】Inmyview,overprotectionandtoomuchcarearenotbeneficialtochildren'sdevelopment.【3】Tobeginwith,parentsshouldhaveenoughfaithinwithreadytousesolutionsparentsshouldencouragechildrentocomeupwiththeirownideas.withknowledgeandremindthemtobecareful.【5】Beyondthat,theprocessofsucceeding,andit'scrucialtochildren'semotionalintelligencedevelopment.【6】Asthesayinggoes,toomuchwaterdrownedthemiller.Soitisadvisableforourparentstoletgoandlaunchchildrenonthejourneytoindependence.【1】描述现象，引出话题：父母的过度保护让孩子缺乏独立性和创【2】先表明自己的观点，指出过度的保护和过多的关心对孩子的发展是不利的。eginwithandthebestthingourparentscandoisto和beyondthat给出了自己的建议：首先，父母要对孩子有信心;再则，父母能做的最好的事情就是用知识武装孩子，并适时提醒他们;此外，父母应意识到失败是很自然的事情。【6】用俗语“过犹不及”总结全文，重申自己的观点，建议父母应放手，让孩子学会独立。话题词汇：monitor监视devoteoneselfto...献身于……helicopterparenting直升机式的教养方式greenhouseflowers温室里的花朵toomuchwaterdrownedthemiller过犹不及六级2021年12月54答案详解干是对D)段的归纳概括。题干中的separatedfromtheircommunity对应原文中的separatedfromthetribe,题干中的canhardlysurvive是对原文中areessentialtooursurvival和wasadeath的socialbonds对应原文中的friendsandfamily,题干中的prioritize对应原文中的“select...closeto定位到文章M)段第一句。题干中的mostoften对应原文中的themostfrequent,题干中的thoseclosetothem是对原文中peoplewhoarenearby的同义转述，故答案ression和thosedeartothem定位到F)段第二句。己在乎的人面前显得很好。题干中的leaveafavorableimpression对应原文中的makeuslookgood,题干中的thosedeartothem是对原文中thepeoplewecareabout的同义转述，故答案为F)。books和changingpeople'sbeliefs定位到文章N)六级2021年12月55干中的face-to-facecommunication对应原文中的conversationsordebates,题干中的abetter干中的changingpeople'sbeliefs是对原文中socialbonds和knowingthetruth定位到E)段第onmanyoccasions是原文中inmanycircumstances的同义表达，题干中的benefitmorefrom对应原文中的morehelpfulto,题干中ndssocialconnectioningthetruthestablishsocialconnection定位到文章I)段第段定位句的归纳概括。题干中的changesomebody'sbeliefs是对原文中changepeop