石油英语重点句子翻译4

TextA:NationalOilCompanies:Oil’sDark

SecretTextB:TheFutureofOPECTextC:TheEraofOilAbundanceUnit4PETROLEUMCOMPANYANDORGANIZATIONSection2textlearning(A)TextOrganizationPart1（Para.1）：Part2（Para.2-7）：Part3（Para.8-13）IntroductiontoNOCs:definition,advantagesandproblems.Problemsinthenationaloilcompany.InspiteoftheproblemsandfailuresinNOCs,somefactorscanhelp.Section2textlearning(A)InformationAnalysisPart1(Para.1):IntroductiontoNOCs:definition,advantagesandproblems.1.Whatisnationaloilcompany?Nationaloilcompany(NOC)

ispartiallyorwhollystate-ownedfirmsthroughwhichgovernmentsretaintheprofitsfromoilproduction.(Para.1)2.Whatarethesimilaritiesofmoststate-ownedfirms?Theyarepronetoover-staffing,underinvestment,politicalinterferenceandcorruption.(Para.1)Section2textlearning(A)InformationAnalysisPart2(2-7):Problemsinthenationaloilcompany.3.WhyisitsaidthatPDVSAprovidesacautionarytaleofhowbadtheycanbe?(Para.3&11)PresidentHugoChávezhasforcedmostforeignoilfirmsinVenezuelatogointopartnershipwithitsnationalchampion.Itisnowrunningtheresultingjointventures－presumablynobetterthanitrunsitsoriginalfields.(Para.3)MrChávezdictatesthelayingofpipelinesofPDVSAandcustomers.(Para.11)Section2textlearning(A)InformationAnalysis4.Whywilloilproductionbemoreconcentratedin

thehandsofthenationalfirmsofRussiaandthePersianGulf?

PersianGulfinthefuture?(Para.4)----decreaseofoilproductionintheopenareas----largelyoutofboundstomultinationals----notyetthoroughlyrakedoverInformationAnalysisSection2textlearning(A)5.Therearesomereasonsforthefailureof

nationalization.Whatarethey?（Para.5-7）----excessivegovernmentintervention(over-staffed,instrumentsofforeignpolicy,frequentlynationalized)（Para.5）

----alackofopenness(ofenoughdatatoatheory,afullpictureofoil)(Para.6)----underinvestment(politicallypalatabletoreducedrillingprogramsandseismicsurveys)(Para.7)InformationAnalysisSection2textlearning(A)Part3(Para.8-13):InspiteoftheproblemsfailuresinNOCS,somefactorscanhelp.6.Whatleadstotheinefficiencyandcorruptionof

NOCs?Therearenoenoughstronginstitutionstoregulatethemortomanagethemoneytheygenerate.(Para.8)InformationAnalysisSection2textlearning(A)7.Whatstrategiescanbehelpfulforthenationalization?----(SaudiArabian)gradualandfriendlytakeoverhelpstopreserveinstitutionalmemoryandanefficientcorporateculture.Otherwise……(Para.10)----Clearstrategicguidancegoeshand-in-handwithoperationalautonomyatthebestNOCs.(Para.11)----Competitionalsohelps.(Pare.12)----AbundantoildoesnotseemtobeprerequisitetosuccessforaNOC,butseemstodomoststate-runfirmsmoreharmthangood.(Para.13)Section2textlearning(A)ThemeDiscussionHowdoyouunderstand“Abundant,inalienableoil,ontheotherhand,seemstodomoststate-runfirmsmoreharmthangood”(Para.13)?

2.ChinahasseveralNOCs,suchasPetroChina,

Sinopec.Doyouhavesomesuggestionsontheir

development?Section2textlearning(A)ThemeDiscussionHowdoyouunderstand“Abundant,inalienableoil,ontheotherhand,seemstodomoststate-runfirmsmoreharmthangood”(Para.13)?Somecountrieswastemoneyfromoilonauthorityofthestate.WithouttheeffectivecontrolofthecountriesoverNOCs,manyproblemswillappear,suchasinefficiencyandcorruption.Insomeareas,private-ownedoilcompaniesperformbetter.Sonationalizationofoilcompanyisnotalwaysagoodwaytodevelopoilindustry.Section2textlearning(A)ThemeDiscussion2.ChinahasseveralNOCs,suchasPetroChina,Sinopec，

andCNOOC.Doyouhavesomesuggestionsontheirdevelopment?ChineseNOCshavesimilarproblemstoothercountries’,eg.,over-staffing,politicalinterferenceandcorruption.Someexperiencesfromothercountry’sNOCsdeserveChineseNOCs’study(regulatedbythecountry).PermittheforeigninvestmentonChineseoilindustry.PropercompetitionforcesNOCstokeepcostsdownandmethodsuptodate.Thepresenceofmultinationalsalsohelpstodevelopacountry’spoolofskilledlaborandtodisseminate（transmit）

newtechnologyandideas.Section2textlearning(A)Becausethesenationalchampionscontrolasmuchas90%oftheworld’soilandgas,theycandofarmorethanthelikesofExxontoassuagethecurrentworriesaboutsupplyandinfluencetheaccompanying

recordprices.……theyareproneto

over-staffing,underinvestment,politicalinterferenceandcorruption.(Para.1)由于这些国有巨头们控制了世界上大约90％的石油和天然气，因此它们能比埃克森之类（大）公司更易于缓和目前对石油供应的担心，并影响相对应的股价。但是和大多数国有公司一样，它们也都可能有各种弊端：人员过剩，投资不足，政治干涉以及腐败。bepronetosth.:tohaveatendencytobeaffectedbyitortodoit有…倾向，易于Cf.beliableto;beapttoLanguagePointsSection2textlearning(A)

LanguagePoints它现在经营了许多合资公司——大概并不会比它原先经营的油田好到哪儿去。2)Itisnowrunningtheresultingjointventures—

presumablynobetterthanitrunsitsoriginal

fields.(Para.3）3)NewoilismostlikelytobefoundintheNOCs’

territory,preciselybecauseitislargelyoutof

boundstomultinationalssuchas……andsohas

notyetbeenthoroughlyrakedover.(Para.4)由于远离像埃克森美孚公司和英国石油公司这样的跨国公司，新的油田最有可能在国有石油公司的领土上被发现，因为这些地方还没有被完全开发。4)SaudiAramcohasnotreleasedenoughdatatoquashatheorythatitsoilreservesarenotnearlyaslargeasitcontends,andthatitsoutputmayhave

peaked.(Para.6)Section2textlearning(A)

LanguagePoints有一种理论认为沙特国家石油公司（译注：也叫沙特阿美，全称Arabian-AmericanOilCompany）的实际石油储备量并没有其声称的那样多，而且它的产量已经达到了顶峰，但是沙特石油公司未能提供足够的数据来反驳这理论。Section2textlearning(A)LanguagePoints5)Anygovernmentthatreliesonoilingeneral,anda

state-runoilfirminparticular,……andseismic

surveythancivilservantssalariesandhospital

budgets.(Para.7)6)SoNOCssprangupbeforetheircountrieshad

institutionsstrongenoughtoregulatethem,orto

managethemoneytheygenerate—arecipefor

inefficiencyandcorruption.(Para.8)任何总体上依赖石油，特别是依赖一个国有石油公司获得大部分收入的政府，在石油价格下跌的时候都会倾向于缩减投资，因为相对于削减公务员的薪水和医院预算来说，大量减少钻探项目和地质调查在政治上更易于接受。因此，国有公司得以快速发展，国家却没有足够强大的机构来约束它们或者来管理它们所创造的财富，而这正是造成低效和腐败的成分。Section2textlearning(A)

LanguagePoints7)Bycontrast,Sonatrachtookoverforeignoilfirms’

assetsinAlgeriamuchmoreabruptlyandacrimoniously,followingalongandbitterlyfoughtwar

ofindependence.(Para.10)8)TheSaudigovernment,forexample,letsAramcosetitsownprices,unlikeKuwait’s,whichhandsthemdowntoKPCfromonhigh.(Para.11)相比之下，阿尔及利亚国家石油公司Sonatrach则以一种更加生硬刻薄的方式接管了外国石油公司的财产，接下来又陷入了漫长而残酷的独立战争。例如，沙特政府就允许阿美石油公司自行设定石油价格，而不像科威特政府那样将定价下达给KPC。Section2textlearning(A)

LanguagePoints9)Critically,Aramcoisabletoretainaportionofits

earningsformaintenanceandexpansion,ratherthan

subsistingonanallocationfromthenationalbudget,asIran’sstate-runoilfirmdiduntilrecently.(Para.11)10)Thepresenceofmultinationalsalsohelpstodevelop

acountry’spoolofskilledlabourand,whentheyoperateinjointventures,todisseminatenewtechnologyandideas.(Para.12)更重要的是，沙特阿美能够保留一部分收入用于公司的日常运作和发展，而不是依靠国家预算的划拨来维持生存，而直到不久以前，这一直是伊朗国家石油公司赖以生存的方式。跨国公司的出现也帮助培养了一大批技术熟练的劳动力，并且当他们在合资企业中工作时也传播了新技术和新观念。TextB1.Atthesametime,increasedproductionoutsideOPECisdwarfedbytheambitiousexpansionplansputforwardbyOPECmembersIraqandIran.Whileproductionoutsidethecartelismanageable,togetherwithIraqandIran’splans

itcouldrepresentasignificantthreattooilpricesinthelatterhalfofthedecade.(Para.3)bedwarfedby…:beoutnumberedby1.与此同时，非OPEC地区也在陆续增产，但随着欧佩克成员国伊拉克和伊朗雄心勃勃地提出增产计划，前者的产量便相形见绌了。目前，OPEC以外的石油产量还是可控的，但随着伊拉克和伊朗的增产，石油价格在接下来的五年内可能会面临严峻的挑战。ShouldIranandIraqtogetherboostproductiontoareasonablyachievablelevelof11millionbarrelsperdayby2020,whichwouldrepresentanincreaseof5millionto6millionbarrelsperdayabovepresentlevels.OPEC’sproductionquotashavealreadybeenasourceoftensionamongitsmembers,butproducershavealwaysfoundwaystoskirtaroundthem.Thatmaynolongerbepossible.WhileIran’sdomesticconsumptionwillincreasesignificantly,thepotentialexportincreasesarestilltoohighforSaudiArabiatooffset.(Para.5)AisasourceofB…:AisresponsibleforB/BisattributabletoASkirtaroundsth…:trytoavertfromoravoiddoingsth.Offset:tocompensatethelossofsth.2.如果伊朗和伊拉克同时增产，到2020，石油产量有望达到日均1100万桶，

相

比现在每天增产近500万到600万桶。欧佩克的生产配额制一直是成员国

之间关系紧张的根源，也总是被各成员国想方设法地绕过，这种情况在以

后可能不会再发生。虽然伊朗的国内石油消费将大幅提升，但对沙特而言，

伊朗潜在的出口增量依然过高，对其造成的出口损失难以弥补.3.SaudiArabiamayaskIranandIraqtovoluntarilylimitexportgrowth,butwithoutotherincentivesthereisnoreasontobelievetheywoulddosowhenitisintheirshort-termeconomicinteresttoboostexportsasmuchaspossible.(Para.5)Incentive:measuresencouragingsb.todosth.Thereisnoreasontobelievethat…:Itisimplausibletobeconvincedthat/Noreasonleadstoone’sconvincethat/Itstandslittleprobabilitythat.../Thebeliefgoeswithoutanyfeasibilitythat…3.由此一来，沙特可能会要求伊朗和伊拉克主动减少其石油出口，但事实上，由于两伊国内经济缺乏激励政策，只能通过扩大石油出口尽可能获得短期的经济收益，因此沙特的诉求不太可能会实现。4.

WhileOPEChistoricallyhasbeenusedasapoliticaltooltoincreaseoilpricesorplaceanembargoonexports,ascanbeseenfromthe2008pricespike,OPEC’smodernchallengeismoreconcernedwithkeepingoilpricesreasonablylow,notartificiallyraisingthemorembargoingoil.(Para.9)artificially:doneonpurpose4.尽管欧佩克历来被用作抬高油价或禁运石油出口的政治工具——这点从2008年油价飙升就可见一斑，该组织现在面临的挑战则是关于保持石油合理的低价，而不是人为抬高油价或者禁运石油。5.Inordertopreserveitslong-termhealth,OPECwillneedtopreserverelativelylowoilprices,bothtoensurethatdevelopingmarketsinAsiacanaffordtokeepbuyingtheoilandtopreventalternativessuchasshaleoil,electriccarsornaturalgas-to-liquidstechnologyfrombecomingmoreeconomicallyfeasible.(Para.9)preserve：maintainorkeepsth.stableoratacertainstandard;alternatives:substitutesforoileconomicallyfeasible:aseconomicallyaspossible5.为了使OPEC长期稳健发展，油价需要维持在一个相对较低的水平，这既能满足亚洲市场的购买力，同时由于油价走低，像页岩油这样的新兴能源、电动汽车以及天然气液化技术，也不太容易变得经济适用。

Section3ExercisesLanguageOralPresentationTranslationEssayWriting

Section3ExercisesTask1GlossaryMatchc2.d3.g4.a5.h6.b7.e8.fTask2WordsorExpressions1.areproneto 6.potential2.reserve 7.incentive3.feasible 8.presumably4.abundance 9.dictate

5.diversification 10undermine

Language

Section3ExercisesTask1QuestionsandAnswersAnswerthefollowingquestionsaccordingtotheinformationfromTextA,BorC.Question1.Paragraph11&12oftextAQuestion2.Paragraph5oftextBQuestion3.Paragraph2-5oftextBQuestion4.Paragraph7oftextCQuestion5.Paragraphs2-11oftextC

OralPresentation

Section3Exercises

OralPresentationTask3CriticalThinkingEnhancement

Thebenefitsofallthatcheapcrudeoilstillhaven’tshownupattheoneplaceitmattersmost:thegasstation.Simpleeconomicssuggeststhathighersuppliesandlowerdemandshouldtranslateintocheaperprices.Butabundantoilhasn’tcutgasolineprices.Therearemanyreasons.Forexample,regulatoryandtransportationsystemsthatgrewoutofthoseoldassumptionshavebecomeincreasinglyoutdated,preventingtheforcesofsupplyanddemandfromworkingefficiently.Tobringgasolinepriceswaydownrequiresimprovementsinthepipeline,barge,andtrucknetwork.Yetevenwithimprovementsinoil-fieldlogistics,driverswillbecompetingforgasolinewiththeircounterpartselsewhereintheworld.

Section3ExercisesTranslation1.任何以石油为经济支柱的政府，尤其那些经济收入依赖国有石油公司的政府，在石油价格下跌的时候，都会倾向于缩减投资；因为相对于公务员的薪水和医院预算来说，大幅削减钻探项目和地质调查在政治上更容易让人接受。(TextA,Para.7)2.尽管欧佩克历来被当作抬高油价或禁运石油出口的政治工具——这点从2008年油价飙升就可见一斑，但是该组织现在面临的挑战是关于如何石油合理的低价，而不是人为抬高油价或者禁运石油。(TextB,Para.9)Task1TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.

Section3Exercises3.与其担心那些坏脾气的石油大国，不如做好准备迎接新的地缘政治格局：原先蒸蒸日上的（国家）可能会走下坡路，而那些从前在众人心中毫无地位的国家也许会成为全球的重要玩家。(TextC,Para.2)4.对于美国来说，这真是天大的好事。花旗集团的埃德•莫尔斯欣喜若狂地说：“美国不会再向暴君们或封建君主们卑躬屈膝了，他们的石油供应已不再是外交政策的筹码。”这个说法可能有一点儿盲目乐观，不过我们对此也有个大致了解。(TextC,Para.5)5.和石化能源公司相比，绿色能源公司的发展障碍本身就大；当石油、天然气价格下降以后，遇到的阻碍将更增大。不过，仍有一线希望：它们不会就此被市场淘汰，低廉的能源价格会带给消费者新的选择。（TextC,Para.10）Translation

Section3ExercisesTask2TranslatethefollowingparagraphintoEnglish.Theinternalizationofnationaloilcompaniesisamongthetoptrendsontheglobalenergyfrontinthe21stcentury.Itoccupiesavailableenergyofwesterninternationaloilcompanies.Moreover,thecompetitivelandscapeshifts:OPECmembersaremuchdiminished;globally,newoil-and-gassuppliers,suchasU.S.shaleoilandgaspotential,Canada’soilsands,Venezuela’sultra-heavyoilandBrazil’sdeep-seaoilareemerging.Chinesestate-ownedoilcompanieshaveconsiderableadvantagesinfunds,certaintechnologiesandservices.However,comparedwithwesterninternationaloilgiants,theystillfallbehindowingtoaninsufficiencyinglobalmanagementandsupportingresearch.Translation

Section3ExercisesEssayWritingFindouthowtowriteanillustrationessaybyreadingtheseeasytips:Likeanyessay,introduceyourtopicinyourfirstparagraph.Useeachkeywordthatyouwroteinyourintroductionasthemainfocusofeachofyourbodyparagraphs.Payattentiontoyourdescriptions.Avoidbeingtoovagueortoogeneral.Usecomparisonsthatarefamiliartoyourreaders.Anillustrativeessayhasaplentyofexamples.Makesureyourexamplemakesaclearpoint.textlearning(B)KeySentencesAtthesametime,OPECmustdealwithplanstoexpandoilproductionenvisionedbothbyIraqandIran,whichcouldleadtolowerpricesthanthecarteldesires.(Para.1)Thefivecountriescertainlypossessedthatpowerwhenthecartelwasinitiallyformed,……dominancehasdeclinedovertheyears.(Para.2)Atthesametime,increasedproductionoutsidePPECisdwarfedbytheambitiousexpansionplansputforwardbyOPECmembersIraqandIran.(Para.3)4.AlthoughmostoftheU.S.increasehasbeen

offset……toreduceproductionlevelsattimesto

maintainprices.(Para.4)textlearning(B)KeySentences5.SaudiArabiamayaskIranandIraqto

voluntarilylimitexportgrowth,……toboost

exportsasmuchaspossible.(Para.5)6.Historically,SaudiArabiahasarguedforincreased

productionfromthecartel……formoderate

productionlevelsandstrongprices.(Para.6)7.Indeed,ChinahasmassiveprojectswithSaudi

Arabia,……15percentofitsoilfromOPEC

memberAngola.(Para.7)textlearning(B)KeySentences8.Theimpactonlong-termpricesislesscertain,

however;……suppliesinnon-OPECcountries

aswell(Para.8)9.WhileOPEChistoricallyhasbeenusedasa

politicaltool……notartificiallyraisingthem

orembargoingoil.(Para.9)10.Furthermore,temperedoilpricesfor

consumersinAsiawillonlyreinforcethe

region’seconomicgrowth,contributingto

increaseddemandforOPEC’soil.(Para.9)textlearning(C)KeySentencesWearesufferingwhiplash:Fornearlyfourdecades,……otherwiseself-respectingworldleaderstogenuflect,andeconomiststoshudder.(Para.1)Russia’sVladimirPtuinhasstruttedtheglobalstage,Bolsteredbygasandoilprofits,andVenezuela’sHugoChavezhasthumbedhisnoseatlosYanquis.(Para.1)Ratherthanpetroleumscarcity,weareseeingintoafloodofnewoilsupplies……countriespreviouslyonnoone’sa-listmaysuddenlybecentralglobalplayers.(Para.2)Wewillnolongerbekowtowingtodespoticrulers……Thosetradeoffswillbeeliminated.(Para.5)textlearning(C)KeySentences5.Newpetrostates:Aren’tweforgettingthose

unsungnationsthat,……endupwithfarmore

robusteconomiesandasgeopoliticalplayers?

(Para.6)6.Cooperation:WesternsuspicionofChinahas

beenfueledbyitsaggressiveacquisitionof

naturalresourcesaroundtheworld,especially

oilandgasfields.(Para.7)7.Lookingahead,Chowwonderswhetherthe

UnitedStatesmightendupcollaboratingwith

ChinaandIndiainpatrollingthePersianGulf.

(Para.7）textlearning(C)KeySentences8.Strugglingtomakeupthedifferencebutwithno

tools……publicpopularitybasedonagrowing

andoptimisticmiddleclass.(Para.9)9.Thebarwasalreadyhighforgreen-tech

companiestocompeteagainstthe……lower

energypricescouldcreateanewconsumer

choice.(Para.10)10.Sothereyouhaveit:OP