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Fromtheirinception,mostruralneighborhoodsincolonialNorthAmericaincludedatleastonecarpenter,joiner,sawyer,andcooperinwoodworking;aweaverandatailorforclothingproduction;atanner,currier,andcordwainershoemakerforfabricatingleatherobjects;andablacksmithformetalwork.Wherestonewasthelocalbuildingmaterial,amasonwassuretoappearonthelistofpeoplewhopaidtaxes.Withonlyanapprenticeasanassistant,theruralartisanprovidedtheneighborhoodwithcommongoodsfromfurnituretoshoestofarmequipmentinexchangeforcashorforgoodsinkindfromthecustomersfield,pasture,ordairy.Sometimesartisanstransformedmaterialprovidedbythecustomer;woveclothofyarnspunatthefarmfromthewoolofthefamilysheep;madechairsortablesfromwoodcutinthecustomersownwoodlot;producedshoesorleatherbreechesfromcow,deer,orsheepskintannedonthefarm.

Liketheirfarmingneighbors,ruralartisanswerepartofaneconomyscene,byonehistorian,asanorchestraconductedbynature.Sometaskscouldnotbedoneinthewinter,otherhadtobeputoffduringharvesttime,andstillotherswaitedonrawmaterialsthatwereonlyproducedseasonally.Asthedaysgrewshorter,shophourskeptpace,sincefewartisanscouldaffordenoughartificiallighttocontinueworkwhentheSunwentdown.Tothebestoftheirability,colonialartisanstriedtokeeptheirshopsasefficientaspossibleandtoregularizetheirschedulesandmethodsofproductionforthebestreturnontheirinvestmentintime,tools,andmaterials.Whileitispleasanttoimagineawoodworker,forexample,carefullymatchinglumber,joiningachesttogetherwithoutresorttonailsorglue,andapplyingallthoughtandenergytocarvingbeautifuldesignsonthefinishedpiece,thetimerequiredwasnotjustifiedunlessthecustomerwaswillingtopayextraforthequalityandfewinruralareaswere.Artisans,therefore,oftenfounditnecessarytoemployasmanyshortcutsandeconomicsaspossiblewhilestillproducingsatisfactoryproducts.

1.WhataspectofruralcolonialNorthAmericadoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

AFarmingpractices

BTheworkofartisans

CThecharacterofruralneighborhoods

DTypesoffurniturethatwerepopular

2.Thewordinceptioninline1isclosestinmeaningto

Ainvestigation

Blocation

Cbeginning

Drecords

3.Thewordfabricatinginline3isclosestinmeaningto

Aconstructing

Baltering

Cselecting

Ddemonstrating

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheuseofartificiallightincolonialtimeswas

Aespeciallyhelpfultowoodworkers

Bpopularinruralareas

Ccontinuousinwinter

Dexpensive

5.Whydidcolonialartisanswanttoregularizetheirschedulesandmethodsline18?

Atoenablethemtoproducehighqualityproducts

Btoenablethemtoduplicateanitemmanytimes

Ctoimpresstheircustomers

Dtokeepexpenseslow

6.Thephraseresorttoinline21isclosestinmeaningto

Aprotectingwith

Bmovingtoward

Cmanufacturing

Dusing

7.Thewordfewinlines23refersto

Awoodworkers

Bfinishedpieces

Ccustomers

Dchests

8.Itcanbeinferredthatthea