石油英语初级教程Unit 7

PetroleumEconomyandNationalSecurityUNIT7Section1Starting-outSection2TextLearning

TextAOilDependency:

TheRealThreattoNationalSecuritySection3ExercisesTextBControversyonStrategicPetroleumReserveTextOrganizationPart1(Para.1-?)______________________Part2(Para.?-?)______________________…?Howmanypartscanyoudividethepassageinto?TextaPart1(Para.1-3) Part3(Para.4-7)

Part4(para.8-11)Part5(para.12-15)TextOrganizationTexta (Introduction) (Problem) (Response) (Solution)Part1(Para.1-3)(Introduction)OilPriceshasbeenamajorcontributortoeconomicslowdown.Part3(Para.4-7)(Problem)UnchangedU.S.strategicthinkingleadstothequestionaboutguaranteeingtheoilresources.TextOrganizationTextaPart4(para.8-111)(Response)

SeriesofreportsidentifiedoildependenceasthethreattonationalsecurityandsuggestedalteringU.S.strategicvisionPart5(para.12-15)(Solution)

U.S.mustgetoffoilbyusingeverygallonasefficientlyaspossible.TextOrganizationTextaInformationAnalysis(Para.1)--Economicdownturnhasusuallybeenprecededbyasuddensteepincreaseofoilprices.--Three.The1974-75recession,thecollapseofthedot-combubblein2000,thetankingeconomyin2007.TextaWhatistherelationshipbetweeneconomicdownturnandrisingoilprices?Howmanyexamplesaregiventoillustratetherelationship?InformationAnalysis(Para.2)--AistoBwhat/asCistoD.Risingoilpricesistoeconomicdownturnwhat/asexternallyimposedtaxtogeopoliticalconcerns..TextaWhydoestheauthormention“externallyimposedtax”and“geopoliticalconcerns”?Isthereanexceptiontothisrule/pattern?--Yes,thecurrentroundofoilpriceincreaseswillonlyhaveatransitoryimpactoneconomicgrowth;itwillnotderailtherestofeconomy.(Para.3)InformationAnalysisWhatdoestheauthorimplybyreferringtothe11aircraftcarrierbattlegroupandthe$649billiondefenseappropriationsbill?TextaWhatdominatesthecurrentU.S.strategicthinking?--AmindsetforgedduringWWII.--TheU.S.isstilldominatedbythewartimemindset,aimingtoensureitsmilitarypower.(Para.4)InformationAnalysis(Para.5)--Responsesrelyingonmarketforces,ratherthanrelyingonmilitarymightandmilitary-derivedinfluence.TextaWhatmightbethemoreeffectiveresponsetosupplydisruptionofoilinthe21stcentury?WhatistheU.S.currentstrategicvision?(Para.6)--AnyinterferencewiththePersianGulfwillberegardedasanassaultontheU.Sinterestsandwillberepelledbyanymeans,includingmilitary.InformationAnalysis(Para.7)--Everybodyusesoil,whyme?CanadahasbecomeU.S.majorforeignoilsupplier;China,IndiaandEuropearemoredependentontheMiddleEastoil;“everybodyusesoil,whyme?”TextaWhyisthereadifferentvoiceabouttheguaranteeingofthePersianGulfoilsupply?Whatisironic?(“Ironicallyenough,aseriesofreports…”)(Para.8)--Areportfromamilitary-supportednon-profitthink-tanksuggestedalteringU.S.strategicvision,i.e.notresortingtomilitaryforcestorespondtothesupplyshortage.InformationAnalysis(Para.9)--Dependenceonoil.(OR:inefficientuseandoverrelianceonoil.)TextaWhatmayposeathreattonationalsecurityaccordingtothe2009report?Whatdidthe2009reportcallfor?(Para.10)--Dramaticreductioninmilitaryinthemilitaryuseoffossilfuels(byswitchingtosolarpowerandbatteriestopowerfieldinstallationsinsteadofusingdieselgenerators).InformationAnalysis(Para.11)--ClimatechangemayaddtothemissionburdenoftheU.S.military,andtheU.S.shoulddiversifyenergysourcesandmoveawayfromfossilfuelswherepossible.TextaWhatdidthe2007climatechangereportwarnandsuggest?WhatisthenewcareerofformerViceAdmiralDennisMcGinn?Howdoesheevaluatehisnewcareer?(Para.12)--Promotingenergyefficiencyandclean-energytechnologies.--Heseeshisnewcareerasanextensionofhisworkonlong-termstrategicpolicy.InformationAnalysis(Para.13)--Itshouldstopdependingonenergycomingfromunstablecountriesfirstandthenbeeconomicallystrong.TextaHowcanacountryhaveaviablenationalstrategy?WhatarethecriticismlevelledattheslowdrawdownoftheU.S.troopsinIraqandAfghanistan?(Para.14)--StationingofU.S.troopstherecostsahugeamountofmoney($119billionnextyear)andtheU.Sistakingthehitstodefendtheglobaloilsupply.InformationAnalysis(Para.15)--Toworkouthigherfuelefficiencystandardsanduseeverygallonasefficientlyaspossible.TextaWhatisthewayfortheU.S.togetoffoildependence?1.(Para.2)In2000,oilhit…theeconomytanked.2.(Para.2)Whiletherewere…geopoliticalconcerns.4.(Para.4)Yetlittleofthat…guaranteedshipments.5.(Para.4)Howelsetoexplain…morethanone?6.(Para.6)WiththeIranianhostage…militaryforces.”7.(Para.12)FormerViceAdmiral…clean-energytechnology.LanguagePointsTexta3.(Para.3)Butthistimearound…therestoftheyears.PreviewTasksTextLearning(A)1.(Para.2)In2000,oilhashitthethenunheardofpriceof$40abarrel,andwithinmonthsthedot-combubblecollapsed.Crudespikesover$100abarrelin2007,andafewmonthslatertheeconomytanked.2000年，石油价格达到了前所未闻的每桶40美元，而几个月之内，互联网泡沫破裂了。2007年，原油价格激增到每桶100美元，几个月后，经济溃败。TextLearning(A)2.(Para.2)Whiletherewereusuallyotherfactorsdrivingthosedownturns–in2007-09itwasthesubprimemortgagemessandresultingfinancialcrisisforinstance–risingoilhasalwaysbeenseenasamajorcontributortoeconomicslowdowns,theequivalentofanexternallyimposedtaxthatwascauseforgeopoliticalconcerns.尽管通常其它因素（如2007-2009年的次贷危机及由此引发的金融危机）也会造成经济滑坡，但石油价格的上涨一直被视为是造成经济放缓/下滑的主要因素，情况类似外部征税是造成地缘政治担忧的原因一样。TextLearning(A)3.(Para.3)Butthistimearound,economicprognosticatorsaresayingthatthe$100-a-barreloilpricesofthepasttwomonths–aslongastheydon’tspikeintothestratosphere–willonlyhaveatransitoryimpactongrowth,whichisprojectedtobeabove3percentfortherestofthisyear.然而，这一次，经济预言家们说，过去两个月每桶100美元的石油价格，只要不涨到天价，将只会对经济增长有暂时的影响，在今年的后几个月中，经济增长预计高于3%。TextLearning(A)4.(Para.4)YetlittleofthatrealityinfluencedU.S.strategicthinking,whichisstilldominatedbyamindsetforgedduringWorldWarIIwhenglobaleconomicandmilitarypowerdefendedoncontrollingaccesstosourcesofcrude,andnavalstrategywaspredicatedonprotectingthesealanesthatguaranteedshipments.然而，这种新的现实几乎影响不到美国的战略思维，他们的思维方式还限定在二战时期。那时，全球的经济和军事实力依赖于控制原油供应来源，海军战略及保护能够保证载货量的海上航道为依据。TextLearning(A)5.(Para.4)Howelsetoexplainthe11aircraftcarrierbattlegroupsinthe$649billiondefenseappropriationsbillthatissailingthroughtheHouseoftheRepresentativesthisweek,whennooneelseintheworldhasmorethanone?不然的话，该怎样解释在本周驶向美国众议院的那项6490亿的国防拨款议案中的那11艘航空母舰战斗群呢？实际情况是世界上的其他任何一个国家最多都只有一艘。TextLearning(A)6.(Para.7)WiththeIranianhostagecrisisdominatingtheheadlines,Carterdeclaredthatany“attemptbyanoutsideforcetogaincontrolofthePersianGulfregionwillberegardedasanassaultonthevitalinterestoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,andsuchanassaultwillberepelledbyanymeansnecessary,includingmilitaryforce.”在伊朗人质危机占据了媒体头条的背景下，卡特宣布“外部势力攫取控制波斯湾地区的任何企图，都将被看作是对美国根本利益的进攻。对于这种进攻，美国将使用包括军事力量在内的任何必要手段，予以击退。”TextLearning(A)7.(Para.12)FormerViceAdmiralDennisMcGinn,whorecentlyretiredfromtheNavy,servedontheadvisoryboardthatissuedbothreportsandrecentlytookoverthehelmoftheAmericanCouncilonRenewableEnergy,whichbringstogethernon-fossil-fuelenergyproducersandFortune500companiestopromoteenergyefficiencyandclean-energytechnologies.最近刚刚退役的前海军中将丹尼斯•麦克金曾在发布那两项报告的顾问委员会任职，并且最近刚刚接管了美国可再生能源委员会。可再生能源委员会将非矿物燃料能源生产者和“财富500强”的公司联合起来共同提升能源效率、提高清洁能源技术。ThemeDiscussionDiscussthefollowingtheme-relatedquestions.1.WhatdoyouthinkChinashoulddotorespondtothecurrentsituationoftheglobaloilmarket,sinceChinaisbothanimporterandaproducerofoil?

2.WhatmightbecyoursuggestionsonChina’sstrategicpolicyofthedevelopmentofshalegasinChina?

WhatdoyouthinkoftheconclusionsintheChinashalegasreportreleasedbytheUniversityofColumbia?TextAThemeDiscussionTextA日前，美国哥伦比亚大学发布中国页岩气政策研究报告，结合中国页岩气开发的现状与问题提出了未来促进发展的政策建议，该研究受到美国能源部化石能源局资助。报告得出六点结论：第一，未来几年中国不会实现页岩气的大规模开采，之后低速增长和高速发展两种情况都有可能发生；第二，页岩气发展的主要障碍包括：开采成本高，针对国有公司的激励薄弱，竞争力缺乏，对国外公司的限制和可利用的数据有限等；第三，政府政策对确定未来中国页岩气的发展将发挥关键作用；第四，中国页岩气开采对环境从高度正面影响到严重负面影响都有可能；第五，在中长期内水资源供应会成为一些地区的限制因素之一；第六，美国和中国政府对于页岩气有着共同的利益。TheUniversityofColumbiarecentlyreleasedaChinashalegasreport,whichwaspresentedtotheannualUS-ChinaOilandGasIndustryForumonSeptember25,2014.资料textlearning(B)TranslationAssignment1.(Para.2)Themajorityof…physicalshortages.2.(Para.5)Absentconcretemarketfailures,…welfare.3.(Para.6)Thismaynotbedone…saidTaylor.4.(Para.11)Boththelawand…declarationofwar.5.(Para.15)TheRandreport…toameliorate.”6.(Para.16)Policymakershave…wouldbetaken.Unit7Text(B)1.(Para.2)Themajorityof…physicalshortages.大多数政治领袖和关注此事的公民则把该储备看作是用于防止能源真正短缺的燃料来源。Translation2.(Para.5)Absentconcretemarketfailures,…welfare.没有实际上的市场失灵/市场失效，政府对石油市场的干预不可能提高经济福利。Text(B)3.(Para.6)Thismaynotbedone…saidTaylor.获取利润最大化未必是出于考虑顾客（的利益），但这将对顾客产生积极影响，这是因为当市场对商品有需求时，拥有存货的个人会将商品投入市场。Translation4.(Para.11)Boththelawand…declarationofwar.法律和政策的制定者们都把SPR作为紧急响应的最后手段。法律上对总统做出授权销售SPR判定所满足的要求在概念上接近于宣战。Text(B)5.(Para.15)TheRandreport…toameliorate.兰德报告指出，关于何时使用SPR，尚缺乏公开、明确的政策，“如果市场参与者担心严重的供应中断，有可能会引发恐慌性囤积，造成的这一局面则具备了启用SPR的条件。”Translation6.Para.16)Policymakershave…wouldbetaken.政策制定者不愿提前透露什么情况下使用战略石油储备，因为根据当前法律，这意味着要提前规定国家石油供应中断紧急状态的构成和随之应采取的相应行动。6.ILanguageTask1GlossaryMatch1e2h3f4g5a6b7d8cExercises1rationale2articulate3inexorably4repel5barrel

6assault7proposition8ambiguous9blockade10mandatedTask2WordsorExpressionsCheckExercisesIIITranslationTask1TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoChinese.1.尽管通常其它因素（如2007-2009年的次贷危机及由此引发的金融危机）也会造成经济滑坡，但石油价格的上涨一直被视为是造成经济放缓/下滑的主要因素，情况类似外部征税是造成地缘