信息通信技术对企业之间协调的影响

HughYan1《信息通信技术对企业之间协调的影响》

---对该文的学习体会论文作者论文标题：TheImpactofInformationandCommunicationTechnologyonInterorganizationalCoordination论文作者：MarielledenHengstandHenkG.Sol,DelftUniversityofTechnology,FacultyofTechnology,

PolicyandManagement发表时间：2001发表刊物：Proceedingsofthe34thHawaiiInternationalConferenceonSystemSciencesItiswidelybelievedthatInformationandCommunicationTechnology(ICT)enableorganizations:todecreasecosts;toincreasecapabilities;tochangeinterorganizationalcoordinationAbstractICTcouldbedrivingforcetochangeinterorganizationalcoordination;however,otheraspectshavealsoimpactsoninterorganizationalcoordination.Thoseaspects:aredescribedandcombinedwithICT;areguidelinespresentedtoindicatethedirectionofchanginginterorganizationalcoordination;Theseguidelinesaretranslatedtothecontainertransportindustryforevaluationpurpose;conclusionsleadtofurtherresearchontheimpactofICToninterorganizationalcoordination.AbstractOrganization’sbusinessenvironmentischangingquickly：Overthepastyears,organizationalfocushasshiftedfromtheorganizationalleveltowardstheinterorganizationallevel,becauseoftheincreasinginterestinginbusinesstrends:IntroductionOrganization’sbusinessenvironmentischangingquickly：InformationandCommunicationTechnology(ICT).Thefirstbusinesstrend.ICTcandecreasecostsandincreasecapabilitiesoforganization.Forexample,EDI,e-mail,worldwidewebsite.ICThaseasilycrossedtheboundaryamongorganizationsandhasbecomethemainfactorofinformationintensiveprocess.ICTtrends:Exchangedocumentsbetweenorganizations;Newwaystodobusiness;examples:Electronictradingmarkets;Electronicauctions;Electronicbookstore;ICThasdevelopedfromaminorforcetodominantforce.IntroductionOrganization’sbusinessenvironmentischangingquickly：Outsourcing.Thesecondbusinesstrend:Organizationsconcentrateontheirowncorebusiness;Organizationsspecializeinmainactivitiestoreducecosts;Avoidoccurringturbulenceofinstabilityorfrequentchanges;Avoidoccurringturbulenceofrandomnessorunpredictabilities.IntroductionOrganization’sbusinessenvironmentischangingquickly：Globalization.Thethirdbusinesstrend:Internationaltradeagreements,suchas:EuropeanUnion;WorldTradeOrganization(WTO);NorthAmericanFreeTradeAgreement;GeneralAgreementonTariffsandTrade;Organizationscompetetowininaworldwidemarket.IntroductionGuidelinesofBusinessProcessRedesign(BPR)：Itrepresentsanorganization’scapabilities.BusinessProcessRedesignistheresearchfieldinwhichguidelinesarepresentedaccordingtowhichorganizationscandealwiththeirchangingenvironment.Thispaperfocusesoninterorganizationallevel:increasingandchangingcommunicationbetweenorganizations;shiftingorganizationalboundaries;expandinggeographicallyrelationshipsbetweenorganizations;thechangesallaffectcoordinationbetweenorganizations;becauseapositiverelationshipexistsbetweentherangeofbenefitsobtainedfromcoordinationandlevelofICTsupport,guidelinesneedtobedesignedfornewcombinationsofcoordinationandICTataninterorganizationallevel.IntroductionGuidelinesofBusinessProcessRedesign(BPR)：BusinessProcessRedesignistheresearchfieldinwhichguidelinesarepresentedaccordingtowhichorganizationscandealwiththeirchangingenvironment.Thispaperfocusesoninterorganizationallevel:Introduction协调理论：Coordinationismanagingdependenciesbetweenactivities。Therearethreecategoriesofdependenciesthatmustbemanagedininterorganizationalrelationships:流程依赖关系系（Floworsequentialrelationships）:Managingproducer-consumerrelationships.Operationalcoordination.Focusingonmanagingsequentialrelationshipsandflowofgoodsandservices.Ithappensduringtheexecutionofthecustomerorder.InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协调协调理论：CoordinationTheory共享依赖关系系（ShareorCompetitiveResource）:Managingsharedresources。Organizationscompeteforlimitedresources.Strategiccoordination.Onetypeofinterorganizationalcoordination.Focusingonmanagingcompetitiveresource.Decisionsmustbemadeastowhatprocessareneededforthefulfillmentofacustomerorder?Whichorganizationsareselectedfortheexecutionoftheseprocesses?Chainbetweenorganizationscanbedetailedas:messages,sharedperformancerequirements,andproceduresareagreeandconflictsaresolved.Itisablueprintspecifyingamongothers.InterorganizationalCoordination企业业间间协协调调协调调理理论论：CoordinationTheory共享享依依赖赖关关系系（（ShareorCompetitiveResource）:Managingsharedresources。Organizationscompeteforlimitedresources.InterorganizationalCoordination企业业间间协协调调等级级与与市市场场协协调调结结构构(HierarchicalandMarketCoordinationStructure).Itisatanabstractlevel.Itcanbeviewedasacollectionofelementsandthesetofrelationshipsthatconnecttheseelements.Inaninterorganizationalcoordinationstructure,theelementsaretheorganizationsandtherelationshipsarecoordinationrelated.InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协协调等级与市市场协调调结构(HierarchicalandMarketCoordinationStructure).Hierarchicalcoordinationstructure.Itischaracterizedbylonglastingrelationshipsbetweenorganizations:oneorganizationhascontrolovertheotherorganizations;withfixedrulesofbehavior;andclearauthorityrelationships.StrategiccoordinationhappensforallcustomerordercollectivelyOperationalcoordinationhappensforeachcustomerorder;Itmainlyreliesonauthorities.InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协协调等级与市市场协调调结构(HierarchicalandMarketCoordinationStructure).Marketcoordinationstructure.Itcoordinatesviabiddingandpricingsystems.Organizationshavetobuildarelationshipforeachnewcustomerorder;Organizationsarefullyautonomousandmakedecisionthemselves;Strategiccoordinationexistsoneachcustomerorder;Operationalcoordinationfollowseachstrategiccoordination;Itmainlyreliesonprices.InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协协调等级与市市场协调调结构(HierarchicalandMarketCoordinationStructure).InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协协调非集中化化与集中中化协调调结构(DecentralizationandCentralizationCoordinationStructure).DecentralizedCoordinationStructure.Allbuyerscancontactallsellersbynegotiatingfortransactions.CentralizedCoordinationStructure.Abrokerasaintermediateagencyconnectsbuyersandsellerstodothetransactions.Buyersandsellersnegotiateindirectlythroughabroker.thebrokeroperatesonbehalfofagroupofbuyers;thebrokeroperatesonbehalfofagroupofsellers;thebrokeroperatesonbehalfofabuyer;thebrokeroperatesonbehalfofaseller;thebrokeroperatesonbehalfofbothbuyersandsellers.InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协协调非集中化化与集中中化协调调结构(DecentralizationandCentralizationCoordinationStructure).InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协协调非集中化化与集中中化协调调结构(DecentralizationandCentralizationCoordinationStructure).InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协协调非集中化化与集中中化协调调结构(DecentralizationandCentralizationCoordinationStructure).InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协协调主导型和和中介型型协调结结构(DominatedandNeutralCoordinationStructure).DominatedCoordinationStructure.Oneorganizationsetsthepricesandrules;otherstakethepricesandrules.NeutralCoordinationStructure.Itenablesorganizationstointroducetheirpricesandrulesandtonegotiatethemamongeachother.Itismuchsimilartoadecentralizedstructurewithabroker.InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协协调主导型和和中介型型协调结结构(DominatedandNeutralCoordinationStructure).InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协协调主导型和和中介型型协调结结构(DominatedandNeutralCoordinationStructure).InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协协调参与协调调的参与与者数目目(NumberofparticipantsintheCoordination).Thenumberofbuyersorsellersthattakepartinthecoordinationandcanwarybetweenoneorganizationandthetotalnumberofbuyersandsellersinthenetwork.Aparticipantmaybuyorsellsomething.Theselectingparticipantistheorganizationthatwantstosellsomethingorthatwantsbuysomething.Theselectedparticipantistheorganizationthatiscontactedfortheirbuyingorselling.Themoreparticipantsthattakepartinthestrategiccoordinationphases,thebettersupplyanddemandcanbecoordinated.Thenumberwouldbenotequalindifferentphasesofstrategicandoperationalcoordination.InterorganizationalCoordination企业间协协调Transactioncoststheory:ItiswidelybelievedthattheuseofICTenablespeopletochangecoordination:moreeffectiveandmoreefficientcoordinationprocesses,newcoordinationstructures.Williamsonclaimsthatcostscomefromtwosources:ProductionCosts.Theyaretheresultsoftheflowofmaterials,producingandsupplyingproductsandservicesbythedeploymentofsources.lowproductioncostsinthecaseofMarketCoordinationStructure.信息和通通信技术术的影响响TheImpactofICTTransactioncoststheory:CoordinationCosts.Theyareassociatedwiththeneedforessentialinformationtocarryoutthetransaction.lowcoordinationcostsinthecaseofhierarchyCoordinationStructure.ICTcanlowercoordinationcosts,thismayleadtoanoverallshifttowardssmallerfirmsandproportionallyextrauseofmarkets.TheuseofICTcanincreasethecomplexityofcoordination:Morecoordinationprocessesareused;Moreorganizationsareinvolved;Morecommunicationactivities;Moreinformationtobetakenintoaccountwhenmakingadecision;Introducinganintermediarycandealwiththecomplexity.信息和通信技技术的影响TheImpactofICTUseofICTimpactsoncoordinationstructures:UseofICTchangescoordinationstructurestobemorecentralized.Indecentralizedstructurecoordination,themaximumcommunicationnumber=mn;Inonebrokercentralizedstructurecoordination,themaximumcommunicationnumber=m+n;这里：当m>1,n>1,k=1时，mn–(m+n)=(m-1)(n-1)>=1Inkbrokercentralizedstructurecoordination,themaximumcommunicationnumber=k(m+n);当m>k,n>k,k>0时，mn–k(m+n)=(m-k)(n-k)>=kDecentralizedstructureneedsmorecommunicationsthancentralizedstructure.信息和通信技技术的影响TheImpactofICTUseofICTisnotexpectedtoinfluencetheaspectofdominatedversusneutral.Adominatedstructurewillstaydominated;Aneutralstructurewillstayneutral,butByreducingcoordinationcostsICTwillimprovetheefficiencyofaneutralcoordinationstructure;ICTwillreducetheprofitoftheparticipantselectedbecauseoftheincreasedcompetitionamongtheparticipantsselected.ItisimpossibletoavoidtheusageofICT.信息和通信技技术的影响TheImpactofICTUseofICTisnotexpectedtoinfluencetheaspectofdominatedversusneutral.Bakossuggeststhreestrategiestobeusedbyparticipantsselectedtominimizethenegativeeffect:Emphasizingserviceoverpriceinformation,Makingitincreasinglydifficulttocomparethepriceofalternativeofferings;Increasingthedifferentiationofofferings.信息和通信技技术的影响TheImpactofICTUseofICTenablesthenumberofparticipantsduringstrategiccoordinationphaseincrease.TheuseofICTcanfacilitateanincreaseinthenumberoforganizations.Thenumberoforganizationscontactedwillincrease.Itwillincreaseduringstrategiccoordinationphase;Noguaranteethatthenumberoforganizationswithwhichanagreementissettledduringtheoperationalcoordinationlevelwillincrease.信息和通信技技术的影响TheImpactofICTUseofICTenablesthenumberofparticipantsduringstrategiccoordinationphaseincrease.thenumberoforganizationsdependson:coordinationcosts;amountofrelationspecificinvestments;quality,trustandflexibility;Increasingthedifferentiationofofferings.信息和通信技技术的影响TheImpactofICTUseofICTcaninfluencethedurationofagreementsTobuildarelationshipwithanorganizationrequiressomeinvestments.Iftheinvestmentsarehigh,itisnotprofitabletodothisoverandoveragainforeveryorder;Longtermagreementsaresettledinwhichthegoodsandservicesaresuppliedmorethanonce.ICTstandardizationwilllowertheinvestments.Thismayleadtoshorttermagreements.信息和通信技技术的影响TheImpactofICTHomogeneity.Whendistinguishgoodsandservicesfromeachother,weneeddocomparisons.Factors,suchasprice,size,weight,amount,quality,responsiveness,flexibility,definethepreferenceprofileonbothbuyersandsellers.whenmoreandmorefactorsarerequired,acentralizedbrokermayuseful,andthelongertherelationshipswilllast,thelowerthenumberofparticipants;themoretimemaybeconsumed;themoreerrorsmaybemade.whenafewfactorsarerequired,adecentralizedstructureareused;AspectsInfluencingInterorganizationalCoordinationSpecificity.Itindicatesthedegreetowhichtherelationshipsbetweenabuyerandasellerwillproduceassetthatisdedicatedtoaspecialpurposewithpooralternativeuse.Williamsonidentifydifferenttypesofspecificities:Physicalassetspecificity,suchasspecializedequipment;Human-capitalspecificity,suchasspecialistorexperts;Sitespecificity,suchasconvenientforbuyersorsellers,minimizedinventoryandtransportexpenditure;Assetspecificity,suchasinvestmentsforsellingasignificantamountofproducttoaparticularcustomer;Ifthedegreeofthespecificityishigh,thebuyerorsellershouldadopttheminimumfeasiblenumberofsellersorbuyers.AspectsInfluencingInterorganizationalCoordinationTimePressure.Itexistsforallgoodsandservicesbecauseofthelimitationoftheresources.Itcanbedifferentamongdifferentgoodsandservices.Mostgoodscanbestoredbuthardlyunderanytimepressure;however,theymustbesoldwithinalimitedperiod;Servicesarehardstored;theymustbesoldbeforecarryingout;Ifnotimepressure,alargeamountofsellersorbuyerscouldbecontacted;however,iftimepressureexisted,tocontactalargeofsellersandbuyerswouldbeimpossible;Thenumberofparticipantsisrestrictedbytimepressure;Thedurationofagreementsislimitedbytimepressure;TimepressurewillleadtotheuseofICT;Whentimepressureishigh,negotiationswillbemore.AspectsInfluencingInterorganizationalCoordinationValue.Goodsandservicescanhavehighvaluefororganizations.Trustisveryimportantwhenassessvaluesofgoodsandservices;Sellersorbuyerarepreferredtoonlyafewparticipantsandlonglastingrelationshipstobuildarelationshipoftrust.AspectsInfluencingInterorganizationalCoordinationFrequency.Itreferstohowoftenagoodorserviceisrequired,eitheroccasionallyorrecurrently(周期性重重复发生生).Frequencyhasinfluencetothedurationofagreements;Frequencyhasinfluencetothenumberofparticipants;Thegreaterthefrequency,thebetterlongtermcontractswithonlyafewparticipantsbecauseitwouldbetoocostlyifcontractedeachtime.AspectsInfluencingInterorganizationalCoordinationUncertainty.Referstothedifferencebetweentheinformationathandandtheinformationneededtomakeadecision.Uncertaintyhappensbecauseofthechangesofenvironmentandvarietyofcompetitors;Becauseofunpredictablemarketandnetwork;Noguaranteethatsupplierswillperformasagreed;Improveinformationprocessesandreducetheneedforinformationcandecreasetheprobabilityofuncertainty.AspectsInfluencingInterorganizationalCoordinationTheImpactofICTonInterorganizationalCoordinationforContainerTransportRotterdamPortCurrentStructureSituationInlandcontainertransportisthetransportbetweenaportandaplaceinthehinterland.Manyorganizationsareinvolvedwithdifferentinterests,culturesandbusinesses.Coordinationisimportantintheinlandcontainertransport.ThelevelofICTuseisnothigh.TheportofRotterdamistakenasanexampleinwhichinformationwascollectedfrom45organizations.ICT对集装箱运输输业企业间协协调的影响ICT对集装箱运输输业企业间协协调的影响Thecoordinationstructure.Therearefouraspects:Neithercentralizednordecentralizedcoordinationstructureisthere;alltypesofstructurescanbefoundinpractice.Thereisneutralcoordinationstructure.Pricesandrulesarecontentsofnegotiations.Fewdominatedstructure.Thenumberofparticipantspotentiallyquitehigh.Longtermagreementsbetweenparticipants.ICT对集装箱运输输业企业间协协调的影响Thecoordinationstructure.Therearefouraspects:ICT对集装箱运输输业企业间协协调的影响ICT对集装箱运输输业企业间协协调的影响Aspectsthatinfluencecoordinationstructureininlandcontainertransport:Homogeneity.Homogeneityoftransportserviceisquitelow;Originanddestinationinfluencepricesoftransportservices;Goodsandservices’type,weight,departureandarrivaltimes,transportmode,reliability,administrativeandphysicalcomplexity,environmentandextraserviceareinfluencefactors.ICT对集装箱运输输业企业间协协调的影响Specificity.Relationshipsininlandcontainertransportdorequirehardlyanyrelationshipspecificinvestments,inphysicalassets;Containersarestandardizedsonospecialequipmentsinvestmentarerequired;AtthebeginningofusingICTtherequirementsarespecific,butthestandardizedprocesseswillremovethisspecificities.ICT对集装箱运输输业企业间协协调的影响Timepressure.Timepressureininlandcontainertransportisquitehigh;Atransportservicecannotbestoredforlateruse;Atransportserviceisrequiredtobecarriedoutataspecificpointintime;ICT对集装箱运输输业企业间协协调的影响Value.Thevalueofatransportserviceininlandcontainertransportdependsonthetypeofgoods;Highvaluetransportservicesarerelatedtocriticalpurchases;Lowvaluetransportservicesarealsothere.ICT对集装箱运输输业企业间协协调的影响Frequency.Occasionaltransportofcontainersdohappen;butitisrarely;Mosttransporthasarecurringnature;Thefrequencyoftransactionsininlandcontainertransportisquitehigh.ICT对集装箱运输输业企业间协协调的影响Uncertainty.Economictrendsareunknown;Itisdifficulttopredicttheflowofgoodsinbothsizeanddirection;Itisunknowninadvancewhenatransportrequesterwillhaveacontainerreadytobetransported;Itisunknowninadvancehowmanycontainersthetransportrequesterisgoingtotransport;ICT对集集装装箱箱运运输输业业企企业业间间协协调调的的影影响响ICT对集集装装箱箱运运输输业业企企业业间间协协调调的的影影响响ICT对集集装装箱箱运运输输业业企企业业间间协协调调的的影影响响UsingICTsupport,moreinformationcanbeprocessedfaultlesslyinashorterperiodoftime.itbecomeseasiertodealwithlowhomogeneity;itbecomeseasiertodealswithhightimepressure;itbecomeseasiertodealswithhighfrequency;increasepossibilitiesformoreparticipantsandshorteragreements;informationisnotavailablewhetherICTsupport;importanceoftrustcannotbechangedbyICTsupportandcanberealizedinlongtermagreements;ICT对集集装装箱箱运运输输业业企企业业间间协协调调的的影影响响Thecoordinationstructureoftheinlandcontainertransportchainshould:Beneutral;Becentralized;Thenumberofparticipantswillincrease;Shorttermagreementsarenotexpected;Longtermagreementsareexpectedwithadditionthatdetailsoftheagreementareleftopenbecauseofthehighlevelofuncertainty;thesedetailsarefilledinaslateaspossibletoremainflexiblewithoutloosingarelationshipoftrust.ICT对集集装装箱箱运运输输业业企企业业间间协协调调的的影影响响在内内陆陆集集装装箱箱运运输输中中，，对对企企业业间间协协调调的的重重新新设设计计所所构构造造的的操操作作指指南南（（GUIDELINES）在在评评价价时时需需要要考考虑虑：：被评评估估的的系统统绩绩效效是否否好好于于目目前前的的协协调调系系统统？？对该种设设计的第第一次评评估，采采用了一一个专家模式式（EXPERTPANEL）：在这这个专家家模式中中，来自自鹿特丹丹港口的的10名专家被被要求提提出他们们如果在在考虑时时可能提提出的意意见。这里，一一个精心心设计的的游戏被被用作实验游戏戏。游戏是是围绕中中间经纪纪人设计计的，经经纪人处处于运输输请求者者和运输输提供者者之间。。玩游戏的的人必须须指定自自己进入入经纪人人的角色色。经纪纪人的任任务是：：必须处处理呈现现在游戏戏中的与与现实生生活类似似的任务务。运输请求求作为任任务被递递交给经经纪人。。内陆集装装箱运输输设计评评估目前的系系统-集中化结结构、中中立化结结构、长长期协议议、少数数参与者者、很少少IT支持-是其特点点。根据目前前的系统统，重新新设计企企业间的的协调结结构，新新设计计的协调调结构具具有特点点：集中中化结构构、中立立化结构构、长期期协议、、大量参参与者、、先进的的IT支持水平平。之后，玩玩游戏的的人根据据自身的的经验回回答问卷卷所提出出的问题题，因而而实现对对新设计计的评价价。玩游戏的的人与来来自咨询询实践和和运输实实践的专专家们总总共进行行了9次游戏。。内陆集装装箱运输