东北师范大学《英语语言学》练习题及答案

《英语语言学》练习题一答案见题后练习题第1套IIndicatethefollowingstatementstrueorfalse.PutTfortrueandFforfalseinthebrackets123456789101112131415Inthephrasesaherdofcattle,aflockofsheep,bothcattleandsheepcontainonlyonemorpheme.Themeaningofcompoundsisalwaysthesumofmeaningofthecompounds.TheSwisslinguistdeSaussurcregardedthelinguisticsignascomposedofsoundimageandreferent.Chineseisanagglutinatinglanguage.Notallvowelsarevoiced.Ifsegmentsappearinthesamepositionbutthemutualsubstitutiondocsnotresultinchangeofmeaning,theyarcsaidtobeinfreevariation.Agreenbottleisatypeofbottle.Productivityisthefirstandforemoststrikingfeatureofhumanlanguage.Languagecontainstwosubsystems,oneofspeakingand(heotherofwriting.Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingsrealorimagined,past,presentorfuture.Modernlinguisticsisprescriptiveratherthandescriptive.ThestudyofspeechsoundsiscalledPhonology.Thevoicelessbilabialstopinpinandtheoneinspinareincomplementarydistribution.Toneisthevariationofpitchtodistinguishutterancemeaning.Compounding,(hecombinationoffreemorphemes,isacommonwaytoformwords.IIWritethephoneticsymbolthatcorrespondstothearticulatorydescription.Example:vowelfronthigh[i:JbilabialnasalvoicedlabiovelarglideliteralliquidvoicedbilabialstopfronthighlaxDrawtwotreediagramsofthefollowingambiguoussentence.PatfoundabookonWallStreet.Howwouldyoureadthephrasesinthetwocolumns?Whatdoeseachofthemmean?ColumnIColumnIIabluebirdabluebirdalighthousekeeperalighthousekeeperExplain(herelationbetweenbank1(thesideofariver)andbank2(thefinancialinstitute).Tellthesemanticrelationwithinthegivensentenceandthatbetweenthetwosentences.Myuncleismale.Thespinsterismarried.Jimisanorphan.Jimliveswithhisparents.SamisthehusbandofSally.SallyisthewifeofSam.HehasgonetoLondon.Hehasgone(oEngland.Answerthefollowingquestions:HowdosociolinguistsclassifythevarietiesofEnglish?Whatare(hefourmaximsoftheCooperativePrinciple?Whatarethecomponentsofmetaphor?练习题第1套参考答案6.T7.F8.T9.F10.T11.F12.F13.T14.F15.Ta.[m]b,[w]c.[1]d.[b]e,[I](onimited)a.Abluebirdreferstoakindofbird.Abluebirdmeansabirdwhosefeathersareblue.b.Alighthousekeeperrefersakeeperwhokeepslighthouse.Alighthousekeepermeansahousekeeperwhoislight.V.Therelationbetweenbank1andbank2ishomonymy.a.tautologyb.contradictionc.inconsistencyd.synonymye.entailment1,Thetermvarietyisthelabelgiventotheformofalanguageusedbyanygroupofspeakersorusedinaparticularfield.Avarietyischaracterizedbythebasiclexicon,phonology,syntaxsharedbymembersofthegroup.Varietiesofalanguageareoffourtypes:thestandardvariety,regional(geographical)dialects,sociolects(socialdialects)andregisters(functionalvarieties).Thestandardvarietyistheformofalanguageusedbythegovernmentandcommunicationmedia,taughtinschoolsanduniversitiesandisthemainoronlywrittenform.Aregionaldialectisavarietyofalanguagespokenbypeoplelivinginanarea.Sociolectsareformsofalanguagethatcharacterizethespeechofdifferentsocialclasses.Registerisatermwidelyusedinsociolinguisticstorefertouvarietiesaccordingtouse"，incontrastwithregionaldialectsandsociolects,bothofwhichare“varietiesaccordingtouser.”Themaximofquantity:Makeyourcontributionasinformativeasisrequiredforthecurrentpurposeofexchange.Donotmakeyourcontributionmoreinformativethanisrequired.Themaximofquality:Trytomakeyourcontributiononethatis(rue.Donotsaywhatyoubelievetobefalse.Donotsaythatforwhichyoulackadequateevidence.Themaximofrelevance:Makeyourcontributionsrelevant.Themaximofmanner:Avoidobscurityofexpression.Avoidambiguity.Bebrief.Beorderly.Targetdomainandsourcedomainarethecomponentsofmetaphors.Thetransferenceofpropertiesofthesourcedomaintothetargetdomainisreferredtoasmapping.练习题第2套I、Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordbeginningwiththelettergiven:.Modemlinguisticsisdratherthanprescriptive.Consonantscanbedescribedintermsofpofarticulation,mannersofarticulation,andv.Aarcvariantsofthesamephonemeindifferentphoneticcontexts.Thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguageiscalledm.AccordingtoSaussure,alinguisticsigniscomposedofsands.Generallinguisticsisbasedontheviewthatlanguageasasystemcomposedofthreeaspects:sound,sandmeaning.Monophthongsanddaretwomajortypesofvowels.Sequencesthatarcpossiblebutdonotoccuryetarccalledagap,e.g./blik/,/bilk/,/klib/,and/kilb/.Mandsmakeuptwosubsystemsoflanguage.Thelanguageusedtotalkaboutlanguageiscalledni.AccordingtoM.A.K.Halliday,languageplaysthreemetafunctionssimultaneously:theideationalfunction,theifunctionandthetfunction.II、Foreachgroupofsoundslistedbelow,statethephoneticfeature(s)thenshare:Example:[sj[f][p][h]voiceless1、[g][z][d]2、[v][h][s]3^[m][p][b][f][v]4、rnfdi[ninirs](zi5、[i：][i][U][u:]III、Explaintheambiguityofthefollowingsentences.Thisisabeautifulgirfsdress.Thosewhowenttherequicklymadeafortune.Howwouldyoureadthephrasesinthetwocolumns?Whatdoeseachofthemmean?ColumnIColumnIITheWhiteHouseawhitehousearedcoataredcoatDrawtreediagramsfbrthefollowingtwosentences:Aclevermagicianfooledtheaudience.Thetoweronthehillcollapsedinthewind.Answerthefollowingquestions:1、Whatisreferenceandwhatissense?Howarctheyrelated?2^Whatarethefeaturesofmetaphors?3、Howdoyoudistinguishhomonymyfrompolysemy?练习题第2套参考答案I.I.descriptive2.places,voicing3.Allophones4.morpheme5.signifiessignified6.structure7.diphthongs8.accidental9.Meaning,erpersonal,textualvoiced2.fricative3.labial4.alveolar5.high,vowelII.Thisisadressforbeautifulgirls.Thisisabeautifuldressfbrgirls.TomhateshisbossandIhatehisbosstoo.TomhateshisbossandIhatemybosstoo.a)TheWhitHouseisapropernoun,whichistheestateoftheAmericangovernment.Awhitehousereferstoahousewhichispaintedwhite.b)AredcoatreferstoaBritishsoldierwhoisinredcoat.Aredcoatmeansacoatwhosecolorisred.(ommi(ed)V.1.Ideationalfunctionweuselanguagetotalkaboutourexperienceoftheworld,includingourinnerworld,todescribeevents,statesandtheentitiesinvolved(languageservesasacordingsystemwhichdealswiththerelationbetweenmanandnature);•Interpersonalfunctionweuselanguagetointeractwithothers,toestablishandmaintainrelationswiththem,topleasethem,toangerthem,andinfluencetheirbehavior,togettheirhelporsympathy(languageserversasamediumbetweenindividuals);,Textualfunction—languageasasystemorganizesmessagesinaunifiedmannersothatchunksofmessagesfitlogical1ywithothersaroundthemandwiththewidercontextinwhichthetalkingorwritingtakesplace(whenlanguageisinuse,playingtheabovetwofunctions,itnaturallyformsatext).2.Metaphorshavethreemainfeatures:systematicity,creationofsimilarities,andimaginativerationality.Metaphorsaresystematicpreciselybecausetheyareconceptualinnature.Metaphorcancreatesimilaritiesbetweenthetwodomainsinvolved.Thisrunscountertothetraditionalviewwhichholdsthatsimilariticsarcinherentintheentitiesthemselves.Butcognitivelinguistsholdthatthesimilaritiesrelevanttometaphorsareexperientialratherthanobjective.Metaphorsarecharacterizedbyimaginativerationality.Theyunitereasoningandimagination.Metaphorsasaformofreasoningbyanalogyinvolvecategorization,entailmentandinference.Bymetaphorsweunderstandonekindofthingintermsofanotherkindofthing.1.HomonymyHomonymsarewordswhichhavethesameform,butdifferentmeanings.Wordswhichhavethesamespellingbutdifferentmeaningsarecalledhomographs,suchasbow(v.)andbow(n.,aweapon).Wordswhichhavethesamepronunciationbutdifferentmeaningsarecalledhomophones.Flour/flower,pale/paikwhole/holeareallhomophones.Wordswhichhavethesamespellingandpronunciationbutdifferentmeaningsarcfullhomonyms,asexemplifiedbybear(v.)/bear(ananimal),ground(n.)/ground(v.).PolysemyHomonymsarelistedasseparateentriesinadictionary,becauselexicographersseethemasunrelatedinsense.Apolysemeisawordwhichhasseveralrelatedsenses.Inmanydictionariesyoucanfindbank1andbank2asseparateentries.Therelationbetween(hetwoishomonymy.Bothof(hemarepolysemes,becauseeachof(hemhasseveraldefinitions.Lexicographersmakethedistinctionbetweenhomonymsandpolysemesbasedontheintuitionofnativespeakersaswellastheetymologyorhistoryofwords.《英语语言学》练习题二练习题第3套I、Indicateihefollowingstatementstrueorfalse.PutTfortrueandFforfalseinthebrackets:)1.TheSwisslinguistdeSaussurcregardedthelinguisticsignascomposedofsoundimageandreferent.)2.Chineseisanagglutinatinglanguage.)3.Notallvowelsarevoiced.)4.Ifsegmentsappearinthesamepositionbutthemutualsubstitutiondoesnotresultinchangeofmeaning,theyaresaidtobeinfreevariation.)5.Agreenbottleisatypeofbottle.)6.Productivityisthefirstandforemoststrikingfeatureofhumanlanguage.)7.Languagecontainstwosubsystems,oneofspeakingandtheotherofwriting.)8.Languagecanbeusedtorefertothingsrealorimagined,past,presentorfuture.)9.Modernlinguisticsisprescriptiveratherthandescriptive.)10.ThestudyofspeechsoundsiscalledPhonology.)11.Thevoicelessbilabialstopinpinandtheoneinspinareincomplementarydistribution.)12.Toneisthevariationofpitchtodistinguishutterancemeaning.)13.Compounding,thecombinationoffreemorphemes,isacommonway(oformwords.)14.Pragmaticsisconcernedwithspeakermeaning.)15.Thereferenceofadeixistoaprecedingexpressionistechnicallytermedcataphoricreference.II、Transcribethesoundrepresentedbytheunderlinedletter(s)inthewordsandthendescribeit.Example:heat[i:]vowelfronthighphotowritecaractorcjtyHI、Considerthefollowingwordsandanswerthequestionsbelow:fingerdisgracefulstepsisterpsycholinguisticsantidisestablishmentarianismTellthenumberofmorphemesineachword.Underlinethefreemorphemesineachwordwherepossible(odoso.IV、Drawtreediagramstoshowtheambiguityinthefollowingsentence:Theycanfish.V、DataAnalysis:I)WhatistheillocutionofA'sutterancein(hefollowingbriefencounter?Youareinanon-smokingzone,sir.Thanks(extinguishingthecigarette).2)Whatkindofpre-sequenceisA'sfirstutterance?(Hint:AandBaretwosecretariesworkinginthesameoffice.)A:Areyougoingtobeherelong?B:Youcangoifyoulike.A:I'lljustbeoutside.Callmeifyouneedme.B:OK.VIAnswerthefollowingquestionsWhatarethecomponentsofmetaphor?Whatisthedifferencebetweenlinguisticcompetenceandcommunicativecompetence?Whatisthedifferencebetweenreferentialmeaningandassociativemeaningsofwords?练习题第3套参考答案I.1—5TFFTF6—10TFTFF11—15TFTTFIL[fjvoicelesslabiodentalfricative[r]alveolarretroflexliquid[a:]lowbackvowel[k]voicelessvelarstop[i]laxhighfrontvowelIII.a)oneb)threec)twod)foure)sevendisgracefulstepsisterantidisestablishmentarianism.(参见课件或教材).1.AwantstostopBfromsmokingthere.Pre-requestVI.1,Metaphoristhemappingfromthesourcedomaintothetargetdomain.Thedomaintobeconceptualizediscalledtargetdomain,whiletheconceptualizingdomainistermedthesourcedomain.Thetransferenceofpropertiesofthesourcedomaintothetargetdomainisreferredtobysomecognitivelinguistsasmapping.Forexample,neckisapartofhumanbody,whiletheneckinthecompoundbottleneckismetaphoricallyused.Thepropertiesofhumanneck(sourcedomain)havebeentransferredtotheneckofthebottle(targetdomain).linguisticcompetenceaccountsforaspeaker'sknowledgeofhislanguage,accountsforboth(hetacitknowledgeoflanguageandtheabilitytouseit.AccordingtoHymes(1972),therearefourparametersthatunderlieaspeaker'scommunicativecompetence,namelytheabilitytojudge:Whether(andtowhatdegree)somethingisformallypossible;Whether(andtowhatdegree)somethingisfeasible;Whether(andtowhatdegree)somethingisappropriate;Whether(andtowhatdegree)somethingisinfactdone.Referentialmeaning(sometimescalleddenotativemeaning)iswidelybelieved(obethecentralmeaningofwords.Itiscomparativelymorestableanduniversal.Thewordwomanreferstofemalehumanadult.Thiskindofmeaningofthewordhasnotchangedandwillnotchange.Associativemeaningsarcmeaningsthathingeonreferentialmeaning.Incontrasttoreferentialmeaning,theyarelessstableandmorecullure-specific.Forexample,although(hereferentialmeaningofthewordkinghasnotchangedinEnglish,Englishpeopletodayhavedifferentconceptionsofthekingthanbefore.TheEnglishwordpigmayhavethesamereferentasitsequivalentinalanguageofIslamicculture.Yet,theassociativemeaningsaretotallydifferent.练习题第4套I.Fillineachofthefollowingblankswithonewordbeginningwiththelettergiven:Chineseisatypicaltlanguage.M3(mother),m3(hemp)mg(horse)(scold),forexample,arefourdistinguishedwords.Thetotalnumberofwordsstoredinthebrainiscalled1,whichcanbeunderstoodasamentaldictionary.Wordslikewent,whichisnotrelatedinformtoindicategrammaticalcontrastwiththeroot,arccalleds.Sisdefinedasthestudyofmeaning.Sarewordswhichhavedifferentformsbutsimilarmeanings.Mandsmakeuptwosubsystemsoflanguage.Thelanguageusedtotalkaboutlanguageiscalledm.AccordingtoM.A.K.Halliday,languageplaysthreemetafunctionssimultaneously:theideationalfunction,theifunctionandthetfunction.Modemlinguisticsisdratherthanprescriptive.Consonantscanbedescribedintermsofpofarticulation,mannersofarticulation,andv.Aarevariantsofthesamephonemeindifferentphoneticcontexts.Thesmallestmeaningfulunitoflanguageiscalledm.Foreachgroupofsoundslistedbelow,state(hephoneticfeature(s)theyshare:Example:[s][f][p][h]voiceless[g][z][d][v][h][s][m][p][b][f][v][t][d][n][1][s][z][i：][i][u][u:]Identifythedifferencebetweenagreenhouseandagreenhouse,andthedifferencebetweenasleepingcarandasleepingbaby.Definethefollowingterms,givingexamplesforillustration:AllophoneVarietyV.Drawtreediagramsforthefollowingtwosentences:Aclevermagicianfooledtheaudience.Thetoweronthehillcollapsedinthewind.Trytothinkofcontextsinwhichthefollowingsentencescanbeusedforotherpurposesthanjuststatingfacts:Theroomismessy.Itwouldbegoodifshehadagreenskirton.Answerthefollowingquestions:.Whatisreferenceandwhatissense?Howaretheyrelated?.WhatarethethreemetafunctionsthatlanguageplaysaccordingtoM.A.KHalliday?练习题第4套参考答案1.tone2.lexicon3.suppletives4.Semantics5.Synomyms6.Meaning,erpersonal,textual9.descriptive10.places,voicing11.Allophones12.morphemea),voicedb).fricativec).bilabiald).velare).high;vowel1)agreenhouse,thestressisongreen;agreenhouse,thestressisonhouse.Greenhouseisacompoundword;greenhouseisanounphrase.Agreenhousereferstoabuildingwithsidesandroofofglass,usedforgrowingplantsthatneedprotectionfromtheweather,whileagreenhousereferstoahousewhosecolorisgreen.asleepingcar,thestressisonsleeping;asleepingboy,thestressisonboy.afionecansleep.Asleepingboymeansaboywhoissleeping.(Phoneme)'9)nemeindifferentphoneticcontexts.Forexample,the[1],thedarkin/ionsofthephoneme/I/.|l]appearsaftervowels,[I]aftervoiceless(Allophones)[+][|][I]：enthephonemeanditsallophonescanbeshowninthefollowingAfiervowelsAftervoiceless皿啦企consonantsb.Thetermvarietyisthelabelgiventotheformofalanguageusedbyanygroupofspeakersorusedinaparticularfield.Avarietyischaracterizedbythebasiclexicon,phonology,syntaxsharedbymembersofthegroup.Varietiesofalanguageareoffourtypes:thestandardvariety,regional(geographic