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MembraneStructureandFunctionMembranesarefluidmosaicsoflipidsandproteinswithmanyfunctions.Inanimalcellmembranes,thesteroidcholesterolhelpsstabilizethemembraneatwarmtemperaturesbutalsohelpskeepthemembranefluidatlowertemperatures.Figure5.1illustratessixmajorfunctionsperformedbyplasmamembraneproteins.Passivetransportisdiffusionacrossamembranewithnoenergyinvestment.TheWorkingcell5.Facilitateddiffusionisatypeofpassivetransportbecauseitdosenotrequireenergy.6.Substancethatusefacilitateddiffusionforcrossingcellmembraneincludeanumberofsugar,aminoacids,ionsandevenwater.7.Theveryrapiddiffusionofwaterintoandoutofcertaincells,suchasplantcells,kidneycells,andRBC,ismadepossiblebyaproteinchannelcalledanaquaporin.8.Thewalledcellsofplant,bacteria,andfungialso

plasmolyzeinhypertonicenvironments.Thus,meatsandotherfoodscanbepreservedwithconcentratedsaltsolutions.

410.Cellsexpendenergyagainstitsconcentrationgradientintheactivetransportofasolute.

11.Figure5.8showsasimplemodelofanactivetransportsystemthatpumpsasoluteoutofthecellagainstitsconcentrationgradient.12.Exocytosisandendocytosistransportlargemoleculesacrossmembranes.13.ATPpowersnearlyallformsofcellularwork.14.Therearethreemaintypesofcellularwork(asFigure5.12Bshows):(1)Chemicalwork(2)Mechanicalwork(3)Transportwork67815.ThephosphorylationusuallydoessobytransferringaphosphategroupfromATPtosomeothermolecule.

16.CellularworkcanbesustainedbecauseATPisarenewableresourcethatcellsregenerate.17.Anenzymespeedsupareactionbyloweringtheactivationenergyneededforareactiontobegin.18.Almostallenzymesareproteins,althoughsomeRNAmoleculescanalsofunctionasenzymes.19.Anenzyme’sthree-dimensionalshapeiscentraltoitsfunctionandisaffectedbytheenvironment.1020.Anenzyme’soptimaltemperatureaffectsmolecularmotionandproducesthehighestrateofcontactbetweenreactantmoleculesandtheenzyme’sactivesite.21.Highertemperaturesdenaturetheenzyme,alteringitsspecificshapeanddestroyingitsfunction.22.Mosthumanenzymesworkbestat35-40℃(95-104℉),closetoournormalbodytemperatureof37℃.23.Prokaryotesthatliveinhotsprings,however,containenzymeswithoptimaltemperaturesof70℃(158℉)

orhigher.

24.TheoptimalpHformostenzymesisnearneutralityintherangeof6-8butpepsinworksbestatpH2inthestomach(thestructureofpepsinismoststableandactiveintheacidicenvironment).25.Manyenzymesrequirenonproteinhelperscalled

cofactors,whichbindtotheactivesiteandfunctionincatalysis.26.Thecofactorsofsomeenzymesareinorganic,suchas

theionsofiron,zinc,andcopper.(eg.,DNase)27.Ifthecofactorisanorganicmolecule,itiscalleda

coenzyme.28.Mostvitaminsareimportantinnutritionbecausetheyfunctionascoenzymesorrawmaterialsfromwhichcoenzymesaremade.29.Forexample,folicacidisacoenzymeforanumberofenzymesinvolvedinthesynthesisofnucleicacids.30.Enzymeinhibitorscanregulateenzymeactivityinacell.31.Someinhibitorsresembletheenzyme’snormalsubstrateandcompeteforentryintotheactivesite.32.Therearethreety

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