英美文学史francis-bacon备课讲稿

英美文学史francis-baconThe17thCentury2TheGloriousRevolution(光荣革命)1688,James’sdaughterMaryandherhusbandWillamofOrangeTheBillofRights(权利法案)AcountryofconstitutionalmonarchyBritishLiterature2FrancisBaconThe17thCentury3LiteraryAchievementsCharlesⅠ,drama’snewform:satiriccomedies,tragicomedies,akindofmelodrama(BenJohnson)1640s-1660s,beclosed,Restorationcomedy(复辟时期的喜剧).femaleroleBritishLiterature3FrancisBacon培根知识就是力量。生活的理想,就是为了理想地生活。爱情就像银行里存一笔钱，能欣赏对方的优点，就像补充收入；容忍对方缺点，这是节制支出。所谓永恒的爱，是从红颜爱到白发，从花开爱到花残。

BritishLiterature4FrancisBaconfamilyFather:SirNicholasBacon(LordKeeperoftheSealunderQueenElizabethI)Mother:AnneCook(DaughterofSirAnthoonyCook)SecondwifeBrothersandsisters:5brotherand1sisterfromhisfather’sfirstwifeBritishLiterature5FrancisBaconFrancisBacon(1561-1626)Theyoungestof5sonsofSirNicholasBacon,WasbornatYorkHouseontheStrandinLondonReceivedaneducationathomeinhisearlyyearsbecauseofhispoorhealthAt12,enteredTrinityCollege,CambridgeAtCambridge,metQueenElizabeth,whocalledhim“theyoungLordKeeper”BritishLiterature6FrancisBaconCambridgetrinitycollege(1573)BritishLiterature7FrancisBaconIn1576,studiedlawAfewmonthslater,joinedSirAmiasPaulet,theEnglishambassadortoParisIn1579,returnedtoEnglandatthedeathofhisfatherGotintodebtandtookuphisresidenceinlawatGray’sInnIn1582,wascalledtotheBar（律师资格）In1584,enteredtheHouseofCommonsBritishLiterature8FrancisBaconIn1603,becameknighted（授予爵位）underJamesIIn1618,becameLordHighChancellor（大法官）,theheadofthelegalsystemofEnglandHispubliccareerendedindisgracein1621.Deepindebt,hewaschargedbyaParliamentaryCommitteeofcorruption.（贪污，腐败）BritishLiterature9FrancisBaconWassentencedtoafineof￡40,000andwasimprisonedintheTowerofLondonParliamentdeclaredBaconincapableofholdinganyfutureofficeorsittinginparliament（国会）Then,devotedhimselftowritingInMarch,1626,hecametoLondon,anddiedinshame.BritishLiterature10FrancisBaconLiteraryCareer1605TheAdvancementofLearning

(inEnglish)《学术的推进》1620NovumOrganum

(inLatin,NewInstrument)《新工具》

InductiveMethod1626DeAugmentis(inLatin)《广学论》1626TheNewAtlantis

1597-1625Essays-thefirstexampleofthatgenreinEnglishliteratureBritishLiterature11FrancisBaconEssayEssayasaformofliteratureoriginatedfromtheFrenchphilosopherMontaigne,whofirstcalledhisshortprosepieces“Essais”in1580,whichweretranslatedintoEnglishbyJohnFlorioin1583.Thetermwasinauguratedin1597byFrancisBacon.BritishLiterature12FrancisBaconOfMarriageandSingleLifeHethathathwifeandchildrenhathgivenhostagestofortune,fortheyareimpedimentstogreatenterprises,eitherofvirtueormischief.Certainlythebestworks,andofgreatestmeritforthepublic,haveproceededfromtheunmarriedorchildlessmen,whichbothinaffectionandmeanshavemarriedandendowedthepublic.Yetitweregreatreasonthatthosethathavechildrenshouldhavegreatestcareoffuturetimes,untowhichtheyknowtheymusttransmittheirdearestpledges.BritishLiterature13FrancisBacon论婚姻和单身生活那些有家室的人，无疑是把自己和命运做了抵押。婚姻和孩子无论好坏，都是成就伟大事业的障碍。当然成就大事和做出一番轰轰烈烈业绩的无疑都是非婚和无儿无女的人，他们不管从情感上还是财产上都已和公众结了婚。但还是有充足的理由来说：那些有孩子的人最关心未来，因为他们知道他们一定得把自己最贵重的保证交代给将来的。BritishLiterature14FrancisBaconOfMarriageandSingleLifeSometherearewho,thoughtheyleadasinglelife,yettheirthoughtsdoendwiththemselves,andaccountfuturetimesimpertinences.Nay,therearesomeotherthataccountwifeandchildrenbutasbillsofcharges.Naymore,therearesomefoolishrichcovetousmenthattakeaprideinhavingnochildren,becausetheymaybethoughtsomuchthericher.Forperhapstheyhaveheardsometalk,"Suchanoneisagreatrichman",andanotherexcepttoit,"Yea,buthehathagreatchargeofchildren",asifitwereanabatementtohisriches.BritishLiterature15FrancisBacon有一些人，他们既然过着单身生活，他们思想也就只考虑自己，认为未来是与己无干的事情。不仅如此，更有人竟把妻子和孩子看做自己要付的账单。更有甚者,一些愚蠢、富有和贪婪之徒们会为自己没有孩子而洋洋自得，也许他们相信没有妻子和孩子会更富，也许他们听到过这样的议论:“那个人很富有。”另一个人反驳：“富是富，可他有一大堆孩子。”好像孩子会把那人的财富减少。BritishLiterature16FrancisBaconOfMarriageandSingleLifeButthemostordinarycauseofasinglelifeisliberty,especiallyincertainself-pleasingandhumorousminds,whicharesosensibleofeveryrestraintastheywillgoneartothinktheirgirdlesandgarterstobebondsandshackles.Unmarriedmenarebestfriends,bestmasters,bestservants;butnotalwaysbestsubjects,fortheyarelighttorunaway;andalmostallfugitivesareofthatcondition.BritishLiterature17FrancisBacon但是，单身生活最大的好处是自由，特别适合于性情孤僻，自鸣得意的人，他们对任何限制都极为敏感，倾向于认为腰带和吊袜带是枷锁和束缚。没结婚的男人可以做最好的主人，最好的仆人，但绝对不是好公民，当国家处于危难他们几乎大多倾向于逃跑。BritishLiterature18FrancisBaconOfMarriageandSingleLifeAsinglelifedothwellwithchurchmen,forcharitywillhardlywaterthegroundwhereitmustfirstfillapool.Itisindifferentforjudgesandmagistrates,foriftheybefacileandcorrupt,youshallhaveaservantfivetimesworsethanawife.Forsoldiers,Ifindthegeneralscommonlyintheirhortativesputmeninmindoftheirwivesandchildren;andIthinkthedespisingofmarriageamongsttheTurksmakeththevulgarsoldiermorebase.BritishLiterature19FrancisBacon单身汉适合做教会人员，因为仁爱首先要像池水否则无法用来灌溉，但不适合做法官和警官，因为一旦他们被人左右和腐败，你就会有一个比妻子坏五倍的恶仆。至于当兵，我发现将军鼓舞士气的方法通常是让手下的士兵把妻子和孩子装在心上，我还发现那些粗鲁的土耳其士兵为什么素有恶名，就因为他们素来厌弃家室拖累。BritishLiterature20FrancisBaconOfMarriageandSingleLifeCertainlywifeandchildrenareakindofdisciplineonhumanity;andsinglemen,thoughtheymaybemanytimesmorecharitable,becausetheirmeansarelessexhaust,yet,ontheotherside,theyaremorecruelandhard-hearted(goodtomakesevereinquisitors),becausetheirtendernessisnotsooftcalledupon.Gravenatures,ledbycustom,andthereforeconstant,arecommonlylovinghusbands,aswassaidofUlysses,Vetulamsuampraetulitimmortalitati[hepreferredhisoldwifetoimmortality].BritishLiterature21FrancisBacon妻子和孩子是人性的某种束缚。单身汉可以比已婚人慷慨好多倍，那是因为他们用度少，有钱，可从另一方面考察，他们会更加冷酷和硬心肠（善于做宗教裁判所人员。作者原文注），因为他们的柔情还没有经常被唤醒。严肃的天性加持续不断习俗的引导，通常会产生迷人的丈夫，像尤利西斯就是其中一位，他宁要老伴也不要长生不死(斜体为拉丁文。译者注）。BritishLiterature22FrancisBaconOfMarriageandSingleLifeChastewomenareoftenproudandfroward,aspresuminguponthemeritoftheirchastity.Itisoneofthebestbondsbothofchastityandobedienceinthewifeifshethinkherhusbandwise,whichshewillneverdoifshefindshimjealous.

BritishLiterature23FrancisBacon贞节的女人往往骄傲不逊，一若她们是自恃贞节也者。不管是贞洁还是顺从，都是一种最好的契约，但前提是妻子认为丈夫明智；如果她发现丈夫善妒就不见得。BritishLiterature24FrancisBaconOfMarriageandSingleLifeWivesareyoungmen'smistresses,companionsformiddleage,andoldmen'snurses.Soasamanmayhaveaquarreltomarrywhenhewill.Butyethewasreputedoneofthewisementhatmadeanswertothequestionwhenamanshouldmarry:"Ayoungmannotyet,aneldermannotatall".Itisoftenseenthatbadhusbandshaveverygoodwives;whetheritbethatitraiseththepriceoftheirhusband'skindnesswhenitcomesorthatthewivestakeaprideintheirpatience.Butthisneverfailsifthebadhusbandswereoftheirownchoosing,againsttheirfriends'consent;forthentheywillbesuretomakegoodtheirownfolly.

BritishLiterature25FrancisBacon妻子是青年人底情人，中年人底伴侣，老年人底看护。所以一个人只要他愿意，任何时候都有娶妻底理由。然而有一个人，人家问他，人应当在什么时候结婚？他答道：“年青的人还不应当，年老的人全不应当”。这位也被人称为智者之一。常见不良的丈夫多有很好的妻子；其原因也许是因为这种丈夫底好处在偶尔出现的时候更显得可贵，也许是因为做妻子的以自己底耐心自豪。但是这一点是永远不错的，就是这些不良的丈夫必须是做妻子的不顾亲友之可否而自己选择的，因为如此她们就一定非补救自己的失策不可。BritishLiterature26FrancisBaconOfMarriageandSingleLifeit'sdifficulttodecidewhethermarriageisagoodorabadidea.

NoticewhatelseBaconsaysaboutsinglemen:Theyare"bestfriends,bestmasters,bestservants..."However,everythingBaconsaysaboutsinglemenandwomenisnotcomplimentary.NoticehowstraightforwardareBacon'swritings.BritishLiterature27FrancisBaconOfStudies“OfStudies”istheoneoftheshortest,butprobablythemostpopularofBacon’s58essays.Forcefulandpersuasive,compactandprecise,theessaybestrevealsBacon’smatureattitudetowardslearning.BritishLiterature28FrancisBaconAnalyzingOfStudiesTheessaystartswiththegeneraluseandbenefitsofstudies,namely,delight,ornamentandability.BritishLiterature29FrancisBacon读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgementanddispositionofbusiness.BritishLiterature30FrancisBacon练达之士虽能分别处理细事或一一判别枝节，然综观统筹，全局策划，则舍好学深思者莫属。读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshalingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudies,issloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgementonlybytheirrulesisthehumourofascholar.BritishLiterature31FrancisBaconAnalyzingOfStudiesThenitgoesontorelatestudiestoexperienceandrevealsthemutual-promotingrelationbetweenthem.BritishLiterature32FrancisBacon读书补天然之不足，经验又补读书之不足，盖天生才干犹如自然花草，读书然后知如何修剪移接，而书中所示，如不以经验范之，则又大而无当。Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.BritishLiterature33FrancisBaconAnalyzingOfStudiesBaconpointsoutthatstudiesneedtobetreatedproperlyandconductedinrightways.BritishLiterature34FrancisBaconCraftymencontemnstudies;simplemenadmirethem;andwisemenusethem:fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.

有一技之长者鄙读书，无知者慕读书，唯明智之士用读书，然书并不以用处告人，用书之智不在书中，而在书外，全凭观察得之。读书时不可存心诘难作者，不可尽信书上所言，亦不可只为寻章摘句，而应推敲细思。BritishLiterature35FrancisBacon书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只需读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所作摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者，否则书经提炼犹如水经蒸馏，淡而无味。Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks;elsedistilledbooksare,likecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.BritishLiterature36FrancisBaconAnalyzingOfStudiesBydoingitright,hereckons,ourcharactersshallbeimprovedindifferentaspects.BritishLiterature37FrancisBaconReadingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.

读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。因此不常作笔记者须记忆特强，不常讨论者须天生聪颖，不常读书者须欺世有术，始能无知而显有知。BritishLiterature38Franci