2014年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题

--PAGE13-2014年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWER(lOpoints)Thinnerisn'talwaysbetter.Anumberofstudieshave1thatnormal-weightpeopleareinfactathigherriskofsomediseasescomparedtothosewhoareoverweight.Andtherearehealthconditionsforwhichbeingoverweightisactually2.Forexample,heavierwomenarelesslikelytodevelopcalciumdeficiencythanthinwomen.3,amongtheelderly,beingsomewhatoverweightisoftenan4ofgoodhealth.Ofevengreater5isthefactthatobesityturnsouttobeverydifficulttodefine.Itisoftendefined6bodymassindex,orBMI.BMI7bodymassdividedbythesquareofheight.AnadultwithaBMIof18to25isoftenconsideredtobenormalweight.Between25and30isoverweight.Andover30isconsideredobese.8,canbedividedintomoderatelyobese,severelyobese,andveryseverelyobese.Whilesuchnumencalstandardsseem9,arenot.Obesityisprobablylessamatterofweightthanbodyfat.SomepeoplewithahighBMIareinfactextremelyfit,10otherswithalowBMImaybeinpoor11.Forexample,manycollegiateandprofessionalfootballplayers12asobese,thoughtheirpercentagebodyfatisConversely,someonewithasmallframemayhavehighbodyfatbuta13BMI.wehavea(n)14tolabelobesityasadisgrace.Theoverweightaresometimes15inthemediawiththeirfacescovered.Stereotypes16withobesityincludelaziness,lackofwillpower,andlowerprospectsforsuccess.employers,andhealthprofessionalshavebeenshowntoharborbiasesagainsttheobese.17veryyoungchildrentendtolookdownontheoverweight,andteasingaboutbodybuildhaslongbeenaprobleminschools.Negativeattitudestowardobesity,18inhealthconcerns,havestimulatedanumberofanti-obesity19.ownhospitalsystemhasbannedsugarydrinksfromitsfacilities.Manyemployershaveinstitutedweightlossandfitnessinitiatives.MichelleObamahaslaunchedahigh-visibilitycampaign20childhoodobesity,evenclaimingthatitrepresentsourgreatestnationalsecuritythreat.[A]denied [B]concluded [C]doubted [D]ensured[A]protective [B]dangerous [C]sufficient [D]troublesome[A]Instead [B]However [C]Likewise [D]Therefore[A]indicator [B]objective[A]impact [B]relevance [C]assistance [D]concern[A]intermsof [B]incaseof [C]infavorof [D]inrespectsof[A]measures [B]detern血es [C]equals [D]modifies[A]inessence [B]incontrast [C]inturn[A]complicated [B]conservative [C]variable [D]straightforward[A]so [B]while [C]since [D]unless[A]shape [B]spirit [C]balance [D]taste[D]stay[A]start [B]qualify [C][D]stay[A]strange [B]changeable [C]normal [D]constant[A]option [B]reason[A]employed [C]imitated [D]monitored[A]compared [B]combined [C]settled [D]associated[A]Even [B]Still [C]Yet [D]Only[A]despised [B]corrected[A]discussions [B]businesses [C]policies [D]studies[A]for [B]against [C]with [D]withoutSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Whatwouldyoudowith$590m?ThisisnowaquestionforGloriaMacKenzie,an84-year-oldwidowwhorecentlyemergedfromhersmall,tin-roofedhouseinFloridatocollectthebiggestundividedlotteryjackpotinhistory.Ifshehopeshernew-foundfortunewillyieldlastingfeelingsoffulfilment,shecoulddoworsethanreadHappyMoneybyElizabethandMichaelNorton.Thesetwoacademicsuseanarrayofbehavioralresearchtoshowthatthemostrewardingwaystospendmoneycanbecounterintuitive.Fantasiesofgreatwealthofteninvolvevisionsoffancycarsandextravaganthomes.YetsatisfactionwiththesematerialpurchaseswearsofffairlyWhatwasonceexcitingandnewbecomesold-hat;regretcreepsin.Itisfarbettertospendmoneyonexperiences,sayMsandMrNorton,likeinterestingtrips,uniquemealsorevengoingtothecinema.Thesepurchasesoftenbecomemorevaluablewithtime-asstoriesormemories-particularlyiftheyinvolvefeelingmoreconnectedtoothers.Thisslimvolumeispackedwithtipstohelpwageslavesaswellaslotterywinnersgetthemost"happinessbangforyourbuck."Itseemsmostpeoplewouldbeifcouldtheirtowork,morefriendsandfamilyandofitwatchingtelevision(somethingaverageAmericanspendsawhoppingtwomonthsayeardoing,andishardlyjollierforit).Buyingorgivingtocharityisoftenmorepleasurablethanpurchasingthingsforandluxuriesaremostwhentheyareconsumedsparingly.ThisisapparentlythereasonrestrictstheavailabilityofitspopularMcRib—amarketingtrickthathasturnedtheporksandwichintoanofobsession.ReadersofHappyareclearlyaprivilegedlot,anxiousaboutfulfilment,nothungerMoneymaynotquitebuyhappinessbutpeopleinwealthiercountriesaregenerallyhappierthanthoseinpooronesthelinkbetweenfeelinggoodandspendingmoneyonotherscanbeseenamongrichandpoorpeoplearoundtheworld,andscarcityancesthepleasureofmostthingsformostpeople.NoteveryonewillagreewiththeauthorspolicyideaswhichrangefrommandatingmoreholidaytimetoreducingtaxincentivesforAmericanhomebuyers.Butmostpeoplewillcomeawayfromthisbookbelievingitwasmoneywellspent.AccordingtoDunnandNorton,whichofthefollowingisthemostrewardingpurchase?Abighouse.Aspecialtour.Astylishcar.Arichmeal.Thesed'gVs .criticalMcRibismentionedinParagraph3toshowthat .consumersaresometimes1rrat10nalpopularityusuallycomesafterqualitymarketingtricksareofteneffectiveraritygenerallyincreasespleasureAccordingtothelastparagraph,HappyMoney .hasleftmuchroomforreaders'criticismmayprovetobeaworthwhilepurchasehaspredictedawiderincomegapintheUSmaygiveitsreadersasenseofachievementThistextmainlydiscusseshowto .balancefeelinggoodandspendingmoneyspendlargesumsofmoneywoninlotteriesobtainlastingsatisfactionfrommoneyspentbecomemorereasonableinspendingonluxuriesText2AnarticleinScientificAmericanhaspointedoutthatempiricalresearchthat,actually,youthinkyou'remorebeautifulthanyouare.Wehaveadeep­seatedneedtofeelgoodaboutourselvesandwenaturallyemployanumberofself-enhancingstrategiestoachievethis.Socialpsychologistshaveamassedoceansofresearchintowhattheycallthe"aboveaverageeffect",or"illusorysuperiority",andshownthat,forexample,70%ofusrateourselvesasaboveaverageinleadership,93%indrivingand85%atgettingonwellwithothers-allobviouslystatisticalimpossibilities.rose-tintourmemoriesandputourselvesintoself-affirmingsituations.becomedefensivewhencriticised,andapplynegativestereotypestootherstoboostourownesteem.stalkaroundthinkinghotstuff.PsychologistandbehaviouralscientistNicholasEpleyoversawakeystudyintoself-enhancementandattractiveness.Ratherthanhavepeoplesimplyratetheirbeautycomparedwithothers,heaskedthemtoidentifyanoriginalphotographofthemselvesfromalineupincludingversionsthathadbeenalteredtoappearmoreandlessattractive.Visualrecognition,readsthestudy,is"anautomaticpsychologicalprocess,occurringrapidlyandintuitivelywithlittleornoapparentconsciousdeliberation".Ifthequicklychoseafalselyflatteringimage—whichmostdid—genuinelybelieveditwasreallyhowlooked.Epleyfoundnosignificantgenderdifferenceinresponses.Norwasthereanyevidencethatthosewhoancedthemost(thatis,theparticipantswhothoughtthemostpositivelydoctoredpictureswererealweredoingsotomakeupforprofoundinsecuritiesInfactthosewhothoughtthattheimageshigheruptheattractivenessscalewererealdirectlycorrespondedwiththosewhoshowedothermarkersforhavinghigherself-esteem.Idon'tthinkthefindingsthatwehaveareanyevidenceofpersonaldelusion,areflectionsimplyofpeoplegenerallythinkingwellofthemselves.Ifyouaredepressedyouwon'tbeself­enhancing.Knowingtheresultsofstudy,itmakessensethatmanypeoplehatephotographsofthemselvesviscerally—ononelevel,theydon'tevenrecognisethepersoninthepictureasthemselves.Facebook,therefore,isaself-enhancer'sparadise,wherepeoplecanshareonlythemostflatteringphotos,thecreamoftheirwit,style,beauty,intellectandlifestyles.notthatpeople'sprofilesaredishonest,CatalinaTomaofWisconsin-MadisonUniversity,"butportrayanidealisedversionofAccordingtothefirstparagraph,socialpsychologistshavefoundthat .ourareunrealisticallyhighillusorysuperiorityisabaselesseffectourneedforleadershipisunnaturalstrategiesareineffectiveVisualnisbelievedtobes .rapidmatchingconsciouschoiceintuitiveresponseautomaticEpleyfoundthatpeoplewithhighertendedto .underestimatetheirmsecuntlesmtheirattractivenesscoveruptheirdepressionsoversimplifytheirillusionsTheword"viscerally"(Line2,Para.5)isclosestinmeaningto .instinctivelyoccasionallytcanbeinferredtFacebooksaselesebecausepeoplepresenttheirdishonestprofilesdefinetheirtraditionallifestylessharetheirintellectualpursuitswithholdtheirunflatteringsidesText3Theconceptofmanversusmachineisatleastasoldastheindustrialrevolution,butthisphenomenontendstobemostacutelyfeltduringeconomicdownturnsandfragilerecoveries.Andyet,itwouldbeamistaketothinkwearerightnowsimplyexperiencingthepainfulsideofaboomandbustcycle.Certainjobshavegoneawayforgood,outmodedbymachines.Sincetechnologyhassuchaninsatiableappetiteforeatinguphumanjobs,thisphenomenonwillcontinuetorestructureoureconomyinwayswecannotimmediatelyforesee.Whenthereisrapidimprovementinthepriceandperformanceoftechnology,jobsthatwereoncethoughttobeimmunefromautomationsuddenlybecomethreatened.Thisargumenthasattractedalotofattention,viathesuccessofthebookRaceAgainstthebyErikBrynjolfssonandAndrewMcAfee,whobothhailfromCenterforDigitalBusiness.Thisisapowerfulargument,andascaryone.Andyet,JohnHagel,authorofThePowerofPullandotherbooks,BrynjolfssonandMcAfeemissthereasonwhythesejobsaresovulnerabletotechnologyinthefirstplace.HagelwehavedesignedjobsintheU.S.thattendtobe"tightlyscripted"and"highlystandardized"onesthatleavenoroomfor"individualinitiativeorcreativity".Inshort,thesearethetypesofjobsthatmachinescanperformmuchbetteratthanhumanbeings.ThatishowwehaveputagianttargetsignonthebacksofAmericanworkers,Hageltimetoreinventtheformulaforhowworkisconducted,sincewearestillrelyingonavery20thcenturynotionofwork,Hagelsays.Inourrapidlychangingwemorethaneverneedpeopleintheworkplacewhocantakeinitiativeandexercisetheirimagination"torespondtounexpectedevents".Thatisnotsomethingmachinesaregoodat.Theyaredesignedtoperformverypredictableactivities.AsHagelnotes,BrynjolfssonandMcAfeeindeedtouchedonthispointintheirbook.needtoreframeraceagainstthemachineasracewiththemachine.Inotherwords,weneedtolookatthewaysinwhichmachinescanaugmenthumanlaborratherthanreplaceit.Sothentheproblemisnotreallyabouttechnology,butrather,"howdoweinnovateourinstitutionsandourworkpractices?"Accordingtothefirstparagraph,economicdownturnswould .easethecompetitionofmanvs.machinehighlightmachines'threattohumanjobsprovokeapainfultechnologicalrevolutionoutmodeourcurrenteconomicstructureTheauthorsofRaceAgainsttheMachinearguethat .yisgsbautomationisacceleratingtechnologicaldevelopmentcertainjobswillremainintactafterautomationmanwillfinallywintheraceagainstmachineHagelarguesthatjobsintheU.S.areoften .performedbyinnovativemindsscriptedwithanindividualstylestandardizedwithoutacleartargetdesignedagainsthumancreativityAccordingtothelastparagraph,anddiscussed .thepredictabilityofmachinebehaviorinpracticetheformulaforhowworkisconductedefficientlythewaysmachinesreplacehumanlaborinmodemtimesthenecessityofhumaninvolvementintheworkplaceWhichofthefollowingcouldbethemostappropriatetitleforthetext?HowtoInnovateOurPractices?MachinesWillReplaceHumanLaborCanWeWintheRaceAgainstMachines?EconomicDownturnsStimulateInnovat10nsText4Whenthegovernmenttalksaboutinfrastructurecontributingtotheeconomythefocusisusuallyonroads,railways,broadbandandenergy.Housingisseldommentioned.isthat?Tosomeextentthehousingsectormustshouldertheblame.havenotbeengoodatcon皿unicatingtherealvaluethatcancontributeThenthereisthescaleofthetypicalItistoshoveforamongmultibillion-poundinfrastructureprojects,soitisinevitablethattheattentionisfocusedelsewhereButperhapsthemostsignificantreasonisthattheissuehasalwaysbeensopoliticallycharged.Nevertheless,theaffordablehousingsituationisdesperate.Waitinglistsincreaseallthetimeandwearesimplynotbuildingenoughnewhomes.Thecomprehensivespendingreviewoffersanopportunityforthegovernmenttohelprectifythis.Itneedstoputhistoricaltoonesideandtakesomestepstoaddressoururgenthousingneed.Therearesomeindicationsthatitispreparingtodojustthat.Thecommunitiesminister,Foster,hashintedthatGeorgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,mayintroducemoreflexibilitytothecurrentcapontheamountthatlocalauthoritiescanborrowagainsttheirhousingstockdebt.Evidenceshowsthat60,000extranewhomescouldbebuiltoverthenextfiveyearsifthecapwerelifted,increasingby0.6%.Ministersshouldalsolookatcreatinggreatercertaintyintherentalenvironment,whichwouldhaveasignificantimpactontheabilityofregisteredproviderstofundnewdevelopmentsfromrevenues.Butitisnotjustdowntothegovernment.Whilethesemeasureswouldbewelcomeintheshortterm,wemustfacetothefactthattheexisting£4.5bnprogrammeofgrantstofundnewaffordablehousing,settoexpirein2015,isunlikelytobeextendedbeyondthen.TheLabourpartyhasrecentlyannouncedthatitwillretainalargepartofthecoalition'sspendingplansifitreturnstopower.Thehousingsectorneedstoacceptthatweareveryunlikelytoeverreturntotheeraoflarge-scalepublicgrants.needtotothischangingclimate.Whilethegovernment'scommitmenttolong-termfundingmayhavechanged,theverypressingneedformoreaffordablehousingisrealandisnotgoingaway.Theauthorbelievesthatthehousingsector .hasattractedmuchattentioninvolvescertainpoliticalfactorsshoulderstooresponsibilityhaslostitsrealvalueineconomyItcanbelearnedthataffordablehousinghas .increaseditshomesupplyofferedspendingopportunitiessufferedgovernmentbiasesdisappointedthegovernmentAccordingtoParagraph5,GeorgeOsbornemay .allowgreatergovernmentdebtforhousingstoplocalauthoritiesfrombuildinghomespreparetoreducehousingstockdebtreleasealiftedGDPgrowthforecastItcanbemferredthatastablerentalenvironmentwouldlowerthecostsofregisteredproviderslessentheimpactofgovernmentinterferencecontributetofundingnewdevelopmentsrelievetheministersofresponsibilitiesTheauthorbelievesthatafter2015,thegovernmentmay .implementmorepoliciestosupporthousingreviewtheneedforlarge-scalepublicgrantsrenewtheaffordablehousinggrantsprogrammestopgenerousfundingtothehousingsectorPartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandmatcheachofthenumbereditemsintheleftcolumntoitscorrespondinginformationintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEERT.(10points)EmerginginthelateSixtiesandreachingapeakintheSeventies,LandArtwasoneofarangeofnewforms,includingBodyArt,PerformanceArt,ActionArtandInstallationArt,whichpushedartbeyondthetraditionalconfinesofthestudioandRatherthanportrayinglandscape,landartistsusedthephysicalsubstanceofthelanditselfastheirmedium.TheBritishlandart,typifiedbyRichardpiece,wasnotonlymoredomesticallyscaled,butalotquirkier than itsAmerican counterpart. whileyoumightassumethatanexhibitionofLandArtwouldconsist only recordsofworksratherthantheworksthemselves,photographofhisworkisthework.Sincehis"action"isinthepast,thephotographisitssoleembodiment.Thatmightseemratheranobscurepoint,butitsetsthetoneforanexhibitionthatcontainsalotofblack-and-whitephotographsandrelativelyfewnaturalLongisbest-knownLandArtistandhisStoneCircle,aperfectringofpurplishrocksfromPortisheadbeachlaidoutonthegalleryfloor,representstheelegant,rarefiedsideoftheform.TheBoyleontheotherhand,standforitsdirty,urbanaspect.ComprisingartistsMarkBoyleandJoanHillsandtheirchildren,recreatedrandomsectionsoftheBritishlandscapeongallerywalls.TheirOlafStreetStudy,asquareofbrick-strewnwasteground,isoneofthefewworksheretoembracethecommonplacenessthatcharacterisesmostofourexperienceofthelandscapemostofthetime.Parksfeature,particularlyintheearlierworks,suchasJohnveryfunnyAcrossthePark,inwhichalong-hairedstrollerisvariouslysmiledatbyaprettygirlandunwittinglyassaultedinasequenceofimagesthattumouttobedifferentpartsofthesamephotograph.GenerallyhoweverBritishlandartistspreferredtogetawayfromtowns,gravitatingtowardslandscapesthataretraditionallyconsideredbeautifulsuchastheLakeDistrictortheWiltshireWhileitprobablyapparentatthetime,muchofthisworkispermeatedbyaspiritofromanticescapismthatthelikesofwouldhavereadilyunderstood.yellow-tintedfilmTowardsacollectionoflong,mostlystillshotsoftheWiltshirelandscape,evokesatraditionofEnglishlandscapepaintingstretchingfromSamuelPalmertoPaulNash.InthecaseofHamishFulton,youcan'thelpfeelingthattheScottishartisthassimplyfoundawayofmakinghisloveofwalkingAtypicalwork,suchasStoneCircleOlafStreetStudyAcrossthePark44.TowardsAvebury45.Sevenoriginatesfromalongwalkthattheartisttook.illustratesakindoflandscape-orientatedlightconceptualart.remindspeopleoftheEnglishlandscapepaintingtradition.representstheeleganceoftheBritishlandart.depictstheordinarysideoftheBritishlandart.embodiesaromanticescapeintotheScottishoutdoors.containsimagesfromdifferentpartsofthesamephotograph.SevenStoneCircleOlafStreetStudyAcrossthePark44.TowardsAvebury4