第七讲中医经典的译法探讨新建

中医经典的译法探讨

StudiesonTranslatingtheClauseinTCMClassicWorks“论语”

TheAnalects,alsoknownastheAnalectsofConfucius,

三人行,必有我师焉

If3peoplearewalkingtogether，atleastoneofthemisgoodenoughtobemyteacherAmonganythreepeople，theremustbeonewhocanbemyteacherTheremustbeamentor/teacherformeamonganythreetravelers.有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎

Howhappyweare,tomeetfriendsfromafar.Howhappyweare,tomeetfriendsfromfaraway.Isitnotdelightfultohavefriendscomingfromdistantquarters?Isn’titagreatpleasuretohavefriendscomingfromafar?Itisdelightedtomeetafriendfromfaraway.老子「道德經」第一章:

道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。The

Tao

that

can

be

trodden

is

not

the

enduringandunchanging

Tao.

The

name

thatcan

be

namedis

notthe

enduring

andunchanging

name.老子「道德经」:第八章

上善若水。水善利万物而不争，处众人之所恶，故几于道。Thehighestexcellenceislike(thatof)water.Theexcellenceofwaterappearsinitsbenefitingallthing,andinitsoccupying,withoutstriving（tobecontrary）,thelowplacewhichallmendislike.Hence（itsway）isnearto（thatof）theTao.中央编译局中央文献翻译部，其前身是成立于1961年的毛泽东著作翻译室：最大限度地保留“中国特色”是中央文献翻译的应有之义，但要在跨文化背景下来理解和执行，因此不能为了保留特色而简单地采用直译甚至零翻译的方式来处理。通常用三种方式来处理一种是对一些能在外文语境下理解的词语采取直译的方式。如，“体制机制弊端和结构性矛盾是‘拦路虎’”中的“拦路虎”就采用中英文化对等的“tigerintheroad”；另一种是对无法直译的词语采用转译的方式，比如对于“我国自主研制的支线客机飞上蓝天”进行意义上的转译，我们的译文则是aregionaljetdevelopedandproducedinChinahasbeensuccessfullyputintoservice,将successfullyputintoservice貌似矛盾的一种表述融合在一起，凸显中英文化相通的“上青天难”这个意思。第三种方式是对一些无法转译，但直译后又不容易理解的概念进行解释性翻译。“有权不可任性”

Powerisnottobeusedarbitrarily.“老虎”“苍蝇”一起打外媒将其翻译为HuntingTigersandFlies如今“crackingdownonbothtigersandflies”的表述成为常见译法一、有关中医经典书名的翻译《黄帝内经》

HuangdiNeijingHuangdi’sCanonofMedicineHuangdi’sClassicsonMedicineInnerCanonofHuangdiYellowEmperor’sInternalMedicine

例如：《中华中医药杂志》2011年4月从《黄帝内经》体质医学思想谈体质对疾病的影响周晓莉（湖北中医学院）DiscussiononeffectofconstitutionondiseasefromtheconstitutionalmedicalthoughtsinInnerCanonofHuangdi《伤寒杂病论》ShanghanZabingLunTreatiseonExogenousFebrileandMiscellaneousDiseases《金匮要略》Jinkui

Yaolǖe

SynopsisofPrescriptionsofGoldenChamber例如：何丽清、傅延龄.《中医杂志》2011年11月第52卷第22期:1954《伤寒论》与《金匮要略》常用药物剂量比较与分析TheComparisonandAnalysisofthecommondosesinTreatiseonExogenousFebrileDiseaseandMiscellaneousDisease《金匮要略》妇科方剂解析须义贞指导：沈仲理上海中医药大学附属岳阳中西医结合医院妇科(上海200437)上海中医药杂志2006年第40卷第8期P42ExpositiononSomeGynecologicalHerbalFormulaeinSynopsisofPrescriptionsofGoldenChamber《神农本草经》

ShengnongBencaoJing(ShenNong’sCanonofMateriaMedica)

《难经》NanJing(ClassiconMedicalProblems)《本草纲目》BencaoGangmu(CompendiumofMateriaMedica)温病：seasonalfebriledisease

二、中医经典翻译，条文翻译是难点“夫精者，身之本也。”

Theessenceisthebaseofthebody.“阴虚则热，阳虚则寒”：Asthenia(ordeficiency)ofyingeneratesheatandasthenia(ordeficiency)ofyangproducescold.“心者，君主之官，神明出焉。”Theheartistheking(ormonarch)organresponsiblefortheactivityofthinking.

“善诊者，察色按脉，先别阴阳。”

“Askilleddiagnosticianshouldfirstdifferentiatebetweenyinandyangwheninspectingthecomplexionandfeelingthepulse.”

“实则泻之”

“treatingsthenia(orexcess)syndromeswithpurgation”“其高者，因而越之；其下者，引而竭之”[Ifthepathogenicfactorshaveaccumulated]intheupper,vomiting[therapy]shouldbeused;[ifthepathogenicfactorshaveaccumulated]inthelower,dredging[therapy]shouldbeused“食饮有节，起居有常”[Theywere]moderateineatinganddrinking,regularinworkingandresting(李照国译)“以酒为浆，以妄为常”

Theyusewineasbeverageandtheyadoptrecklessnessasusualbehavior.（LizaVeith.译）“阴阳者，天地之道也，万物之纲纪，变化之父母，生杀之本始，神明之府也，治病必求于本”。原文如译为YinandYangserveastheDao(law)oftheheavenandtheearth,thefundamentalprincipleofallthings,theparentofchange,thebeginningofbirthanddeathandthestorehouseofShengming.Thetreatmentofdiseasemustfollowthislaw.若译为ThetreatmentofdiseasemustfollowtheprincipleofYinandYangfortheyserveastheDao(law)oftheheavenandtheearth,bywhichallthingsmustabide,fromwhichchangeoriginates,towhichbirthanddeathcanbetracedback,inwhichShengmingisstored.师曰：诸有水者，腰以下肿，当利小便，腰以上肿，当发汗乃愈。Themastersaid:“Edemaoccurringbelowthelumbusshouldbetreatedwithdiuresis;whereaseedemaabovethelumbusrequiressweating.“Diuresisshouldbeusedtoedemaoccurringbelowthelumbus,anddiaphoresisshouldbeusedtoedemaabovethelumbus”themastersaid.三《伤寒论》英文翻译的实践与探讨（一）、条文的翻译1、尽量按条文的顺序，原意直译如：“太阳病，发热，汗出，恶风，脉缓者，名为中风。”(2)CLAUSE2：Taiyangdiseasewithsymptomsandsignsoffever,perspiration,aversiontowind,andmoderatepulseistermedzhongfengsyndrome.“太阳病，头痛发热，汗出恶风，桂枝汤主之。”(13)CLAUSE13：Taiyangdisease,whichisheadache,fever,sweatingandaversiontowind,couldbeeffectivelytreatedbyCinnamontwigdecoction.“太阳病，头痛发热，身痛腰痛，骨节疼痛，恶风无汗而喘者，麻黄汤主之。”（35）CLAUSE35：Taiyangdiseasewithheadache,fever,pantalgia,lumbago,arthralgia,aversiontowind,noperspirationandasthma,whichcanbeeffectivelytreatedbyEphedradecoction.“病人脏无他病，时发热自汗出而不愈者，此卫气不和也，先其时发汗则愈，宜桂枝汤。”(54)CLAUSE54：Thepatientisinanormalstateofviscera,buthasafeverandspontaneousperspirationnowandthen,whichisduetoabnormalconditionofweiqi(defensive-qi).Adoseofdiaphoretic,Cinnamontwigdecoctioncanbeservedbeforetheabovementionedsymptomsoccur.2、有倒装句的条文，先还原再直译对有倒装文法的条文，应先把倒装部分还原后，再作直译，减少读者在学习过程中不必要的困惑。“伤寒若吐、若下后，心下逆满，气上冲胸，起则头眩，脉沉紧，发汗则动经，身为振振摇者，茯苓桂枝白术甘草汤主之。”（67）条文中“茯苓桂枝白术甘草汤主之”先还原到“脉沉紧”之后再译。CLAUSE67:Afteradoptionofanemeticorpurgativetoshanghansyndrome,thepatientfeelsfullnessinthechest,anascendingaircomingtochest,andvertigowhengettingup,withadeepandtensepulse.DecoctionofPoria,BigheadAtractylodes,CinnamonandLicoricefitthiscase.Ifdiaphoresiswereadopted,channelwouldbedamagedandcausingtremblingandshakingofthebody.“伤寒心下有水气，咳而微喘，发热不渴，服汤已，渴者，此寒去欲解也，小青龙汤主之。”（41）本条文小青龙汤主之句，应移在“发热不渴”的句下，与全文才能衔接，按这样翻译不会误解，容易理解。CLAUSE41:Shanghansyndromeiscomplicatedbywater-phlegmretentionintheinterior,whichcausesacough,lightasthma,andfeverwithoutthirst.Smallbluedragondecoctioncanbeadoptedinthecase.Aftertakingthedecoction,ifthepatientisthirsty,itsignifiesthatthecoldpathogenicfactorhasbeeneliminatedandpatientisrecovering.3、内容有误的条文，先修正再直译对一些内容有误的条文，应先修正其错误后再译，毋须将错就错，否则会误导读者。如“发汗后，不可更行桂枝汤，汗出而喘，无大热者，可与麻黄杏仁甘草石膏汤。”（63）文中“无大热者”当先修正为有热后再译。CLAUSE63:Aftertheadoptionofadiaphoretic,Cinnamontwigdecoctioncannotbeservedagain.PrescribedecoctionofEphedra,Apricot,LicoriceandGypsumwhenthereisperspiration,asthmawithfever.“伤寒脉浮滑，此以表有热，里有寒，白虎汤主之。”（176）文中“里有寒”当先修正为里有热后再译。CLAUSE176：Baihu

（whitetiger）decoctionsuitsthefebrilediseasewithfloating-slipperypulse,whichiscausedbyheatbothattheexteriorandinterior.“伤寒胸中有热，胃中有邪气，腹中痛，欲呕吐者，黄连汤主之。”（173）文中的“胸中”与“胃中”是相对的上下而言，当先修正后再译。”CLAUSE173：Thepatientsuffersabdominalpain,nauseaandvomiting,whichduetopathogenicheatatupperandpathogeniccoldatlower.Coptisdecoctionsuitsthecase.“阳明病，谵语有潮热，反不能食者，胃中必有燥屎五六枚也；若能食者，但硬耳，宜大承气汤下之。”(215)肯定得改为“肠中必有燥屎五六枚也”后再译。CLAUSE215:

Yangmingdiseasewithdeliriumandtidefever,ifthepatienthasanorexia,theremustbefiveorsixpiecesofstercoromaintheintestine.Bigchengqidecoctioncanbeusedasapurgative.Whenthepatienthasgoodintakeoffood,thefecesareonlyhard.4、直译会曲解条文内涵者，可以意译对一些原文中的词汇，直译不能尽达其意，或致曲解条文精神者，应以意译。如“若微寒者，桂枝去芍药加附子汤主之。”（22）文中的“微寒”应当译为“脉微恶寒”。CLAUSE22:Ifthepatienthasafeeblepulseandaversiontocold,CinnamontwigdecoctionremovingPeonyandaddingAconitewillbeacurative.对一些原文中的词汇，中文可以有多种解释者，应先确立一种较为准确的解释再译。如：“阳明病，不吐不下，心烦者，可与调胃承气汤。”(207)关于不吐不下，多数注家认为是未经吐、下，指治法而言。而尤在经认为是指病情。CLAUSE207:

Tiaowei

chengqidecoctionsuitsthefollowingsymptomsandsignsofyangmingdisease:novomiting,nostool,buttherestlessness.5．无法找到相应英文词汇者，只好音译先音译，然后在译文下还要另作注解。“夫实则谵语、虚则郑声。”(210)原文（210）中的“郑声”先音译为Zhengsheng，而后在译文下加。CLAUSE210:Deliriumoccursinasyndromeoftheexcesstype.“Zhengsheng”

occursinasyndromeofthedeficienttype.【NOTES】Zhengsheng：Itischaracterizedbyunconsciousness,murmuringoflow,brokenandrepeatedword.Itisthedeliriumofdeficienttype.再如原文（332）中的“除中”也是先音译为ChuZhong，而后在译文下加NOTES：Itreferstopatient’ssuddenlybeingabletoeatafterfailuretoeatforlongtimeinthelongcauseofdiseaseorduringseriousdisease.Aftereating,theconditionisusuallytakingaturnfortheworseorbecomescritical.Prognosisisusuallyunfavorable.(二)、条文译后要解释“太阳之为病，脉浮，头项强痛而恶寒。”(1)CLAUSE1:Taiyangdiseaseischaracterizedbyfloatingpulse,headache,stiffneck,andaversiontocold.NOTES:Themainfunctionoftaiyangchannelisgoverningthesurfaceofbody.Taiyangchannelisthebarrierofcausedbypathogenicwind-coldfactors.Floatingpulseindicatesexteriorretentionofpathogenicfactors.Aversiontocoldisakeysymptomofexteriorsyndrome.Headacheandstiffneckareduetoinvasionoftaiyangchannelbypathogenicwind-coldfactors.少阳之为病，口苦，咽干，目眩也。(263)CLAUSE263：Shaoyangdiseaseischaracterizedbyabittertasteinmouth,adrythroatandvertigo.NOTES：Theclauseisanoutlineofshaoyangsymptoms.Bitternessinthemouthiscausedbyvaporizationofshaoyanggallbladderfire.Thedrythroatisduetobodyfluidexhaustedbygallbladderfire.Vertigoisanindicationofpathogenicfactorrisingalongtheshaoyangchannel.“太阴之为病，腹满而吐，食不下，自利益甚，时腹自痛。若下之，必胸下结硬。”(273)CLAUSE273：Thesymptomsofthetaiyindiseaseareabdominaldistentionandvomiting,anorexia,diarrheawithoccasionalabdominalpain.Ifapurgativeisgiven,hardnessandfullnessintheepigastriumwillresult.SYNOPSIS:Thisistheoutlineofthetaiyindisease.It’stheessentialclausefortaiyindisease.NOTES:Aninvasionofspleenbypathogeniccold-dampnesswillgiverisetoabdominaldistension,lackofappetite,andnauseaorvomiting.Diarrheawithloosestoolsandoccasionalpainareduetospleen-yangdeficiency.Apurgativeisprohibitedtothecase.Ifapurgativeisgiventothecase,complicationofhardnessandfullnessintheepigastriummayoccur.“干呕吐涎沫，头痛者，吴茱萸汤主之”(378)CLAUSE378:

Evodiafruitdecoctionisacurativefornauseawithcopioussalivationandheadache.

NOTES:Nauseawithcopioussalivationiscausedbycoldnessanddeficiencyinthestomachandliver.Headacheistheparietalheadache.Becausejueyinchannelreachesthetopofhead,andtheascendingofpathogeniccoldoflivergivesrisetoparietalheadache.(三)、证治归纳是重心，方药分析要到位

完成相关条文翻译后，必须对相关的病证作症、理、法、方的系统归纳，才能使读者对条文论述的内容有更具体的认识。如中风证即桂枝汤证，在译完原文12、13、95条后，归纳如下：SyndromeSuitableforCinnamonTwigDecoction(ZhongfengSyndrome)ClinicalManifestations:Fever,aversiontowind,headache,perspiration,stuffynose,nauseous,floating-moderatepulse,(thin-whitecoatingoftongue).Thepathogenicwind-coldattacksthesuperficiesandengagesinafightwithdefensive-qi(wei-qi).Feverresultsfromthisfight.Thepathogenicwind-coldobstructsthecirculationofdefensive-qi(defensive-yang)resultinginaversiontowind.Pathogenicwind-coldobstructsthecirculationoftaiyangchannelandcausestheheadache.PerspirationisduetotheYing-yin(nutrientessence)failstobeprotectedbydefensive-qiandleaksout.Floating-moderatepulseandthin-whitecoatingoftongueareindicativesofzhongfengsyndrome.Pathogenesis:Disharmonybetweenyingandweiduetoinvasionofpathogenicwind-cold.PrincipleofTreatment:

Releasingtheexterior,andharmonizingtheyingandwei.Prescription:CinnamontwigdecoctionIngredients:

Cinnamontwig,Peonyroot,PreparedLicoriceroot,Freshginger,Chinesedates.

Cinnamontwigisofacridflavorandwarmnature,whichhastheeffectofexpellingpathogenicwind-coldfrommusclesandskin.Whitepeonyrootisadrugwithbitterandsourintaste,slightcoldinnature,whichstrengthenyingyinintheinterior.Bothofthemincombinationservetoharmonizetheyingandwei.FreshgingeraidsCinnamontwiginreleasingtheexteriorsyndrome.Chinesedatesareusedastonicsofstomachandblood.Licoricerootisusedtocoordinatetheeffectofabovedrugs.NOTES:

1.Takesomeporridgetoassistthedecoctionforbetterefficacy.2.Warmcoveristakenforoneortwohourstogetperspiration.3.Alightsweatalloverthebodywouldbesuitable.Ifthesweatistoowatery,itwillnotdoanygoodtothepatient.4.Ifthesyndromeiscuredonce,stoptakingtherest.Ifnot,takingagainasbefore.Ifaftertwotimes,thedecoctiondoesnotwork,takingthreetimeswithinahalfday.Fortheseriouscase,takethedecoctiondayandnight.Ifthediseaseisnotcuredaftertakingoneperspiration,takingagain,even2-3perspirations.5.Duringthecourseoftakingthedrug,raw,cold,greasydishes,andfoodwithirritant,specialandunfavorablesmell,alcohol,milkanditsproductsarecontraindicated.SyndromesuitableforEphedradecoction

“太阳病，头痛发热，身痛腰痛，骨节疼痛，恶风无汗而喘者，麻黄汤主之。”(35)CLAUSE35:Taiyangdiseasewithheadache,fever,pantalgia,lumbago,arthralgia,aversiontowind,noperspirationandasthma,whichcanbeeffectivelytreatedbyEphedradecoction.SYNOPSIS:Mainsymptomsandtreatmentofshanghansyndrome.DISCUSSION:ClinicalManifestations:Fever,aversiontowindandcold,headache,pantalgia,lumbago,arthralgia,noperspiration,asthma,floating-tensepulse.Pathogenicwind-coldattacksthesuperficiesandengagesinafightwiththeweiqi(defensive-qi).Feverresultsfromthisfight.Pathogenicwind-coldpreventtheweiqifromwarmingthemusclecausingaversiontocold,impairsthedescendingfunctionoflungcausingasthma,obstructsthecirculationofweiqiresultinginoccipitalheadache,bodyaches.Noperspirationisduetothestagnationofweiqiandyingyin.Pathogenesis:

Invasionofsuperficiesbywind-cold,dysfunctionoflungs.PrincipleofTreatment:

Releasingtheexterior,dispersingcold,stimulatingthelungdescendinganddispersingfunction.PrincipalPrescription:

Ephedradecoction.Ingredients:

Ephedra,Cinnamontwig,PreparedLicoriceroot,Bitterapricotkernel.Ephedradispelsthewind-coldfromtheexteriorbyperspirationandeasingasthma.Cinnamontwigdispelsthepathogenicwind-coldtoo.CombinationofEphedraandCinnamontwighasastrongerfunctionofdiaphoretic.Bitterapricotkernelbringsdowntheabnormalascendingoflungqi,andhelpEphedraeasetheasthma.Licoriceharmonizestheaboveherbsindecoction.ClinicalApplication:1.Forcommoncold,influenza,inflammationofupperrespiratorytract,whichcharacterizedbyfever,aversiontocold,noperspiration,bodyaches,coughandasthma,andfloating-tensepulse.2.Forasthmaandcoughofwind-coldexcesssyndrome,suchasupperrespiratorytractinfection,pneumonia,bronchitisandbronchialasthma.3.Forarthralgia-syndromeofcold-wind,mainlyatearlystageandcharacterizedbyfever,aversiontocold,noperspiration,bodyaches,andfloating-tensepulse.茵陈蒿汤证

SyndromeSuitablefor

OrientalWormwoodDecoction[原文]：阳明病，发热汗出者，此为热越，不能发黄也。但头汗出，身无汗，剂颈而还，小便不利，渴引水浆者，此为瘀热在里，身必发黄，茵陈蒿汤主之。(236)CLAUSE236:Jaundicewillnotresultwhentheyangmingdiseasecausesfeverandperspiration,asinteriorheatwouldleakoutbysweat.Ifthereisperspirationonlyoverthehead,dysuriaandthirst,itindicatesconcretionoftheinteriorheatandtheskinwillturnyellowish.Orientalwormwooddecoctionwillbetheremedy.NOTES:

Onlyperspirationo