操作系统Introduction课件

OperatingSystemChapter1:IntroductionGuangShunShiDepartmentofComputerScience,NanKaiUniversityEmail:WebSite:OperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity2ComputerScience:Why?What?How?WhydoyouchooseComputerScience?

Whatdoyougetduringpast2years?

Howtobecomeacomputerexpert/scientist?CShavechangedtheworld,why?WhatisCS?Howtomaster/promoteCS?OperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity3Science,EngineeringandTechnologySciencePrimitiveandgeneraltheoryMakeeverythingpossibleviacomputing

EngineeringSystemicandreasonablestrategyRulesandformstoconstructdigitalworldTechnologySmartandpoliticmethodsAlgorithmsandmechanismstoresolvespecificproblemsOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity4ChangesinITdomainbefore1990:EECSISafter1990:EECECSSEITISHardwareSoftwareBusinessHardwareBusinessSoftwareOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity5Differencebetweenrelatedmajors:CSTheoryCreativeDeployment,ConfigurationTheoreticalpracticablyCSApplicationSoftwaremethodandtechniqueSystemfundamentalsHardware&ArchitectureOrganizationmanagement&MISOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity7Differencebetweenrelatedmajors:ISTheoryCreativeDeployment,ConfigurationTheoreticalpracticablyISApplicationSoftwaremethodandtechniqueSystemfundamentalsHardware&ArchitectureOrganizationmanagement&MISOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity8Differencebetweenrelatedmajors:ITTheoryCreativeDeployment,ConfigurationTheoreticalpracticablyITApplicationSoftwaremethodandtechniqueSystemfundamentalsHardware&ArchitectureOrganizationmanagement&MISOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity10WhatisCS-----CC2005designandimplementsoftwareComputerscientiststakeonchallengingprogrammingjobs.Theyalsosuperviseotherprogrammers,keepingthemawareofnewapproaches.devisenewwaystousecomputers.ProgressintheCSareasofnetworking,database,andhuman-computer-interfaceenabledthedevelopmentoftheWorldWideWeb.NowCSresearchersareworkingwithscientistsfromotherfieldstomakerobotsbecomepracticalandintelligentaides,tousedatabasestocreatenewknowledge,andtousecomputerstohelpdecipherthesecretsofourDNA.puterscientistsdevelopthebestpossiblewaystostoreinformationindatabases,senddataovernetworks,anddisplaycompleximages.Theirtheoreticalbackgroundallowsthemtodeterminethebestperformancepossible,andtheirstudyofalgorithmshelpsthemtodevelopnewapproachesthatprovidebetterperformance.OperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity11Howtomaster/promoteCSskills理论与数学的研究方法类似，要素为定义和公理、定理、证明、结果的解释，基本特征为构造性数学特征抽象模型化能力，要素为数据采集、假设的形式说明、模型构造与预测、实验与结果分析，抽象的结果为概念、符号、模型设计工程能力，要素为需求分析、规格说明、测试和分析，用于实现解决实际问题的系统和设备OperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity12Themostimportantconcepts系统科学方法用数学描述解释形式化语言数量分析与计算逻辑推理从不同抽象层次看待研究对象系统整体优化系统级分析模拟数学方法OperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity13WhatisOS?OperatingDriveallhardwaredevicesincomputerManageallsoftwareincomputerProvideproperserviceenvironmentSystemVirtualmachineandresourcemanagertheories,mechanisms,algorithmsandtechniquesMyopinionCPUistheheartofcomputerOSisthesoulofcomputerOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity14MygoalsinthiscourseMyminimalexpectationEveryonecanlearnsomethingdon’twasteyourtimeMystrategyBreadth&DepthinOSdomainCasestudy&discussion&thinking&analysisMychallengeHowtoimproveyourpassionofCSandOSHowtointegratetherelatedknowledgeandinteractivewithyouOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity15Whataboutyourgoals?MotivationandattitudeSmartandindependentthinkingExperienceaboutscience,engineeringandtechnologyOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity17Scoresinpastsemesters(2003)

90－1008students，92isthetopscore

80－9020students

70－8036students

60－7020students

lessthan602studentsOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity18Scoresinpastsemesters(2004)

90－10018students，100isthetopscore

80－9030students

70－8048students

60－7042students

lessthan605studentsOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity20Scoresinpastsemesters(2006)

90－10030students，100isthetopscore

80－9033students

70－8047students

60－7045students

lessthan6015studentsOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity21Scoresinpastsemesters(2007)

90－10017students，100isthetopscore

80－9032students

70－8022students

60－7020students

lessthan6016studentsOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity22Scoresinpastsemesters(2008)

90－1005students，94isthetopscore

80－9018students

70－8022students

60－7020students

lessthan6013studentsOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity23Scoresinpastsemesters(2009)

90－1000

80－8910students

70－8041students

60－7028students

lessthan6011studentsOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity24Scoresinpastsemesters(2010)

90－10010（99）

80－8914students

70－8026students

60－7023students

lessthan6013studentsOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity25TeachingbooksandreferenceTeachingbooks“现代操作系统”,机械工业出版社，Tanenbaum著Referencebooks“操作系统：设计与实现”，电子工业出版社，中译本“操作系统－内核与设计原理”，电子工业出版社，WilliamStallings著，英文原版“Windows操作系统原理”，机械工业出版社，陈向群OperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity27Otherreferencebooks操作系统教程 王素华人民邮电出版社计算机操作系统教程张尧学史美林清华大学出版社计算机操作系统教程 周长林左万历高等教育出版社操作系统基础 屠立德屠祁清华大学出版社操作系统教程 孟庆昌西安电子科大出版社计算机操作系统 汤子瀛等西安电子科大出版社操作系统原理DOS篇 张昆苍清华大学出版社操作系统教程 孙钟秀主编高等教育出版社操作系统原理技术与编程 蒋静徐志伟机械工业出版社OperatingSystemConcept

AbrahanSilberschatz,etcAppliedOperatingSystemConcept AbrahanSilberschatz,etcOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity28ConceptofSoftwareOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity30Whathappensbehind“HelloWorld”

#include<stdio.h>intmain(intargc,char*argv[]){puts("helloworld");return0;}

OperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity31ProcessingstepsofOSHuman-ComputerInteractionInputthecontentoftheprogram(keyboard)CommandIDEtocompiletheprogram(mouse)Outputtheexedisk()Question1:Howcancomputerknowyourinput?Question2:HowcanIDEcompileandgenerateexefiles?ExeCreateathreadtoruntheprogram(Thread)LoadtheExedisktomemory(Memory)SchedulethethreadtooccupyCPUtime(Thread)Question3:Howtoallocatememoryforathread?Question4:Howtoschedulethethread?ProgramrunningLoadinstructionfrommemorytoCPUregister(Thread)ExecutethefirstinstructionoftheprogramQuestion5:ThemechanismofinstructionexecutionOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity32ProcessingstepsofOS(cont.)InteractionbetweenGraphiccardandCPULoadgraphiccarddriver(I/Odevice)Setthecontenttobedisplayed(BUS&DMA)Question6:TheworkingmodeofdriverandBUS&DMAPrintthestringonmonitorConvertthestringtobepixel-matrix(I/Odevice)Startprinting….Question7:TheworkingmodeofmonitorExitingstepsBlockthegraphicdriverthread,itwillwaitfornextcallingReleaseallresourceallocatedfor“helloworld”programLoadnextthread,orsleepuntilnextcommandreached….OverviewofthisexampleAllmodulesofOSkernelareactivatedOSisthebasementforalmostallprogramsOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity33BasicconceptsSystemAphilosophywordderivedfromancientGreeceOrganismconsistedofinteractivecomponentsStructureAwordusedinbuildingindustry,means“construction”TheschemaofrelationshipbetweencomponentsinaSystemOperatingFunctions:HowmanythingsitcandoPerformance:speed,efficiency,stability,securityetc.Themeaningof“OperatingSystem”Asystemwithmanycomponents.DifferentapplicationpurposesleadtodifferentstructuresThefunctionandperformanceofOSisveryimportantOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity34FunctionsofOSHardwareabstractionProvideunified,friendlyUIforusersHidetheconfigurationdifferenceofhardwarecomponentsApplicationintegrationProvidesimpleandusefulmethodsforprogramsdesigningScheduleandcontroltherunningofprogramsEnvironmentmanagementMonitorwholeenvironmentofcomputerProvideasecure,stableandcomfortablespaceforusesOSHardwareOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity35ArchitectureofOSOSBasicconceptCPUmanagementDevicemanagementMemorymanagementProgramminginterfaceOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity36ArchitectureofWin2k/XPOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity37ArchitectureofMinix磁盘任务终端任务时钟任务系统任务以太网任务……内存管理器文件系统网络服务器……Init进程用户进程用户进程用户进程用户进程……Level1Level2Level3Level4I/OTaskServiceUserspaceKernel进程管理OperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity38TopicsofOSIntroductionandprerequisitesknowledge(4~6lessons)OpinionofOS:resourcemanageVSextendedmachineConcept:batchsystem/cocurrency/real-systemKnowledgeaboutinterruption,CPU,clock,DMA,storagesystem,bus,motherboard….CPUmanagement(8~10lessons)Concept:process/thread,CPUinstructionProcess/threadschedulingInterprocesscommunicationMemorymanagement(8~10lessons)Concept:s,virtualmemory,paging,segmentationMemoryallocation,relocation,protectionandsharingMultiprogramming,runningimageofthreadDevicemanagement(6~8lessons)Concept:DMA,I/Ochannel,I/OsoftwareWorkingmechanismofdifferentkindsofI/OdevicesDeadlockandrelatedprocessingOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity39TopicsofOS(cont.)(Diskmanagement)(6~8lessons)Concept:files,directories,volume,andsystemDiskspacemanagementdesignandimplementationsecuritySystemcallanduserinterface(2~4lessons)Concept:softinterruption,hardinterruption,CPUtrapInitializationandsystemserviceloadingofOSInteractionbetweenuserspaceandkernelspacesEnvironmentmanagement(2lessons)PowermanagementSecurityandstabilitymaintenanceCaseanalysisandadvancedtopicsdiscussion(2lessons)SourcecodereviewofseveralOSResearchonOSandsomeacademictopicsOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity40OverviewofOShistoryThemotivationofOSUsingcomputerinaneasierwayUsingcomputerinamoreefficientwayProvidemorepowerfulfunctionsbasedonhardwareThehistoryofhardwareVacuumtubesandplugboards:noOSexistedTransistorsandbatchsystemsIntegratedCircuitsandmultiprogrammingPersonalcomputersNetworkanddigitalworldOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity41HistoryofOS:StoneAgePrehistoricageofOS(1940s~mid-1950s)Famedpersons:Babbage,Ada,HowardAiken,JohnvonNeumann,J.PresperEckertandWilliamMauchley,KonradZuse(Germany)TheyconstructedcomputingmachineswithvacuumtubesProgrammingisdoneinabsolutemachinelanguage,whichmeanschangingthestructureofcircuit.TheprimaryfunctionofcomputerisscientificcomputingPleaserememberthisageThefoundationofComputingScienceandTechnologyTheydreamedofautomaticcomputingmachines,andtheyrealizedthisdreamwithterriblebasicfacilitiesOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity42HistoryofOS:BronzeAgeBatchsystem(mid-1950s~1965)Famedpersons&organizations&OS:IBM,DEC,IBM7094/1401,FMSComputerisconsistedoftransistorsStructureoftheoperatingsystemBatchprocess,asmartjobschedulingmethodOnlineVSOfflineProgramminglanguage:Fortran,AssemberOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity43HistoryofOS:BronzeAge卡片早期批处理系统IBM1401IBM7094IBM1401输入磁带磁带机卡片阅读机输出磁带打印机OperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity44FMS:BronzeAge$END$RUNDataforprogram$LOADFortranprogram$FORTRAN

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OperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity45HistoryofOS:IndustrialAgeMultiprogrammingSystem(1965~1980)Famedpersons&organizations&OS:Intel,IBMOS/360,Multics,KenThompsonandUnix,TanenbaumandMinix,LinusandLinuxIndustrialstandardforcomputerandOSStructureoftheoperatingsystemCompatible:thebeginningofstandardMultiprogramming,Spooling,Time-sharingSoftwareengineeringProgramminglanguage:C,Fortran,AssemblerOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity46CompatibleandSoftEngineeringCompatibleDifferentpurposeneeddifferentstructures,differentOSItistooexpensiveforanycompanytomaintaindistinctandtotallyincompatibleproducelineOneproduceline,seriesproduct,differentfunctionsSoftwareengineeringCompatibleVSIntegrationNowaytowriteasoftwaretomeetconflictingrequirementsSoftwaredinosaurs:toocomplex,tooenormousIBMOS/360,releasedwithmorethan1000bugsOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity47CompatibleandSoftEngineeringOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity48Multics:seedofmodernOSMultics(1963~1965~1969)MultiplexedinformationandcomputingservicesAnothersoftwaredinosaursMultiprogrammingandTime-sharingAllocateCPUtimetomultiprogramsinsimultaneouswayTime-sharing,onemainframecansupport100onlineterminalOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity49Multics:seedofmodernOS主机终端OperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity50Multics:seedofmodernOSOSmanageonlyonePCregisterforalljobsItseemsthateachjobownsindependentPCsTimesharing:onlyonejobcanuseCPUatanytickOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity51KenThompson:IwanttoplaygamebrilliantlyachievementMulticsin1965,Unixin1969Blanguage,theprecursortoRitchie'sCQEDinUnix,BelleinchesscomputerTuringawardin1983,NationalMedalofTechnologyin1999,TsutomuKanaiAwardin1999MinixandLinuxTanenbaum(1980):miniunixLinux(1991):Linus’sminixOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity52KenThompsonOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity53Unixfamily:morepopularthanCN&KNOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity54LinusTorvalds:JustdoitLinus’sminix=LinuxHecreateanOSforhimself,alsofortheworldDIY:doityourself,theworldwillbechangedModernopinionforsoftwareOpenMind:EveryonecanchangeitTeamWork:AllpeopleworkforitTheessentialofLinuxCompatibleandextendableEfficiencyandSecurityisthemostimportantthingOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity55HistoryofOS:GoldenAgePersonalComputer&Network(1981~)Famedpersons&organizations&OS:GaryKildallandCP/M,BillGatesandDOS,SteveJobsandMac,IBMOS/2,OpenSourceandGPL,EmbeddedsystemDigitalworldbasedoncomputingStructureoftheoperatingsystemGUI:virtualworldconstructedbycomputerDistributedandSharing:C/S,B/S,Grid…MultiprogrammingandparallelComputer&Network:newworld,newlifeOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity56GaryKildall:Therewasachanceforme…CP/MAsuccessfulOSthatsuitableforPCIntel:theythinkthatPCisvaluelessAcademic,TechnologyandBusinessAcademic:FindtheessentialoftheworldTechnology:ChangetheworldinmoreefficientwayBusiness:Createaworldbasedonlaw,scienceandtechnologyOperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity57BillGates&MicrosoftBillGatesFindtherequest,andholdthechanceLawismoreimportantthantechnologyThestoryofMicrosoftDOS:thefirstpopularPCOSWin32:GUI+WYSWYGWin95:BillcheatedIBM,butchangedtheworldWinNT,2K,XP….OperatingSystemCITS,NanKaiUniversity58SteveJobs&MacintoshSteveJobsMakecomputertobemoreinterestedApple,Lisa,MacintoshThestoryofSteveJobsDoulEngelbar:fatherofGUIXeroxPARC:omittedthevalueofGUISteveJobs:moreromanticthanBillGatesDigitalmediaw